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Biology (101) : Dr. Nabeel Modallal's

This document summarizes Chapter 1 of Biology 101 taught by Dr. Nabeel Modallal. It defines life as living organisms that are organized, need energy and materials, respond to their environment, produce offspring through reproduction, and adapt over time through evolution. The levels of biological organization are defined, from atoms to the biosphere. The scientific method is also summarized as a series of steps involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion or development of a scientific theory.

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Laith الكويس Omar A
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35 views

Biology (101) : Dr. Nabeel Modallal's

This document summarizes Chapter 1 of Biology 101 taught by Dr. Nabeel Modallal. It defines life as living organisms that are organized, need energy and materials, respond to their environment, produce offspring through reproduction, and adapt over time through evolution. The levels of biological organization are defined, from atoms to the biosphere. The scientific method is also summarized as a series of steps involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion or development of a scientific theory.

Uploaded by

Laith الكويس Omar A
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biology (101)

Dr. Nabeel Modallals summary


(Chapter 1)
Done by: Roaa Alaraby



www.facebook .com/groups/medhu2017
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* How To Define Life


Life is the living things ( organisms ) . * organisms : living things.

** Organisms Properties : 1- They Are organized .


The levels of organization : 1.Begin with Atom which is the smallest unit of an element ( composed of electrons, protons & Neutrons ) 2.Atoms combine with other atom ( Of the Same Or different elements ) To Form Molecules. 3. Many Molecules form the Cell , which is the structural & functional unit of all living things. Many organisms are multicellular ( they contain more than one cell ) Some Cells, such as unicellular paramecia live independently . 4. A group of cells with a common structure and function makes A Tissue. 5. Organ : Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task. 6. Organ System : Composed of several organs working together. 7. Organism : An individual. 8. Population : Organisms of the same species in a particular area. 9. Community : Interacting population in a particular area . 10. Ecosystem : A community + physical Environment. 11. Biosphere : All Earths Ecosystems.

Atom Organism

Molecule Cell Population

Tissue Community

Organ Organ System Ecosystem Biosphere.

** Emergent properties : The properties which are determined by the interactions between the individuals parts.

2-They need ( acquire ) energy &Materials.


Energy is the capacity to do as building blocks or for energy. The term Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. The ultimate source of energy on Earth is The Sun. Photosynthesis is a process that transforms solar energy into the chemical energy of organic nutrients molecules. ** Remaining Homeostatic : The ability of the organism to maintain a state of biological balance.

3- They Respond.
They have responses. They interact with the environment as well as other organisms. Behavior is the collective ( all ) of Organisms responses.

4.They Produce & develop


Cell Division : a. Meiosos b. Mitosis ** Reproduce : Making another organism like the first organism . The Genes : Contain specific information for how the organism is to be ordered, & they are made of long molecules of DNA.
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5- They have adaptation.


Adaptions Are modifications that make organisms better able to function in a particular area ( more suited in an area) . ** Evolution : includes the changes that happen to the organisms to become more suited to their environments. ( Common descent with modification )
*******************************

Evolution , the unifying concept of Biology


Biology : Life Science. Biodiversity : Total of all living Organisms . Taxonomy : Grouping organisms into categories according to certain rules.

Levels Of Classification :
( From Most inclusive to most inclusive ) Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class, Order, Family , Genus, Species.

* Domain ( r super kingdom ) a- Bacteria b- Archaea ( a & b : Unicellular & prokaryotic { have no nucleus } ) c-Eukarya : Multicellular ( have Nucleus ).

* Eukaya Domain is devised into : 1. Protista

2. Fungi 3. Plantai ( Kingdom Of Plants) 4. Animalia P.S : Eu Means Kaya ************************

The Process Of Science


The Scientific method is a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge.

The steps of the scientific method :


1. Observation : New observations are made and previous data are studied. 2. Hypothesis : its a possible explanation for a natural event. 3. Experiment / Observations : The Hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. Its always best for an experiment to include a Control group ( which goes through all the steps of the experiment but its not exposed to the factor being tested ). Experimental group Goes through all the steps of the experiment . The used Data should be observable & objective. 4. Conclusion : The results are analyzed and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. (if it is rejected then the scientists go back to number 2 and put another hypotheses ) 5. Scientific theory

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