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Notes Hearing Range Electromagnetic Spectrum Light Infrared Ultraviolet Radio X-Rays Bandwidth Spectrum Allocation

The document discusses frequency ranges and how they apply to different systems. It provides examples of frequency ranges for different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as musical instruments. It also discusses how radio frequency ranges are allocated for different uses. Additionally, it gives the specific frequencies for the notes in the equal tempered musical scale based on a reference frequency of 440 Hz for the A above middle C. Equations are provided for calculating frequencies of other notes on the scale based on their number of half steps from the reference note.

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محمد عقابنة
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163 views

Notes Hearing Range Electromagnetic Spectrum Light Infrared Ultraviolet Radio X-Rays Bandwidth Spectrum Allocation

The document discusses frequency ranges and how they apply to different systems. It provides examples of frequency ranges for different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as musical instruments. It also discusses how radio frequency ranges are allocated for different uses. Additionally, it gives the specific frequencies for the notes in the equal tempered musical scale based on a reference frequency of 440 Hz for the A above middle C. Equations are provided for calculating frequencies of other notes on the scale based on their number of half steps from the reference note.

Uploaded by

محمد عقابنة
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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[Type text]

Frequency range

Many systems are characterized by the range of frequencies to which they respond.
Musical instruments produce different ranges of notes within the hearing range.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into many different ranges such as
visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, X-rays and so on, and each of
these ranges can in turn be divided into smaller ranges. A radio communications signal
must occupy a range of frequencies carrying most of its energy, called its bandwidth.
Allocation of radio frequency ranges to different uses is a major function of radio spectrum
allocation.
The frequency range of a system is the range over which is is considered to provide a
useful level of signal with acceptable distortion characteristics. A listing of the upper and
lower limits of frequency
[Type text]

http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~suits/notefreqs.html

Frequencies for equal-tempered scale


This table created using A4 = 440 Hz 
Speed of sound = 345 m/s = 1130 ft/s = 770 miles/hr

("Middle C" is C4 )

 Note  Frequency (Hz) Wavelength (cm)


C0 16.35 2100.
# b
C 0/D 0 17.32 1990.
D0 18.35 1870.
D#0/Eb0 19.45 1770.
E0 20.60 1670.
F0 21.83 1580.
# b
F 0/G 0 23.12 1490.
G0 24.50 1400.
# b
G 0/A 0 25.96 1320.
A0 27.50 1250.
# b
A 0/B 0 29.14 1180.
B0 30.87 1110.
C1 32.70 1050.
# b
C 1/D 1 34.65 996.
D1 36.71 940.
D#1/Eb1 38.89 887.
E1 41.20 837.
F1 43.65 790.
# b
F 1/G 1 46.25 746.
G1 49.00 704.
# b
G 1/A 1 51.91 665.
A1 55.00 627.
# b
A 1/B 1 58.27 592.
B1 61.74 559.
C2 65.41 527.
# b
C 2/D 2 69.30 498.
D2 73.42 470.
# b
D 2/E 2 77.78 444.
[Type text]

E2 82.41 419.
F2 87.31 395.
F 2/Gb2
#
92.50 373.
G2 98.00 352.
G 2/Ab2
#
103.83 332.
A2 110.00 314.
A#2/Bb2 116.54 296.
B2 123.47 279.
C3 130.81 264.
C 3/Db3
#
138.59 249.
D3 146.83 235.
D 3/Eb3
#
155.56 222.
E3 164.81 209.
F3 174.61 198.
F 3/Gb3
#
185.00 186.
G3 196.00 176.
G 3/Ab3
#
207.65 166.
A3 220.00 157.
A#3/Bb3 233.08 148.
B3 246.94 140.
C4 261.63 132.
C 4/Db4
#
277.18 124.
D4 293.66 117.
D#4/Eb4 311.13 111.
E4 329.63 105.
F4 349.23 98.8
F 4/Gb4
#
369.99 93.2
G4 392.00 88.0
G 4/Ab4
#
415.30 83.1
A4 440.00 78.4
A 4/Bb4
#
466.16 74.0
B4 493.88 69.9
C5 523.25 65.9
C 5/Db5
#
554.37 62.2
D5 587.33 58.7
D#5/Eb5 622.25 55.4
E5 659.26 52.3
F5 698.46 49.4
F 5/Gb5
#
739.99 46.6
G5 783.99 44.0
G 5/Ab5
#
830.61 41.5
A5 880.00 39.2
[Type text]

A#5/Bb5 932.33 37.0


B5 987.77 34.9
C6 1046.50 33.0
C 6/Db6
#
1108.73 31.1
D6 1174.66 29.4
D 6/Eb6
#
1244.51 27.7
E6 1318.51 26.2
F6 1396.91 24.7
F 6/Gb6
#
1479.98 23.3
G6 1567.98 22.0
G 6/Ab6
#
1661.22 20.8
A6 1760.00 19.6
A#6/Bb6 1864.66 18.5
B6 1975.53 17.5
C7 2093.00 16.5
C 7/Db7
#
2217.46 15.6
D7 2349.32 14.7
D 7/Eb7
#
2489.02 13.9
E7 2637.02 13.1
F7 2793.83 12.3
F 7/Gb7
#
2959.96 11.7
G7 3135.96 11.0
G 7/Ab7
#
3322.44 10.4
A7 3520.00 9.8
A 7/Bb7
#
3729.31 9.3
B7 3951.07 8.7
C8 4186.01 8.2
C 8/Db8
#
4434.92 7.8
D8 4698.64 7.3
D#8/Eb8 4978.03 6.9

Equations for the Frequency Table

The basic formula for the frequencies of the notes of the equal tempered scale is
given by
fn = f0 * (a)n 
where
[Type text]

f0 = the frequency of one fixed note which must be defined. A common choice is
setting the A above middle C (A4) at f0 = 440 Hz.
n = the number of half steps away from the fixed note you are. If you are at a higher
note, n is positive. If you are on a lower note, n is negative.
fn = the frequency of the note n half steps away.
a = (2)1/12 = the twelth root of 2 = the number which when multiplied by itself 12
times equals 2 = 1.059463094359... 

The wavelength of the sound for the notes is found from


Wn = c/fn 
where W is the wavelength and c is the speed of sound. The speed of sound depends
on temperature, but is approximately 345 m/s at "room temperature." 

Examples using A4 = 440 Hz:

C5 = the C an octave above middle C. This is 3 half steps above A 4 and so the
frequency is 
f3 = 440 * (1.059463..)3 = 523.3 Hz 
If your calculator does not have the ability to raise to powers, then use the fact that
(1.059463..)3 = (1.059463..)*(1.059463..)*(1.059463..)
That is, you multiply it by itself 3 times.

Middle C is 9 half steps below A4 and the frequency is:


f -9 = 440 * (1.059463..)-9 = 261.6 Hz 
If you don't have powers on your calculator, remember that the negative sign on the
power means you divide instead of multiply. For this example, you divide by
(1.059463..) 9 times. 

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