Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Junior Section) Tuesday, 30 May 2006 Important: Answer ALL 35 questions. Enter your answers on the answer sheet provided. For the multiple choice questions, enter only the letters (A, B, C, D, or E) corresponding to the correct answers in the answer sheet. For the other short questions, write your answers in answer sheet and shade the appropriate bubbles below your answers. No steps are needed to justify your answers. Each question carries 1 mark. No calculators are allowed. 1. What are the last two digits of 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x ... x 2004 x 2005 x 2006?
(A) 00; (B) 20; (C) 30; (D) 50; (E) 60.

0930-1200

2. Let x be a real number. What is the minimum value of x2

(A) -3; (B) -1; (C) 0; (D) 1; (E) 3.

4x + 3?

3. James calculates the sum of the first n positive integers and finds that the sum is 5053. If he has counted one integer twice, which one is it?
(A) 1; (B) 2; (C) 3; (D) 4; (E) 5.

4. Which of the following is a possible number of diagonals of a convex polygon?

(A) 21; (B) 32; (C) 45; (D) 54; (E) 63.

5. What is the largest positive integer n satisfying n200 < 5300?

(A) 9; (B) 10; (C) 11; (D) 12; (E) 13.

6. The diagram shows an equilateral triangle ADE inside a square ABCD. What is the value of area of MDE? area of f1DEC'

(A)

-v;;
(x +

(B)

1;

(C)

V;;

(D)

'1/3;

(E) 2.

7. What is the value of l)(x + 2006)[ 111

(x + 1)(x +

2)

(x + 2)(x +

3)

+ ... +

(x + 2005)(x

+ 2006)

]?

(A) x + 2004;

(B) 2005;

(C) x + 2006;

(D) 2006;

(E) 2007.

8. Suppose that only one of the following pairs (x, y) yields the positive integer (A) x (D) x

-.j x2 + y2.

Then

= 25530, = 28326,

= 29464; = 28614;
1

(B) x (E) x

= 37615, y = 26855; = 22536, y = 27462.

4 8

(C) x

15123, y

32477;

9. The value of
-IS:

3+ 1

+ --

32 + 1

+ --

34 + 1

+ --

38 + 1

+ ... + -,.,.---

22006 322006 1 +

(A)

2;

(B) - -

1 2

22005 . 322005 1' -

(C)

2-

22006 322006 1 ; _

(D)

2-

22007 322007 1 ; _

(E) None of the

above. 10. Suppose that p and q are prime numbers and they are roots of the equation x2 for some m. What is the value of (A) 9413', (B) 9413 194 ;
-

99x + m = 0

+ lJ...?
p

(C) 9413. 99 '

(D) 9413. 97 '

(E) None of the above.

11. What is the remainder when 2006 x 2005 x 2004 x 2003 is divided by 7? 12. If 139
22

= a + -1-1 ' where

b

+-c

a, band c are positive integers, find the value of a + b + c.

13. Let x be a positive real number. Find the minimum value of x + -. x 14. Find the value (in the simplest form) of ~ 45 + 2015 + ~ 45 - 2015. 15. Let n be the number (999 999 999 ... 999)2_( 666 666 666 '" 20069's Find the reminder when n is divided by 11.
. 1

666

20066's

16. GIven that w > 0 and that w - -

= 5, find the value

of (w + _ )2.
W

17. N pieces of candy are made and packed into boxes, with each box containing 45 pieces. If N is a non-zero perfect cube and 45 is one of its factors, what is the least possible number of boxes that can be packed? 18. Consider the following "star" figure.

Given that Lp + Zq + Lr + Ls + Lt of x.

= 500°

and LA + LB + LC + LD + LE

= x",

find the value

19. Given that n is a positive integer and S = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n. The units digit of S cannot be some numbers. Find the sum of these numbers.

20. Let m = 762006

76. Find the remainder when m is divided by 100.

21. Let ABCDEF be a hexagon such that the diagonals AD, BE and CF intersect at the point 0, and the area of the triangle formed by any three adjacent points is 2 (for example, area of ""-BCD is 2). Find the area of the hexagon. 22. Let C be a circle with radius 2006. Suppose n points are placed inside the circle and the distance between any two points exceed 2006. What is the largest possible n? 23. Let x and y be positive real numbers such that x3 + l + __!_ = xy. Find the value of ~. 27 x 24. In this question, S L1XYZ denotes the area of ""-XYZ. In the following figure, if DE / / BC, S MDE = 1 and S MDC = 4, find S 6DBC.
A E

B~

~C

25. What is the product of the real roots of the equation

------

x2 + 90x + 2027 3

'Yx2 + 90x + 2055?

~-=--------

26. There are four piles of stones: One with 6 stones, two with 8, and one with 9. Five players numbered 1,2,3,4 and 5 take turns, in the order of their numbers, choosing one of the piles and dividing it into two smaller piles. The loser is the player who cannot do this. State the number of the player who loses. 27. Let m *- n be two real numbers such that m2 = n + 2 and n2 = m + 2. Find the value of 4mn - m3 - n3.
a2
-

28. There are a few integer values of a such that these integer values of a.

3a - 3

a-2

is an integer. Find the sum of all

29. How may pairs of integers (x, y) satisfy the equation

Yx + -YY =

Y200600?

30. The '4' button on my calculator is spoilt, so I cannot enter numbers which contain the digit 4. Moreover, my calculator does not display the digit 4 if 4 is part of an answer either. Thus I cannot enter the calculation 2 x 14 and do not attempt to do so. Also, the result of multiplying 3 by 18 is displayed as 5 instead of 54 and the result of multiplying 7 by 7 is displayed as 9 instead of 49. If I multiply a positive one-digit number by a positive two-digit number on my calculator and it displays 26, how many possibilities could I have multiplied? 31. The following rectangle is formed by nine pieces of squares of different sizes. Suppose that each side of the square E is of length 7em. Let the area of the rectangle be x ern". Find the value of x.

E D

C G I

32. Suppose that n is a positive integer, and a, b are positive real numbers with a + b the smallest possible value of 1 1 --+--. 1 + an 1 + b" 33. What is the largest positive integer n for which n3 + 2006 is divisible by n + 26?

2. Find

34. Suppose that the two roots of the equation

-----+ 2
x
-

112

lOx - 29
Q:'

x2

lOx - 45

x2

lOx - 69

=0

are

Q:'

and /3. Find the value of

+ /3.

35. Suppose that a, b, x and yare real numbers such that ax + by = 3, ax: + bi

= 7,

ax3 + bl

16

and

ax4 + b/

= 42.

Find the value ofax5 + by5.

,...

~----------------------------------

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006

(Junior Section Solutions)

1. Ans: (A) Because 100 is one of the factors. 2. Ans: (B) Use x2
-

4x

+3

(x - 2)2 - 1.

3. Ans: (C) Use 1 +2 +...+ 100 4. Ans: (D) The number of diagonals of an »-side polygon 5. Ans: (C) Because n2 < 53 = 125. 6. Ans: (D) Let a be the length of AB. Then area of MDE area of f..DEC
=
l.a· l.a
2 2

= 5050.

IS

. n(n - 3)

. Hence (D).

a- sin 60° . a . sin 30°

"1/3.

7. Ans: (B) Use

-----+ (x + l)(x +2) -----+-----+ x +1 x +2 x +2

1 1 1
x

1
(x

+2)(x +3) ... +

(x x

+... +
1

1
(x

+2005)(x +2006)
1
x

=
1
x

+3

+2005

+2006

=--x

+1

+2006

2005

l)(x

+ 2006)

8. Ans: (A) Since x2 + is a perfect square, its last digit must be 0,1,4,5, 6,or 9. Hence (C) and (D) are not suitable. For (B) and (e), the last two digits are 50 and 60 resp. However, if a number ends with 0, its square must end with two O's. Thus the ans is (A) where ~x2 + y2 turns out to be 38986. 9. Ans: (D) Since

2k+!
32k+!
-

2k
32k
-

2k
1

32k + 1'

2k
32k + 1

2k
32k
-

2k+!
1 32k+!
-

1 22007 becomes a telescope sum. Thus the result is - 2007 2 32 -1 10. Ans: (B) p +q

= 99.

The only possible prime solutions are 2,97.

11. Ans: 3. 2006 x 2005 x 2004 x 2003 == 4 x 3 x 2 == 3 (mod 7). 12. Ans: 16. Easy calculation shows that a 13. Ans: 2.

= 6, b = 3 and c = 7.

x+ and = holds when x = 1. 14. Ans: 10. ~45 + 20 -{5 + ~45 - 20 -{5 15. Ans: O.

!~\jx.~ = 2, x 2 r;1

~(5 + 2 -{5)2 + ~(5 - 2 -{5)2

10.

999 999 999 ... 999 Observe that 11 divides both 20069's

666 666 666 ... 666. 20066's and

------~~.--~ -~-~.--------------------------------..

16. Ans: 29. 1 1 Use that (w + _)2 = (w - _)2 + 4.

17. Ans:75. The least non-zero perfect cube of the form 45m = 32 . 5m is 33 X 53. Thus the least possible number of boxes that can be packed is 3 x 52 = 75. 18. Ans: 140. Use angle sum of polygons,
XO

+ 5 x 360° - (Lp + /q + /r + Zs + Lt) = 8 x 180°,

140.

19. Ans: 22. S

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

n(n

1)

. The units digit of S can only be 0,1,3,5,6,8.

Thus S

cannot end with 2,4,7 or 9. The sum is 22. 20. Ans: O. m = 76 . (762005- 1) = 76 x 75 x k for some k. Thus 100 divides m. 2l. Ans: 12. Since area of MBC

= area of /l;.FAB,

FC I lAB.

Similarly FC I I ED.

By the same reason, FEI IADI IBC andAFI IBEI ICD. Thus OFDE, ODBC and OBAF are all parallelogram and each of them has area 4. Thus the total area of the hexagon is 12. 22. Ans: 5. Clearly, none of the points is in the centre O. Label the direction. Note that no two points lie on the same radius. (An+1 = Ao), the angle LAiOAi+1 > 60. Therefore, n < 6. be the vertices of a suitable regular pentagon, then it will n = 5. 23. Ans: 3. Using the fact that AM~ GM, we get x3 + l + 1/27 ~ 3;,}x3y3(l/27) when x3 = 1/27. Thus x = 1/3.
= xy and = holds only

points AI, A2, ... An in clockwise Now, for any two points Ai,A;+! For n = 5, just take the points to satisfy our condition. Therefore,

24. Ans: 12. S bADE: S l;CDE = 1 : 3. Hence AE : EC = AD : DB 1 : 4. Hence S bABC = 16 and S l;DBC = 12. 25. Ans: 2006. Let u
x
2

1 : 3. Thus AE : AC

= AD

: AB

yx2

+ 90x + 2055. Then u2

+ 90x + 2006

= 0, so the product

- 28 = 3u. Solve to find the positive root u of the real roots is 2006.

= 7. Hence

26. Ans: 3. Observe that we begin with 4 piles of stones and end up with 6 + 8 + 8 + 9 = 31 piles of (one) stones. At the end of each tum, there is exactly one more pile of stones than the beginning of the tum. Thus, there can be exactly 31 - 4 = 27 legal turns. Hence, Player 3 is the first player who cannot make a move. 27. Ans: O. Since m
mn

*- nand
+

H(m

m2 - n2 (n - m), n)2 - m2 - n2] -l.

-4 - (-1)(3 - (-1» 28. Ans: 8. a2 Since 29. Ans: 11.

= O.

we get m + n = -1. Thus m2 + n2 = (m + n) + 4 = 3 and Thus 4mn - m3 - n3 = 4mn - (m + n)(m2 + n2 - mn) =

3a - 3

a-2

= a-I

5 - --, a-2

thus a

-3,1,3,7.

Their sum is 8.

Since x = 200600 + y - 20 _.J2006y is an integer, y = 2006u2 for some positive u. 2 Similarly x = 2006v for some positive integer v. Thus u + v = 10. There are 11 pairs in total, namely (0, 10), (1,9), ... , (10, 0). 30. Ans: 6. Since the product is at most a three-digit number, the possible answers I should get is 26,426,246 or 264. Since 26 426 246 264

= = = = =

1 x 26

= 2 x 13 1 x 426 = 2 x 213 = 3 x 142 = 6 x 71 1 x 246 = 2 x 123 = 3 x 82 = 6 x 41 1 x 264 = 2 x 132 = 3 x 88 = 4 x 66

6 x 44 = 8 x 33 = 11 x 24 = 12 x 22,

there are 6 possibilities.

10

.-------_.-.-.

__

._

..

-~-----------------------------

31. Ans: 1056. Let us use IXI to denote the length of one side of square X. Thus lEI = 7. Let IHI be a and IDI be b. Then IFI is a + 7, IBI is a + 14, III is 2a + 7, IGI is 3a + 7, lei is 3a + b + 7, and IAI is 3a + 2b + 7. Hence we have (3a + 2b + 7) + (a + 14)

= (3a + b + 7) + (3a + 7) + (2a + 7) = (a + 14) + (a + 7) + (2a + 7).

(3a + 2b + 7) + (3a + b + 7)

Therefore a = 1 and b = 4. Hence the area of the rectangle is 32 x 33 = 1056. 32. Ans: 1. Note that ab :::: and (abt :::: . 1 1

--+--= n 1 + an 1 + b

1 + an + b" + 1 2::1. 1 + a" + bn + (ab)n

When a = b = 1, we get 1. Thus, the smallest value is 1. 33. Ans: 15544. n3 + 2006 = (n + 26)(n2 - 26n + 676) - 15570. So if n + 26 divides n3 + 2006, n + 26 must divide 15570. Thus the largest n is 15544. 34. Ans: 10. Let y = x2 - lOx - 29. Then x2 - lOx - 45 = y - 16, x2 1 1 2 - + -- -= O. Therefore y = 10. So y = x2-10x-29 y y - 16 y - 40 O. Therefore a + f3 = 10. 35. Ans: 20. ax' + bl = (ax2 + bi)(x + y) - (ax + by)xy. Thus, we get 16 = 7(x + y) - 3xy. Similarly, ax4 + by" = (ax3 + by3)(x + y) - (ax2 + bi)xy. So, we get 42 = 16(x + y) -7xy. Solving, we get x + y = -14 and xy = -38. Therefore, ax' + bi
= (ax4
-

lOx - 69 = y - 40. Thus = 10. Hence x2-10x-39

+ b/)(x + y) - (ax3 + bl)xy

= 42(-14) - 16(-38) = 20.

11

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Junior Section, Special Round) Saturday, 24 June 2006 Important: Attempt as many questions as you can. 0930- 1230

No calculators are allowed. Show all the steps in your working. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. Find all integers x, y that satisfy the equation

2. The fraction ~ can be expressed as a sum of two distinct unit fractions: ~ + Show that the fraction P;l, where p ~ 5 is a prime, cannot be expressed as a sum of two distinct unit fractions.

i·

3. Suppose that each of n people knows exactly one piece of information, and n pieces are different. Every time person A phones person B, A tells B everything he knows, while B tells A nothing. What is the minimum of phone calls between pairs of people needed for everyone to know everything? 4. In 6ABC, the bisector of LB meets AC at D and the bisector of LC meets AB at E. These bisectors intersect at 0 and 0 D = 0 E. If AD #- AE, prove that

LA

60°.

5. You have a large number of congruent equilateral triangular tiles on a table and you want to fit ti of them together to make a convex equiangular hexagon (i.e., one whose interior angles are 120°). Obviously, n cannot be any positive integer. The first three feasible n are 6, 10 and 13. Show that 12 is not feasible but 14 is. 12

--------------------------------------Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006
(J unior Section, Special Round Solutions)

1.

Solving for y, we get: y= x

+ 1±

vi -3(x
2

- 1)2

+4

Thus 3(x - 1)2 :::;4, i.e., 2 2 1- - < x < 1+-.

)3-

)3

Thus x = 0,1,2 and (x, y) = (0,0), (0, 1), (1,0), (1,2), (2, 1), (2,2) are all the solutions.

2. Note that ~ +

~ = ~.

Since ~ and ~ are the two largest unit fractions and

for all p 2: 7, the result is true for p 2: 7. Suppose ~ = ~ + with a > b. Then ~ = ~ + < ~. Therefore 2b < 5, i.e., b = 2 and there is no solution for a.

i,

p;

>~

We claim that the minimum of calls needed is 2n - 2. Let A be a particular person, the 2n - 2 calls made by A to each of the persons and vice versa will leave everybody informed. Thus at most 2n - 2 calls are needed.
3.

Next we prove that we need at least 2n - 2 calls. Suppose that there is a sequence of calls that leaves everybody informed. Let B be the first person to be fully and that he receives his last piece of information at the pth call. Then each remaining n - 1 people must have placed at least one call prior to p so that B can be fully informed. Also these people must received at least one call after p since they were still not fully informed at the pth call. Thus we need at least 2( n - 1) calls.

13

4.

Assume that AE > AD. Let LA = 2a, LB = 2b, LC = 2c and LADO = x. Now AO bisects LA. Let E' be the point on AB such that OE' = OE. Since AE > AD, E' lies between A and E. We have 6AE'O 6ADO (SAS). Thus OE' = OD = OE and x = LADO = LAE'O = LBEO. From 6ABD and 6BEC, we have 2a+x+b = 180° and x + 2b + c = 180°. Thus 2a = b + c and so LBAC = 2a = 60°.

5. Assume that the tiles are of side length 1. Note the number of tiles required to form an equilateral triangle of length x is 1 + 3 + ... + (2x - 1) = x2. The triangle formed by extending the alternate sides of the hexagon must be an equilateral triangle of side length say £. The hexagon is formed by removing the three corner equilateral triangles of side lengths a, b, c and £ > a + b, a + c, b + c. An equilateral triangle of side length x contains x2 tiles. Thus n is feasible if and only if n = £2 - a2
-

b2

c2

and

£ > a + b, a + c, b + c

Take £ = 5, a = 3, b = c = 1. Then n = 14 and so is feasible. I, I,

I , I \ ,

a.
I I I I

\,a
\

, ,

c/

b
b

\b
\
- - - - - _\

!.. - - -'------'-C

+----£-----+

Next we show that n = 12 is not feasible. Let a ~ b ~ c. For fixed £, we want to find a lower bound for n. For this purpose, we may assume that a + b = £ - 1. Thus b::; (£ -1)/2. If a = £ -1k, then b,c = k::; (£ -1)/2. Thus n ~ £2 - 2k2 - (£ - 1 - k)2 = (2£ - 1) - (3k2 - 2k(£ - 1)). Since 1 ::; k ::; (£-1)/2, we see that the maximum value of 3k2 - 2k(£ -1) is attained at either k = lor k = (£-1)/2. Thus ti ~ 4£-6 = A (when k = 1) and ti ~ (£2+6£-3)/4 = B when k = (£ - 1)/2. Thus n ~ 6 for £ = 3, n ~ 10 for £ = 4, ti ~ 13 for £ = 5, ti ~ 18 for £ = 6. For £ ~ 7, n ~ 22. Thus we only have to check the case £ = 3,4. For £ = 3, we have a = b = c = 1. For £ = 4, we have (a, b, c) = (2,1,1), (1, 1, 1). These give ti = 6, 10, 13. Thus 12 is not feasible.

14

(Note: You can show that 14 is feasible by drawing a hexagon with 14 tiles. It is possible to show that 12 is not feasible by brute force. One of the sides must be at least of length 2. If one side has length 3, we need at least 14 tiles. In Fig. 1, the top side is of length 3 and the 7 tiles in the unshaded region must be present. No matter what you do, the 7 tiles in the shaded region must also be present. In fact this is the smallest hexagon with one side of length 3. If two adjacent sides are of length 2, then we need at least 16 tiles (Fig 2). If three consecutive sides are of lengths 2, 1, 2, then we need at least 13 tiles (Fig 3). The only other case is 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1 which gives 10 tiles (Fig 4). Thus 12 is not feasible. )

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

15

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Senior Section) Tuesday, 30 May 2006 Important: Answer ALL 35 questions. Enter your answers on the answer sheet provided. For the multiple choice questions, enter your answers in the answer sheet by shading the bubbles containing the letters (A, B, C, D or E) corresponding to the correct answers. For the other short questions, write your answers in answer sheet and shade the appropriate bubbles below your answers. No steps are needed to justify your answers. Each question carries 1 mark. No calculators are allowed. 0930-1200

1. Let p = 23009, q = 32006 and r = 51003. Which of the following statements

is true?

(A)
(E)

p <q<r q <r <p

(B)

p <r <q

(C)

q <p <r

(D)

r <p <q

2. Which of the following numbers is the largest?

(A)

3020

(B)

1030

(C)

3010

+ 2020

(D)

(30

+ 10)20

(E)

(30 x 20)10

3. What is the last digit of the number

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) 8

(E)

4. Let x be a number such that x (A) 48 (B) 50

+-

= 4. Find the value of x3

54 16 (E)

+ -3 .
x'

(C)

52

(D)

None of the above

5. Consider the two curves y = 2::r3 + 6x

3 and y = - 2 in the Cartesian plane. x Find the number of distinct points at which these two curves intersect.

+1

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

6. In the following figure, AB is the diameter of a circle with centre at O .. It is given that AB = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm, LABD = LDBE. Suppose the area of the quadrilateral ABC D is x cm ' and the area of DDC E is y crrr'. Find the value of .x the ratio -. y

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

7. Five students A, B, C, D and E form a team to take part in a 5-leg relay competition. If A cannot run the first leg and D cannot run the last leg, how many ways can we arrange them to run the relay? (A) 74 (B) 76 (C) 78 (D) 80 (E) 82

8. There are n balls in a box, and the balls are numbered 1,2,3, ... .n respectively. One of the balls is removed from the box, and it turns out that the sum of the numbers on the remaining balls in the box is 5048. If the number on the ball removed from the box is m, find the value of m.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

17

9. Suppose a, b, c are real numbers such that a + b + c = 0 and abc = -100. 11 1 . x = - + - + -. Which of the following statements IS true? abc

Let

(A)
(E)

x>O x<-100

(B)

x=O

(C)

-l<x<O

(D)

-100<x<-1

10. Let a and b be positive real numbers such that 1 1 1 - - - - _=0. a b a+b b Find the value of (a (A) 4 (B) 5

+ -) .
6 (D) 7 (E) 8

a b

(C)

11. Find the value of

20062

19942

1600 12. Find the smallest natural number n which satisfies the inequality 20061003 <
n2006.

13. Find the smallest integer greater than (1 + y'2)3. 14. Find the number of pairs of positive integers (x, y) which satisfy the equation 20x

+ 6y

2006.

15. DABC is a right-angled triangle with LABC = 900• A circle C1 is drawn with AB as diameter, and another circle C2 is drawn with BC as diameter. The circles C1 and C2 meet at the points Band P. If AB = 5 em, BC = 12 cm and BP = x em,
2400 find the value of _-.
x A

18

...
16. Evaluate

17. In the diagram below, ABCD is a square. The points A, Band C are collinear. The line segments AC and DC intersect at E, and the line segments DC and BC intersect at F. Suppose that DE = 15 ern, EF = 9 ern, and FC = x ern. Find the value of x.

E F

A~----------~------~G
B

18. Find the sum of the coefficients of the polynomial

19. Different positive 3-digit integers are formed from the five digits 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and repetitions of the digits are allowed. As an example, such positive 3-digit integers include 352, 577, 111, etc. Find the sum of all the distinct positive 3-digit integers formed in this way.
1

20. Find the value of

sin 10°

- 4 sin 70°.

21. Let w = 1 +

~ + W + W + {ff6.

Find the value of (1 +

)30.

22. Suppose

A and B are two angles such that

sin A

+ sin B =

and

cos A

+ cos B = o.

Find the value of 12 cos 2A

+ 4 cos 2B.
19

23. Consider the SOO-digit integer 234523452345···2345. The first m digits and the last n digits of the above integer are crossed out so that the sum of the remaining digits is 2345. Find the value of m + n. 24. Let a and b be two integers. Suppose that x2 + ax + b = O. Find the value of b - a. 25. Suppose x and yare integers such that (x - 2004)(x - 2006) = 2Y. Find the largest possible value of x 26. In the following diagram, V7 - 4J3 is a root of the equation

+ y.
=

LACB = 90°, DEl_BC, BE = AC, BD DE + BC = 1 cm. Suppose LABC = x", Find the value of x.
A D

"2

ern, and

B~------~~--~C
E

27. If ] (x) = ijx2 ](1)

+ 2x + 1 + ijx2

1 + ij x2

2x

+1

for all positive integers x, find the value of

+ ](3) + ](5) + ... + ](997) + ](999).

2S. In the figure below, S is a point on QR and U is a point on P R. The line segments PS and QU intersect at the point T. It is given that PT = TS and QS = 2RS. If the area of D.PQ R is 150 em 2 and the area of D.P SU is x em 2. Find the value of x.
p

20

.._

29. Let a and b be two integers. Suppose x2 - x-I ax5 + bx" + 1. Find the value of a. 30. If sm e

is a factor of the polynomial

.-

cos e =

J6-v1 2

' find the value of 24(sm3

. e-

cos" e)2.

31. How many ordered pairs of positive integers (x, y) satisfy the equation xVfj

+ yVx + J2006xy

- V2006x

- J2006y

- 2006 = O?

32. Find the remainder when the integer

1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x ... x 2003 x 2005

is divided by 1000. 33. Let 1 : N Q be a function, where N denotes the set of natural numbers, and Q

----t

denotes the set of rational numbers. Suppose that 1 (1) = ~, and

for all natural numbers x, y. Find the value of 1(20). 34. Suppose xo,
Xl,

X2, ... is a sequence of numbers such that Xo = 1000, and

for all n 2: 1. Find the value of 22 Xo

1 1 + "2XI + X2 + 2X3 + 22X4 + ... + 2997 X999 + 2998 XlOOO·

35. Let p be an integer such that both roots of the equation 5X2 - 5px

+ (66p

- 1) = 0

are positive integers. Find the value of p.

21

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad 2006
(Senior Section Solutions)

1. Ans: D

p = 23009 = 23x1003 = (23)1003 = 81003.

q = 32006 = 32x1003 = (32)1003 = 91003.

r = 51003. Thus, we have r < p < q. 2. Ans: D

3020

(302)10

90010.

1030 = (103) 10 = 100010. 3010 + 2020

3010 + (202)10

3010 + 40010

< <

2.40010. (2
X

400)10 = 80010.

(30 + 10)20 = 4020 = (402) 10 = 160010. (30 X 20)10 = 60010.

Therefore, the largest number is (30 + 10)20 = 160010. 3. Ans: E First we observe that 22 = 4. Since 2020 is divisible by 10, it follows that its last digit is O. Similarly, the last digit of 200200 is O. The last digit of 20062006 is same as that of 62006. Since 6 x 6 = 36, it follows that the last digit of any integral power of 6 is 6. Thus the last digit of 20062006 is 6. Now, 4+0+0+6 = 10. 20 + 200200 + 20062006 is O. Thus the last digit of 22 + 20 4. Ans: C
X

1 + - =4 x

===* (x + -)
3

1 x

=4

= 64

===* x + 3x + 3 . - + - 3 = 64
X

===* x3 + 3
x

+ 3 (x + - ) = 64 x x 1 ===* x3 + 3 = 64 - 3(4) = 52.

22

5. Ans: A To find the intersection points of the two curves, we solve their equations simultaneously.

Thus, we have 2x3

+ 6x + 1 = -

3 2 ==?- 2x5
x
==?==?==?-x

+ 6x3 + x2 + 3 = + 1)(x2 + 3)
=0

(2x3
2x
3 3

+1=
=--

0, since x2

+3 >0

2
1

==?-

x =--

ij2
3

==?- Y

= --.

0i

Thus, the only point of intersection is ( - ~, 6. Ans: A

W) .

Observe that 6ABD '::::' 6EBD. Thus, BE = AB = 4, AD = DE. Hence Area of 6ACE = 2 x Area of 6DCE. Since BC = 3, EC = EB - BC = 4 - 3 = 1. Thus, Area of 6ABC = 3 x Area of 6ACE.
=

6 x Area of 6DCE.

Thus, Area of ABCD = Area of 6ABC

= =

Area of 6ACD

6 x Area of 6DCE 7 x Area of 6DCE.

Area of DCE

23

7. Ans: C Total number of ways is 5! - 4! - 4! + 3! = 120 - 24 - 24 + 6 = 78.

Alternatively,

we consider the following cases:

Case (i): A and D do not run the first or last leg. In this case, the number of arrangements is 3 x 2 x 3! = 36. Case (ii): D runs the first leg. In this case, number of arrangements is 4! = 24.

Case (iii): D does not run the first leg and A runs the last leg. In this case, number of ways is 3 x 31 = 18. Therefore, total number of ways 8. Ans: B Let m be the number of the removed ball. Then we have 1 :::; :::;n, and m
==? ==?

36 + 24 + 18

78.

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n - m = 5048 n(n 2+ 1) - m = 5048 1 < n (n + 1) _ 5048 < n 2 -

==?

==?

(n - l)n < 5048 and n(n + 1) > 5049.

2 2-

99 x 100 100 x 101 101 x 102 = 4950, = 5050 and = 5151. It 222 100 x 101 that n = 100. Hence m = - 5048 = 2. Observe that
2

9. Ans: A Observe that

o = (a +

b+

c) 2

=a

+ b2 + e2 + 2 (ab + be + ea). Thus, a + b + e > 0,

2 2 2

Since abc = -100, it follows that a # 0, bolO and colO. and it follows that ab + be + ea < O. Therefore,

x = ~ + ~ + ~ = ab + be + ea = ab + be + ea abc abc -100

> O.

24

10. Ans: B b Let x = -. Then b = ax. Hence we have

a

1 1 1 ------=O~---a b a+b

1 a

1 ax a

~ ~ (1- ~- _1_) 0
a x
1 +x
=

+ ax

=0

~ ~ ~x=

x(x x2
-

+ 1) -

(x

+ 1) =.

x =0

x -1 = 0 1±yT+4 2 l±VS 2

Since a and b are positive, it follows that x > 0, and thus x = 1 + VS. Then
2

~ + ~) 2 = (a b

(x + ~) 2 = (1 +2VS + -----=2 ) 2 x l+VS

=

(1 + VS + 2 . 1- vs)
2 l+VS 1-VS

= (1 + VS 2

2 - 2VS)2 -4

= (1 + VS _ ~ + 222

vs)

2 = (VS)2 = 5.

11. Ans: 30

20062 - 19942 1600

(2006 + 1994) x (2006 - 1994) 1600 4000 x 12 1600 = 30.

12. Ans: 45 20061003 < n2006

~

2006 < n2.

Since 442 = 1936 < 2006 and 452 = 2025 > 2006, it follows that the smallest natural number n satisfying 20061003 < n2006 is 45.

25

Pi:

13. Ans: 15 (1

+ J2i

1 + 3)2

+3

x2

+ 2)2

7 + 5)2.

Observe that 1.4 < -12 < 1.5. Thus 7

===?

+5 x

1.4 < 7 14 < 7

+ 5)2 < 7 + 5 x
+ 5)2 <
14.5.

1.5

Therefore, 14. Ans: 34

the smallest integer greater than (1

+ -12)3 + 3y =

is 15.

20x The solutions are

+ 6y =

2006 ~

lOx

1003.

(1,331), (4,321), (7,311)"" Thus there are 34 solutions. 15. Ans: 520

,(94,21),

(97, 11), (100,1).

Drop the perpendicular from B to AC meeting AC at Q. Then LAQ B = 90°, and thus Q lies on C1. Similarly, Q lies on C2. Thus, Q = P. Now, DABP rv DACB. Thus BP BC x 12 60 -=-===?-= ===?x=-. AB AC 5 V122 + 52 13 Therefore, 2400 x 13 2400 x - = 520.

--

60

16. Ans: 2
----=

log212v5 logl2V5 2

1 log312v5

111 log412v5

log512v5

+ ----=
6

log612V5

= = =

+ logl2V5 3 + logl2V5 4 + logl2V5 5 + logl2V5

logl2V5 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 logl2V5 720

= 2, since (12V5)2 = 720.

26

17. Ans: 16 Let AB = y cm. Since 6DCF

rv

6GBF,

we have
==}

Since 6DCE

rv

DC = GB ==} }!_ = GB DF GF 24 x 6GAE, we have

==}

GB = xy.
24

DC = GA DE GE
Hence we have

}!_ = y+GB 15 9+x

GB= y(9+x)_
==}

15

y.

xy = y(9
24

15

+ x)

_y

==}

__:;_

24

= 9 + x_I
15

==}

x = 16.

18. Ans: 1296 Let Substitute

(4x2 - 4x A 12

+ 3)4(4 + 3x

- 3x2)2

A12X12+ ...

+ A1x + Ao. +00) 2

x = 1 to obtain

+ All + ... + Al + Ao

= =

(0 - 0 + 3) 4 ( 4 1296.

19. Ans: 49950 Number of three-digit integers formed = 53 = 125. Observe that each of the five digits 1,2,3,5,7 appears 25 times in the first, second and third digits of the integers formed. Thus, sum = 25 x (1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7) x 100

+ 25 x
+ 25
= 49950.
20. Ans: 2
x

+ 2 3 + 5 + 7) (1 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 7)
(1

x 10

1 4. 7° 1 - 4 sin 70° sin 10° -- sm 0 = ------sin 10° sin 10° 1 - 2(cos60° - cos 80°) sin 10° 1 - 2(~ - cos 80°) sin 10° 2 cos 80° sin 10° 2 sin 10° sin 10° = 2. 27

Here we have used the formula: . . smAsmB

=

cos(A - B) - cos(A 2

+ B)

21. Ans: 64 Let y = ij2. Then y5 = 2. Therefore,

( 1)
1+w

30

=
=

1+------1 + y + y2 + y3 + y4
_ 1 )30 1 + ----,y,------y5 - 1 1 + _y_

30

=
= =

_ 1)

30

2-1

y30 (y5)6 = 26 = 64.

22. Ans: 8

sin A + sin B = 1 ===} sin A = 1 - sin B. cos A + cos B = 0

===}

cos A = - cos B.

Thus,

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 ===}

===}

cos B)2 + (1 - sin B)2 = 1 cos'' B + 1 - 2sinB + sin2 B = 1

(-

===}

sin B =

"2'

1 1 Thus sin A = 1 - - = -. Therefore,

12cos2A+4cos2B

12(1- 2sin2 A) +4(1-

2sin2 B)

~ 12(1 _ 2 (~) 2) + 4 (1 _ 2 (~) 2)

=

8.

28

23. Ans: 130 Note that 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14. Thus the sum of the 800 digits is 200 x 14 = 2800. Thus we need to cross out digits with a sum equal to 2800 - 2345 = 455. Observe that 455 = 32 x 14 + 7. Thus we have to cross out 32 blocks of four digits '2345' either from the front or the back, a '2' from the front that remains and a '5' from the back that remains. Thus, m + n = 32 x 4 + 2 = 130. 24. Ans: 5 First we simplify

vI? -

4V3, and write

where x, yare rational numbers. Then

Thus, we have
=

7,

= -4.
Substituting the second equation into the first one, we get

X2+3(-~r

~7=x4-7x2+12=O
==} ==}

(x2

4)(x2

3) = 0

x = 2, -2,

V3, -V3.
When x = 2, y = --

Since x is a rational number, x -1.

#-

V3 and x

#-

-V3.

-4

When x = -2, y = 1. Thus, 4V3 = 2 - V3 or -2 + V3. 4V3 > 0, it follows that 4V3 = 2 - V3. Thus the 2nd root of the equation is 2 + V3, since the coefficients of the equation are integers. Therefore, a = -(2 - V3) - (2 + V3) = -4, b = (2 - V3)(2 + V3) = 1. Thus, b - a = 5.

V7 -

V7 -

V7 -

2x2

25. Ans: 2011

(x - 2004)(x - 2006)

2Y

==} ==} ==}

(x - 2005 + l)(x

- 2005 - 1)

2Y

(x - 2005)2 - 1 = 2Y (x - 2005)2
=

1 + 2Y.

Write n =

Ix -

20051· Then we have n2 = 1 + 2Y

==}

2Y = (n - l)(n

+ 1).

29

Observe that the above equality implies easily that n #- 0, 1. Thus, ti - 1 and n + 1 a are positive integers, and both n - 1 and n + 1 are powers of 2. Write ti - 1 = 2 . Then
ti

+ 1 = 2a + 2 = 2(2a-1 + 1). +1

Since n 2-: 2, it follows that n follows that

and it is also a power of 2. Clearly, 2a-1 + 1 > 1. Thus + 1 2-: 2 ===} a 2-: 1. If a > I, then 2a-1 + 1 > 2 and it is odd, which is not possible. Thus we have a = 1. 2a-1 Thus, Then It follows that n = 1 + 2 = 3. 2Y = (3 - 1)(3

n+

1 2-: 4 and thus

n;

2-: 3. Moreover, since n

1 2-: 2. Hence 2a-1

+1

is a power of 2, it

1 is a positive integer

+ 1) =

===}

= 3.

(x - 2005)2 = 1 + 23 = 9 = 32

===} ===}

= 2005 ± 3 x = 2008 or 2002.

2011 when x = 2008.

Thus the largest possible value of x 26. Ans: 30

+y

is 2008

+3=

Produce BC to F such that CF = DE. Then 6BDE and 6ACF are right-angled triangles. Note that BE = AC and DE = CF. Thus, we have

6BDE
Therefore, AF = BD = we have

rv

6ACF.
Since LBAC

2'

and LF AC = LABC.

+ LABC

LBAC + LFAC

900.

Hence, LBAF = 900• Now in 6BAF,

AF = ~, and

BF = BC + CF = BC + DE = 1.
Hence,
a

sin x = -

AF 1 = - ===} x = 30. BF 2
0 ,

Alternative solution: Let BE = a and DE = b. Since LBED = 90 from Pythagoras Theorem that

it follows

30

····'F

Since DE

+ BC =

1, we have BC = 1 - b. As D,BDE b - = _-a

a

rv

D,ACF, we have

1- b

==?

a = b(l - b).

Together with the previous equality, we have b(l - b) Hence,

SIn
•

+b = -

==?

b= -

=-

DE ~ 1 = - = - ==? x = 30. BD 1 2 2

27. Ans: 5
By the identity a3
-

b3 = (a - b)(a2
1

+ ab + b2),

we have

a-b if a a3 - b3

oF

b.

Let a

= ijx +

1 and b

= ijx

- 1. Then
1

f(x)

= (ijx + 1)2 + (ijx + 1)( ijx - 1) + (ijx - 1)2

{'lx+l- ~ (x+1)-(x-1)

= ~(ijx + 1 - ijx - 1).

2 Therefore,

f(l)

+ f(3) + .. ,+ f(997) + f(999)

= ~ ( ij2 - 0 + ij4 - ij2 + ... + ij99s - ij996 + ij1QoO - ij99s)

2 1 3~ 10 = - x v 1000 = - = 5. 2 2

28. Ans: 20 Suppose that the area of D,PQT is t em". Since PT = T S, we see that area of D,QT S

area of D,PQT

= t cm ".

(1)

Suppose the area of D,PTU is y em". Then a similar argument shows that area of D,STU = area of D,PTU = y cm 31
2 .

(2)

Given also that QS = 2RS, we have area of D,SRU = Likewise, we have area of D,PQS = 2 x area of D,P RS, that is, 2t = 2 ( 2y or
t = 5y.

"2

x area of D,QSU = "2(t + y).

(3)

t+ + -2-

y)
(4)

Also, the total area of D,PQR = (2t

=

+ 2y + t ~

y)

cm

150 cm2. 60.

2 .

Thus we have
t

+y

(5)

From (4) and (5), we obtain y = 10. So the area of D,PSU is 20 cm 29. Ans: 3

Let p and q be the roots of x2 - x-I = O. Then p q = 1 and pq = -1. On the 5 + bx" + 1 = O. Thus ap5 + bp" + 1 = 0 and other hand, p and q are also roots ofax aq5 + bq4 + 1 = O. From these two equations and pq = -1, we have ap + b = _q4 and aq

+ b = -t/:

Therefore a= p4 _ q4 p-q
=

(p2

+ q2) (p + q) + q)2
_ 2pq)(p

= ((p
=

+ q)

(12 - 2(-1)) x 1
3.

=
Alternative solution: Since x2 - x-I

is a factor ofax5

+ bx + 1, we may

write

for some real numbers c and d. By comparing the coefficients, we have

x:

O=l-d===?d=l 0 = -1 - d - c 0 = -a - c + d
===? ===?

x2: x3:

c = -2 a = -c

+d = 2+1=

3.

32

----~-----~---~-------------~-------------------------11111 30. Ans: 12 sin3

() -

cos3

()

= =

(sin () - cos ())(sin ' () + sin ()cos () + cos2

())

V6-V2 2
2

(l+sin()cos()).

Now we have (sin f COS())2

=
(

V6 - V2
2
)

===?

1 - 2sin()cos() sin ()cos () =

+2-

2V12

2-

V3

===?

V3-1
2

Hence we have
. sm 3 () -cos 3 () =

V6 - V2
2

(1

+--V3

~ y'2(V; -1) (V32+1)

V2(3 4

1)

1)

yI2
2
2

Therefore, 24(sin3 () - cos" ())2 = 24

(

V2 2

=
)

24 x

"2

12.

31. Ans: 8 xyfij +

YVx + v'2OO6

V2006xy

- V2006x - V2006y - 2006 = 0

~(Vx
~yXY
~xy

+ yfij + v'2OO6)(yXY
=

0 (since
x 59 x 2.

v'2OO6) Vx + v'Y

=0

v'2OO6 > 0)

= 2006 = 17

Thus the solutions are (1,2006), (2006, 1), (2, 1003), (1003,2), (34,59), (59,34), (17, 118), (118, 17).

32. Ans: 375 Let N = 1 x 3 x ... x 2005. We need to find the remainder by 1000. Observe that 1000 = 8 x remainder (2n - 3)(2n - 1)(2n

N 125. Let M = -.
(4n2

when N is divided

when M is divided by 8. Observe that

125
4

We are gomg to find the 1)(4n2

2

+ 1)(2n + 3) =

9)

= 16n - 40n + 9 == 1 (mod 8).

33

Thus the product P of any 4 consecutive odd integers satisfies P Write M = (1 x 3 x ... x 123) x (127 x 129 x ... x 2005). There are 62 factors in the expression 1 x 3 x ... x 123. Thus, 1 x 3 x 5 x ... x 123 = 1 x 3 x (5 x ... x 123) _ 3 x 115 (mod 8) 3 (mod 8).

1 (mod 8).

Similarly, there are 940 factors in the expression 127 x ... x 2005. Thus, 127 x 129 x ... x 2005 _ 1235 (mod 8)

= 1 (mod
Hence, M - 1 x 3 - 3 (mod 8). In other words, M = 8n+ 3 for some positive integer
ti.

8).

Now, we have N = 125 x M

= 125 x (8n
=

+ 3)

1000n+ 375.

Therefore, the remainder is 375. 33. Ans: 4305 Letting y = 1, one gets

f (x + 1) =

(1

+ x:

1) f

(x)

+ (1 + ~) ~ + x2 + 2x.
3 + -. 4
1+

Upon rearranging, one gets

---'-----'- -_ -

f(x + 1) x+2

f(x) x+l

=x

Then we have

_f_(n_) f(n - 1) _ _
n+1
ti -

ti _

4'

f(n-1) ----'-n

f(n-2)
ti

-1

=n-2+-,

3 4

f(2) _ f(l)
324 34

1+

~.

~~-~~~-----------------------Adding these equalities together, we get

--

](n)

n+1

--

](1)
2

= 1 + 2 + ... + (n -1) =
(n - l)n

3 + -(n
4

-1)

+ ~(n
4

_ 1).

Thus,
](n)

(n

+ 1)

[(n - l)n

+ ~(n
4

_ 1)

+ ~ . ~] =
224

n(n

+ 1)(2n + 1).

Hence, ](20) = (20)(21)(41)

4

= 4305.

34. Ans: 250 Observe that when n ::2: 2,

nXn { (n - l)Xn~1

= =

-1000(xo -1000(xo

+ Xl + + Xl +

+ Xn~l)' + Xn~2).

Thus, we have 1000 - (n - 1))

n

nXn - (n - l)Xn-1

= -1000Xn~1

===? Xn = -

Xn~l·

It is easy to check that the above formula holds even when n = 1. Therefore, for 1 :S n :S 100, we have 1000 - (n - 1)

Xn

=-

n 1000 - (n - 1) . 1000 - (n - 2) Xn~2 = (_1)2

n n-1

Xn~l

(-1)

1000 - (n - 1) . 1000 - (n - 2) . . . 1000 X 0 n n- 1 1 n

Xo.

_ (_ 1)n (1000) -

35

Hence we have
-XO

22

1 + -Xl + X2 + ... + 2998 X1000 2

1 ) = 4" (Xo + 2Xl + 22X2 + ... + 21000X1000

=-

1 4(

Xo -

(1000) 2 1

Xo

(1000) 2

2 2Xo

(1000) 2 3

Xo

+ ... +

(1000) 21000 1000

Xo

= :0 (1 _ (1°2°) 2 + (1°2°°) 22 _ (1°2°) 23 + ... + (~~~~)1000) 2

= =

1000(1 _ 2)1000 4
250.

35. Ans: 76 Let u., v be the two positive integral solutions of the given equation. Then u+v { uv = Upon eliminating p, we have 5uv = 66(u =p, 66p - 1 5

+ v)

- 1 =} v(5u - 66) = 66u -1

=}

> 5u - 66 > 0, since v > 0.

Similarly, we have 5v - 66 > 0. Moreover, we have (5u - 66)(5v - 66) = 25uv - 330(u
= =

25 x (66 -5

P -1) 5

+ v) + 662
330p+ 662 19 x 229.

+ 662 = 4351

Without loss of generality, we may assume that u 2" v. Since both 19 and 229 are prime, we must have
{

66 5v - 66
5tt -

229 = 19

5u - 66 or { 5v - 16

= 4351
=1.

The first set of equations imply u = 59, v = 17. The second set of equations does not have integral solutions. Hence, we must have u = 59 and v = 17. Thus, p = u + v = 76.

36

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Senior Section, Special Round) Saturday, 24 June 2006 Important: Attempt as many questions as you can. 0930- 1230

No calculators are allowed. Show all the steps in your working. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. Let a, d be integers such that a, a

+ d, a + 2d

are all prime numbers larger than 3.

Prove that d is a multiple of 6. 2. Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral, let the angle bisectors at A and B meet at E, and let the line through E parallel to side CD intersect AD at Land BC at M. Prove that LA + MB = LM. 3. Two circles are tangent to each other internally at a point T. Let the chord AB of the larger circle be tangent to the smaller circle at a point P. Prove that the line T P bisects LAT B. 4. You have a large number of congruent equilateral triangular tiles on a table and you want to fit n of them together to make a convex equiangular hexagon (i.e., one whose interior angles are 120°). Obviously, n cannot be any positive integer. The first three feasible n are 6, 10 and 13. Determine if 19 and 20 are feasible. 5. It is claimed that the number

N = 526315789473684210
is a persistent number, that is, if multiplied by any positive integer the resulting number always contains the ten digits 0,1, ... ,9 in some order with possible repetitions. (a) Prove or disprove the claim. (b) Are there any persistent numbers smaller than the above number? 37

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006
(Senior Section, Special Round Solutions)

6n + 5. Thus two of the three primes are of the same form. Their difference is either d or 2d and is divisible by 6. Thus d is divisible by 3 is hence divisible by 6.
1. First note that d is even. Primes larger than 3 are of the form 6n

+ 1 or

First solution: Assume that x > y (See Fig.(i)). Choose a point S on the segment LM so that LS = LA. Clearly LASL = LLAS = y. Therefore, ASEB is cyclic. As LLAS = y < x = LLAE, it follows that S is between Land E.
2.

On the other hand, LSBM = LSBE LLAS + y = x - y + y = x = LBAM. Therefore, LM = LS + SM = LA + MB.

+ LEBM =
Hence, MBS

LSAE

LLAE is isosceles and MS = MB.

+ LEBM =

SE

L ~-----,~'---....>,.

D1--------____,.C

F D

~
L__

M
--'

(i)

(ii)

Second solution: Produce DA and CB to meet at X (See Fig.(ii)). Draw FH parallel to AB. Draw X E with F on AD and H on BC. Then E is an excentre of e:"XAB and so X E bisects LAX B. e:"MLX - e:"HF X since they have equal angles and a common angle bisector. Hence ME = FE, HE = LE and HM = LF. Since FH is parallel to AB, and AE bisects LDAB, LF AE = LAEF. Thus e:"FAE is isosceles, and AF = FE. Similarly, BH = EH. The rest follows easily. Third solution: Note that
sin2x

+ sin2y

2sin(2y - x) cosx

+ 2sin(2x

- y) cosy.

In the quadrilateral ABM L, let 2x = LA, 2y = LB. Therefore LL = 1800 - 2y and LM = 1800 - 2x. Thus LLEA = 2y - x, LBEM = 2x - y. If d is the common distance

38

from E to AL, AB and BM, then the result follows from

LE + EM - LA - MB
d

1 = sin 2y

sin 2x sin 2x sin 2y

+ + sin 2y

1 sin(2y - x) sin(2x - y) sin 2x - sin x sin 2y - sin y sin 2x

-2----'------_:__----_:__------'---

sin(2y - x) cos x + sin(2x - y) cos y sin 2x sin 2y

=0

3. Let the tangent at T meet the extension of the chord AB at O. Then LBTO = LT AB. Thus DO AT is similar to DOT B so that ~~ = g~. Since OT = 0 P, we have ~~ = g~. On the other hand, Op2 = OA· OB. o

c TA OP OA TA Th ererore TB = OB = OP' Th us TB = theorem, we see that T P bisects LAT B.

OA-OP OP-OB

~~. Using the angle bisector

4. See Junior Section Special Round Problem 5. You just need to check further cases for f = 5,6.

5. The fact is there are no persistent numbers. For any positive integer N, consider the remainder when following N numbers are divisible by N: 1,11,111, ... , 11 ... 1
'--v--"
N

If one of the remainders is 0, N is not persistent. If not, then two of the remainders are the same. Thus there exist two, say A, B such that A - B = 11 ... 100 ... 0 is divisible by N, again N is not persistent.

39

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Open Section, Round 1) Wednesday, 31 May 2006 Important: Answer ALL 25 questions. Write your answers below your answers. in the answer sheet provided and shade the appropriate bubbles 0930-1200

No steps are needed to justify your answers. Each question carries 1 mark. No calculators are allowed.

1. How many integers are there between 0 and 105 having the digit sum equal to 8?

2. Given that p and q are integers that satisfy the equation 36x2 - 4(p2 135(p + q) + 576 = 0, find the value of p + q. 3. A function f is such that f : lR. ---7 lR. where f(xy all x, y E R Find 10f(2006) + f(O).

l1)x

+ 1) =

f(x)f(y)

- f(y) - x

+ 2 for

4. Three people A, Band C playa game of passing a basketball from one to another. Find the number of ways of passing the ball starting with A and reaching A again on the 11th pass. For example, one possible sequence of passing is A
---7

---7

---7

---7

---7

---7

---7

C ---7 B

---7

---7

---7

A.

5. There are 101 permutations S081 8k ;:::k - 2 for k = 0,1, ... ,9?

...

89

of 0,1, ... ,9.

How many of them satisfy

6. A triangle I"::,ABC has its vertices lying on a circle CC ofradius 1, with LBAC = 60°. A circle with center I is inscribed in I"::,ABC. The line AI meets circle CC again at D. Find the length of the segment I D. 40

-----

----.----~-------.-------------------------..

7. Find the number of consecutive O's at the end of the base 10 representation

of 20061.

8. For any non-empty finite set A of real numbers, let s(A) be the sum of the elements in A. There are exactly 61 3-element subsets A of {I, ... ,23} with s(A) = 36. Find the number of 3-element subsets of {I, ... ,23} with s(A) < 36. 9. Suppose] is a function satisfying ](x

+ x-I)

x6

+ x-6,

for all x

1= O. Determine

](3).
10. Points A, B, C lie on a circle centered at 0 with radius 7. The perpendicular bisector of AB meets the segment BC at P and the extension of AC at Q. Determine the value of OP . OQ.

11. In the triangle ABC, AB = AC = 1, D and E are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively. Let P be a point on DE and let the extensions of BP and CP meet the sides AC and AB at G and F respectively. Find the value of ElF + elG.
A

41

12. In the triangle ABC, AB = 14, BC = 16, AC = 26, M is the midpoint of BC and D is the point on BC such that AD bisects LBAC. Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from B onto AD. Determine the length of PM.
A

13. In the triangle ABC, LA = 20°, LC = 90°, 0 is a point on AB and D is the midpoint of 0 B. Suppose the circle centered at 0 with radius 0 D touches the side AC at T. Determine the size of LBC D in degrees.
c

14. In DABC, D and E are the midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively, and BE intersect at P with LBPC = 90°. Suppose BD = 1829 and CE = Find BC.
A

15. Let X = {I, 2, 3, ... , 17}. Find the number of subsets Y of X with odd cardinalities. 16. Find the value of 400( cos'' 15°

+ sin5 15°)
42

-7-

(cos 15°

+ sin 15°).

17. Find the number of real solutions of the equation x

211

+ -2 =
x
ti

2006 +

--.

2006

18. Find the largest integer n such that

is a divisor of a5 - a for all integers a.

19. Given two sets A = {I, 2, 3, ... , 15} and B = {O,I}, find the number of mappings f : A ~ B with 1 being the image of at least two elements of A. 20. Let aI, a2, ... be a sequence satisfying the condition that al = 1 and an = lOan-l -1 for all n ?: 2. Find the minimum ti such that an > 10100. 21. Let P be a 30-sided polygon inscribed in a circle. Find the number of triangles whose vertices are the vertices of P such that any two vertices of each triangle are separated by at least three other vertices of P. 22. A year is called a leap year if it is either divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100, or divisible by 400. Hence, the years 2000, 2004 and 2400 are leap years while the years 2006, 2100 and 2200 are not. Find the number of leap years between 2000 and 4000 inclusive. 23. The birth date of Albert Einstein is 14 March 1879. If we denote Monday by I, Tuesday by 2, Wednesday by 3, Thursday by 4, Friday by 5, Saturday by 6 and Sunday by 7, which day of the week was Albert Einstein born? Give your answer as an integer from 1 to 7. 24. Find the number of 7-digit integers formed by some or all of the five digits, namely, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, such that these integers contain none of the three blocks 22, 33 and 44. 25. Let

Evaluate S -;- (23 x 38 x 41 x 43 x 47) when

ti

= 12.

43

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006
(Open Section, Round 1 Solutions)

1. Ans: 495

Each integer can be written as XIX2X3X4X5 where each Xt = 0,1,2, ... ,9 with Xl + X2 + + X4 + X5 = 8. The number of non-negative integer solutions to the above equation is 495. So there are 495 such integers.
X3

2. Ans: 20 p

+q =

p2

+ 11
9

and pq = 135(p

+ q) + 576 =
36

15(p

+ q) + 16.

So p + q > 0 and is a multiple of 4. Also p + q = 1 + p2:2 . So p2 + 2 is a multiple of 9. So p = 5,13,14, .... If p = 5, p + q = 4 and pq = 31. If p = 13, p + q = 20, pq = 91, q = 7. Thus p + q = 20. 3. Ans: 20071

- f(y) - X + 2, so we have f(yx + 1) = f(y)f(x) - f(x) - y + 2. Subtracting, we have 0 = f(x) - f(y) + y - X or f(x) + y = f(y) + x. Let y = O. Then f(x) = f(O) + x. Substitute into the given identity and putting x = y = 0, we get f(xy
=

+ 1)

f(x)f(y)

f(O)

+1=

f(O)f(O)

- f(O)
=

+ 2,

or

(1(0) - 1)2 = O.

Thus f(O) = 1 and 10f(2006) 4. Ans: 682

+ f(O)

20071.

Let ak denote the number of ways that the kth pass reach A. We have al = O. At each pass, the person holding the ball has 2 ways to pass the ball to. So total number of ways the ball can be passed after the pass is 2k The number of ways that at the (k + l)th pass, A receives the ball is ak + 1. So ak+l = 2k - ak Thus a1 = 0, a2 = 2, a3 = 2, ... , all = 682.

r»

5. Ans: 13122

Construct the permutation from the end. There are 3 choices each for and 2 choices for Sl and 1 choice for So. So the answer is 2.38 = 13122. 44

s9,

88,

... , 82

•
6. Ans: 1

------------------~----

AD bisects the angle LA and IC bisects the angle LC. Now LBCD = LBAD = LA/2. LADC = LB. Hence LICD = (LA+LC)/2 and LDIC = 1800-LB-(LA+LC)/2 = (LA + LC)/2. Thus ID = CD. The chord CD subtends an angle of 30° at point A of circle C Hence it subtends an angle of 60° at the center of circle C Thus ID = CD = 2sin(60° /2) = 1.
7. Ans: 500 If p is a prime, then the highest power of p that divides 2006! is

J (p)

l2006 / p J

+ l2006 / p2 J + l2006 / p3 J + ....

(Note that the terms in the sum are eventually 0.) The number of consecutive O's at the end of the base 10 representation of 2006! is the highest power of 10 that divides 2006!, which is min{J(2), J(5)} = J(5) = 401 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 500.
8. Ans: 855

The map {a, b, c} -----7 {24 - a, 24 - b, 24 - c} is a bijection from the set of 3-element subsets of {I, ... ,23} with s(A) < 36 onto the set of 3-element subsets of {1, ... , 23} with s(A) > 36. The number of 3-element subsets of {I, ... ,23} is = 1771. Therefore, the number of 3-element subsets of {I, ... ,23} with s(A) < 36 is

C;)

"2 [1771 - number of 3-element subsets of {I, ... ,23} with s(A) = 36] = 855.

9. Ans: 322 Note that x6 + x-6 = (x2 + X-2)(X4 - 1 + x-4) = ((x + x-I)2 - 2)( (x2 + .X-2)2 - 3) = ((x + x-1)2 - 2)(((x + X-I)2 - 2)2 - 3) = J(x + X-I). Thus letting z = x + X-I, we have J(z) = (z2 - 2)((Z2 - 2)2 - 3). Therefore, J(3) = (32 - 2)((32 - 2)2 - 3) = 322. 10. Ans: 49 Let R be the foot of the perpendicular from 0 to BC. Since LBAC = LCOR, we have LAQO = LOCP. Thus DCOP is similar to DQOC. Therefore OC/OQ = OP/OC so that OP . OQ = OC2 = 72 = 49.

45

11. Ans: 3 Let DP = x, P E = y, and BC = a. As 6F DP is similar to 6F BC, we have DF / BF = »[o: Thus (BF -1/2)/BF = x/a. Solving for BF, we have l/BF = 2(a - x)/a. Similarly, from the fact that 6GPE 2( a - y) / a. Consequently, 1 BF is similar to 6GBC, we obtain l/CG
=

CG

(4a - 2(x

+ y))/a

(4a - a)/a = 3.

12. Ans: 6 Extend BP meeting AC at E. Then ABE is an isosceles triangle with AB = AE and BP = P E. As P and M are the midpoints of BE and BC respectively, we have P AI is parallel to EC and PM = EC/2 = (26 - 14)/2 = 6. 13. Ans: 35 Join DT and DC. Let M be the foot of the perpendicular from D onto AC. Then OT, DNI and BC are all parallel. Since D is the midpoint of OB, NI is the midpoint of TC. Thus DTC is an isosceles triangle with DT = DC and LTDM = LMDC. As LTOA = 70° and 60TD is isosceles, we have LOTD LMDC = LTDNI = LOTD = 35°. 14. Ans: 2006 Since D and E are the midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively, we have parallel to BC and 6PDE is similar to 6PCB with PD : PC = PE : PB = CB = 1: 2. Let P E = x and P D = y. Then P B = 2x and PC = 2y. By Pythagoras' theorem applied to 6PBD and 6PCE, we get (2X)2 + y2 = 18292 and (2y)2 + x2 = 12982. Adding these two equations, we have x2 + y2 = (18292 + 12982)/5. Thus BC2 2 2 (2X)2 + (2y)2 = 4(1829 + 1298 )/5 = 4024036. Therefore BC = )4024036 = 2006. 15. Ans: 65536 The answer is (17) 1

= 35°. Thus LBCD

(17) 3

(17) 5

+ . ..

' (17) 17

216

= 65536.

46

16. Ans: 275

400(cos515°

+ sin 15°) = - cos' 15° sin 15° + cos2 15° sin ' 15° - cos 15° sin ' = 400( cos" 15° + sin" 15° - cos 15° sin 15° + cos2 15° sin2 15°) = 400( (cos'' 15° + sin2 15°)2 - cos'' 15° sin'' 15° - cos 15° sin 15°)
-;-(cos 15° 400( cos415° 2 2

+ sin515°)

15° + sin415°)

= 400(1 - (~sin300)2 - (~sin300))

= 400(1 - 1/16 - 1/4)
=

275

17. Ans: 4 Consider the equation y

l/y = a, where a > O. It can be changed into

y2 _ ay

1 = O.

Observe that it has two positive real solutions: y= Thus the equation
x

a ± va
2

> O.

211

x2 = 2006

2006'

has four real solutions (i.e., ±V2506, ±1/ V2506). 18. Ans: 30 Note that
a5
-

a = a(a - 1)(a

1)(a2

1).
-

It is clear that 2 I a5 - a and 3 I a5 - a. We can show that 5 I a5 five cases: a == i (mod 5), i = 0,1,2,3,4. Thus 30 I a5 - a. When a = 2, we have a5 19. Ans: 32752
-

a by considering the

= 30. Thus the maximum

n is 30.

There are 215 mappings from A to B. There is only one mapping f : A ----) B f(i) = 0 for all i E A; and there are 15 mappings f : A ----)B with f(i) = 0 for all i E A\{k} and f(k) = 1, for k = 1,2, ... ,15. Thus the answer is 32752. 47

20. Ans: 102

Note that from

an = 10an-1 -

1, we have

a-~ 9
n

10

(a

-1 -

~)

for all n ~ 2. Thus,

an -

9 = 10n-1

a1 -

1)

10n-1

for all

ti ~

1. Therefore

Observe that for n ~ 2, Thus

alOl

< 10100 < a102.

That is why the answer is 102.

21. Ans: 1900

Let A be a vertex of P. First we shall count the number of such triangles having A as a vertex. After taking away A and 3 consecutive vertices of P on each side of A, we are left with 23 vertices from which we can choose two vertices in such a way that, together with A, a desired triangle can be formed. There are C+(23;3-2)) = (220) ways to do so. Hence there are 30 (220) -7- 3 = 1900 such triangles.
22. Ans: 486

Let S = {x E Z I 2000 :S x :S 4000}, A = {x E S I x is divisible by 4}, B = {x E S x is divisible by 100},C = {x E S I x is divisible by 400}. The required answer is

IAI - IBI + ICI -

(4000 -4

2000 -+ 1) 4

(4000 2000 --100 100

2000 + 1) + (4000 - -- + 1)_ _ -400 400

486.

23. Ans: 5 Our reference day is today, 31-5-2006, Wednesday. We shall first count the number of days D from 15-5-1879 to 31-5-2006. The number of leap years between 1879 and 2005
IS

48

From 1-1-1880 to 31-12-2005 there are 2005 - 1879 = 126 years, of which 31 are leap years. Thus D = 95 x 365+31 x 366+(365-31-28-14)+(31 +28+31 +30+31) = 46464. Since 46464 leaves a remainder of 5 when divided by 7, Albert Einstein was born on Friday. The answer is 5. 24. Ans: 29776 Let an denote the number of such n-digit integers. Among these an integers, let bn denote the number of those which end with 2. By symmetry, the number of those which end with 3 (or 4) is also equal to bn. Hence
an = 2an~1

end with 0 or 1 end with 02 or 12 Thus

an - 2an~1 ~ 2an~2

+ +

end with 2,3 or 4 end with 32 or 42

~ 2bn~1

'---v---'

3bn

(1) (2)

3bn

6an~2

+ 6bn~1
- 2an~2)

= 6an~2

an = 4an~1

+ 2(an~1 + 2an~2

We have

al

= 4,

a2

= 4 x 5 - 3 = 17. By iterating we get

a7

= 29776.

25. Ans: 1274 By using the fact that

(,=J + (~)= (n~l),

we have

Thus when n = 12,

--------

23 x 38 x 41 x 43 x 47

= 1274.

49

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006 (Open Section, Special Round) Saturday, 1 July 2006 Important: Attempt as many questions as you can. 0900- 1330

No calculators are allowed. Show all the steps in your working. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. In the triangle ABC, LA = 60°, D, M are points on the line AC and E, N are points on the line AB such that DN and EM are the perpendicular bisectors of AC and AB respectively. Let L be the midpoint of M N. Prove that LEDL = LELD. 2. Show that any representation of 1 as the sum of distinct reciprocals of numbers drawn from the arithmetic progression {2, 5, 8,11, ... } such as given in the following example must have at least eight terms:

3. Consider the sequence PI, P2, ... of primes such that for each i 2: 2, either Pi = 2Pi-l - 1 or Pi = 2Pi-l + 1. An example is the sequence 2,5,11,23,47. Show that any such sequence has a finite number of terms. 4. Let n be a positive integer. Let SI, S2, ... ,Sk be a collection of 2n-element subsets of {I, 2, 3,4, ... ,4n - 1, 4n} so that S, n Sj contains at most n elements for all 1 <S i < j <S k. Show that

5. Let a, band n be positive integers. Prove that n! divides

bn-la(a

+ b)(a + 2b)···
50

(a

+ (n

- l)b).

Singapore Mathematical Society

Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) 2006
(Open Section, Special Round Solutions)

1. Set up a coordinate system so that A is the origin and AC is the x-axis. Let the coordinate of C be (2c,0) and the coordinate of B be (2b,2bV3). Then the coordinates of D, E, Nand Mare (c, 0), (b, bV3), (c, cV3) and (4b, 0), respectively.
N

Thus Also

BC2 = (2b - 2c)2

(2bV3)2 = 4c2 - 8bc + 16b2.

Therefore M N = B C. In the right-angled triangle EM N, E L = ~M N. Thus EL = ~BC = ED. That is LEDL = LELD. 2. Suppose that the representation uses the reciprocals of k distinct positive integers, Xl, ... ,Xk, where Xi 2 (mod 3). Since 1 = """' we get _]_, L_., x,

2k

== k2k-1

(mod 3),
=

from which we get k

(mod 3). Hence k 111 1 -+-+-+-+-<1 2 5 8 11

2,5,8, .... Since 1 14

we see that we need at least 8 terms.

51

3. Except for 2 or 3, each prime is of the form 6u ± 1. If a prime p = 6u + 1 is in the chain, its successor, if any, must be of the form 2p - 1 = 2(6u) + 1 since 2p + 1 is divisible by 3. Hence the successors are: 2(6u) + 1,2 (6u) + 1, ... ,2~(6u) + 1, ... This sequence cannot go on forever giving primes. To prove this claim, we first note that, by Fermat's Little Theorem, there exists k such that 2k == 1 (mod 6u + 1). Thus 2k (6u) + 1 == 0 (mod 6u + 1). Hence 2k (6u) 6u + 1.
2 .

+1

is not prime.

A similarly argument can be given for the case

4. Let A = {I, 2, ... ,4n}. Then

Let F be the family of subsets in A with

ti

I-elements.

IFI =

(n~ 1))=

Note that every n+ I-element in S, is also a member in F. Since S, nSj contains at most n elements in A, and any n + I-element in S, is different from any ti + I-element in for all 1 < i < j < k. Thus

s,

IFI ~ '" ( n+I 2n ~

~=1

k( n+I 2n

).

Hence k < ( 4n )

n+I . n+I 4n x (4n - 1) x ... x 3n 2n x (2n - 1) x . . . x n .

4nx3n - 2nxn

.z.,

2n )

It can be shown that

-'-----'----'-----'-- <
for all 0 :::;i :::; - 1)/2. (n If n is odd, then 4n x (4n - 1) x 2n x (2n - 1) x If n is even, then 4n x ()4n - 1 x··· x 3n = 4n - n / 2 2nx(2n-I)x ... xn 2n-n/2
(n-2)/2 i=O

(4n-i)(3n+i) (2n-i)(n+i)

=6

x 3n xn

(n-l)/2

i=O

II
(

(4n - i)(3n (2n - i)(n

+ i)

+ i)

< 6(n+l)/2.

II

')(3 .) 4n - z n + z :::;61/26n/2 (2n-i)(n+i)

6(n+l)/2.

52

5. We shall prove that for any prime p with 1 < p < n, if pO I n!, then pO I bn-1a(a b)(a + 2b)· .. (a + (n - l)b). If p I b, then as

<
we have «< (n - l)b).
ti

k=l

-=--<n L pk p - 1 -

ex)

-1

so that pOlbn-1.

This shows that p" I bn-1a(a

+ b)(a + 2b)···
(mod pet).

(a Note

If p -1 b, then there exists a positive integer b1 such that bb1 - 1 that p -1 i; Thus b~a(a

+ b)(a + 2b)···

(a

+ (n

- l)b) - ab1(ab1

+ 1)···

(ab1

+ n -1)

(mod pet).

As the right hand side of the above congruence is a product of n consecutive integers, it is divisible by n!. It is therefore divisible by pO too. That is pet I b~a(a

+ b)(a + 2b)···

(a

+ (n

- l)b). (a

Since p -1 b1, we have (pet, bJ:) = 1, so that pet I a(a thus pet I bna(a + b)(a + 2b)··· (a

+ b)(a + 2b)··· + (n
- l)b).

+ (n

- l)b),

and

53