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Digital Camera - Case Study

This document provides an overview of the design of a digital camera as a case study in embedded systems. It includes a functional block diagram showing the main components of a digital camera like the CCD, codec, controller and memory. It describes the key tasks of processing images and storing them in memory. It outlines the hardware and software architecture requirements including specifications like image resolution, power consumption and performance metrics.

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Rockey Suseelan
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12K views

Digital Camera - Case Study

This document provides an overview of the design of a digital camera as a case study in embedded systems. It includes a functional block diagram showing the main components of a digital camera like the CCD, codec, controller and memory. It describes the key tasks of processing images and storing them in memory. It outlines the hardware and software architecture requirements including specifications like image resolution, power consumption and performance metrics.

Uploaded by

Rockey Suseelan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL CAMERA A CASE STUDY

Rockey Suseelan M-Tech (S2)


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CONTENTS
 Introduction.  Introduction to a simple digital camera  Designers perspective  Functional block diagram of a digital camera  Digital Camera Block Diagram  Specifications  Requirements Applications.  Hardware architecture  Software architecture  Conclusion  References
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Embedded System Design Life Cycle


Hardware Components Hardware

Concept

Specification

HW/SW Partitioning

Estimation Exploration Software Components Software

Evaluation (area, power, performance, reliability, security, )

Introduction to a simple digital camera


Captures images Stores images in digital format No film Multiple images stored in camera Number depends on amount of memory and bits used per image Downloads images to PC Only recently possible Systems-on-a-chip Multiple processors and memories on one IC High-capacity flash memory Very simple description used for example Many more features with real digital camera Variable size images, image deletion, digital stretching, zooming in and out, etc.
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Designers perspective
Two key tasks Processing images and storing in memory When shutter pressed: Image captured Converted to digital form by charge-coupled device (CCD) Compressed and archived in internal memory Uploading images to PC Digital camera attached to PC Special software commands camera to transmit archived images serially

Functional block diagram of a digital camera

 The CCD module is used to simulate the actions that an actual CCD would perform. Most notably it simulates the capture of an image and the transmission of pixels from the CCD.  The CCDPP module is responsible for performing the zero-bias adjustment on each pixel as they are being sent by the CCD module.  The CODEC module applies the Huffman encoding algorithm to the image by performing the DCT and quantization functions.  The CNTRL module serves as the controller of the system, instructing each module what function to perform next.  The UART models the serial transfer capability by 7 sending the image byte by byte to an output file

Block diagram of the executable model of the digital camera

Digital Camera Block Diagram


Digital Camera Block Diagram

1. Specifications

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CCD Array
Camera records the pictures using a charge coupled devices (CCD) array.  The array consisting of large number of horizontal rows and vertical columns of CCD cells for the picture  In each row of cells, a number of CCD cell unexposed to the picture but used for off-set corrections in the each-row output from the picture cells.

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Camera Picture resolution


2592 1944 pixels, there are 2592 1944 = 5038848 set of cells.  Each set of pixel has three cells, for the red, green and blue components in a pixel.  Each cell gets exposed to a picture when shutter of camera opens on a user command.

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2. Requirements

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Purpose
Digital recording and display of pictures  Processing to get the pictures of required brightness, contrast and color.  Permanent saving of picture in file in a standard format at a flash-memory stick or Card  Transfer files to a computer and printer through a USB port
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INPUT
Intensity and color values for each picture horizontal and vertical rows and columns of pixels in a picture frame.  Intensity and color values for unexposed (dark) area in each horizontal rows and columns of pixels.  User control inputs

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OUTPUT
Encoded file for a picture  Permanent store of the picture at a file on flash memory stick  Screen display of picture from the file after decoding  File output to an interfaced computer and printer
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Functions of the system


A color LCD dot matrix displays the picture before shooting enables manual adjustment of view of the picture.  For shooting a shutter button pressed a charge-coupled device (CCD) array placed at the focus generates a byte stream in output after operations by ADC on analog output of each CCD cell.

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Functions of the system


A file creates after encoding (compression) and pixel co-processing.  The byte stream is preprocessed and then encoded in a standard format using a CODEC. The encoded picture file saved for permanent record. A memory stick saves the file.  The file is used for display of recorded picture using a display processor and can be copied or transferred to a memory stick and to computer or printer connected through USB port. 18

Functions of the system


The LCD displays picture file after it is decoded (decompressed) using the CODEC. Text such as picture-title, shooting date and time and serial number are also displayed.  USB port is used for transferring and storing pictures on a computer. Alternatively, Bluetooth or IR port can be used for interfacing the computer.

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Design metrics
Power Dissipation: Battery operation. Battery recharging after 400 pictures (assumed). Resolution: High-resolution pictures with options of 2592 1944 pixels = 5038848 pixels, 2592 1728 = 3.2 M, 2048 1536 = 3 M and 1280 x 960 = 1M. Performance: Shooting a 4M pixels still picture in 0.5 s. 25 pictures per m [Assumed]
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Design metrics
Process Deadlines: Exposing camera process maximum 0.1 s. Flash synchronous with shutter opening and closing. Picture display latency maximum 0.5 s. User Interfaces: Graphic at LCD or touch screen display on LCD and commands by camera user through fingers on touch screen and switches and buttons. Engineering Cost: US$ 50000 (assumed). Manufacturing Cost: US$ 50 (assumed).
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Test and validation conditions


All user commands must function correctly  All graphic displays and menus should appear as per the program.  Each task should be tested with test inputs  Tested for 30 pictures per m

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Camera tasks
Camera tasks are modeled by four class diagrams are divided

Picture_FileCreation, Picture_FileDisplay, Picture_FileTransfer and Controller_tasks

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3. Hardware architecture

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4. Software architecture

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Several implementations
Microcontroller: too slow Microcontroller and coprocessor: better, but still too slow Fixed-point arithmetic: almost fast enough Additional coprocessor for compression: fast enough, but expensive and hard to design. Tradeoffs between hw/sw
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Conclusion
The embedded systems contain programmed instruction running via processor chips. As the result of case studies, many differences were discovered among their current status, which is more helpful to meet proposed dead line and overcome the design challenges.

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References
[1] Embedded System Design By Frank Vahid. [2] Embedded Systems Architecture, Designing and Programming By Rajkamal. [3] Embedded Systems Programming Designing By Michael Barr. [4] www.embedded.com. [5] www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
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and

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