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Telephone Network

The telephone network uses circuit switching and was originally an analog system transmitting voice signals. It includes local loops connecting to end offices, tandem offices routing between local areas, and regional offices. There are two types of carriers - incumbent local exchange carriers and competitive local exchange carriers - providing intra-local access transport area services. Modern networks separate data transfer and signaling functions, with one network handling each.

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Meejanur Rahaman
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156 views

Telephone Network

The telephone network uses circuit switching and was originally an analog system transmitting voice signals. It includes local loops connecting to end offices, tandem offices routing between local areas, and regional offices. There are two types of carriers - incumbent local exchange carriers and competitive local exchange carriers - providing intra-local access transport area services. Modern networks separate data transfer and signaling functions, with one network handling each.

Uploaded by

Meejanur Rahaman
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TELEPHONE NETWORK

Telephone networks use circuit switching. The


telephone network had its beginnings in the
late 1800s. The entire network, which is
referred to as the plain old telephone system
(POTS), was originally an analog system
using analog signals to transmit voice.

Local loop

Trunk Trunk

End Tandem
•

offices offices Regional offices

A telephone system
LATA
• Intra-LATA services are provided by local
exchange carriers.
Since 1996, there are two
• types of LECs: incumbent local exchange
carriers and competitive
local exchange carriers.
•

Switching offices in a LATA


Ø Telephone companies provide two types of
services: analog and digital. We can categorize
analog services as either analog switched
services or analog leased services.
•
Ø The two most common digital services are:
– switched/56 service and
– Digital data service (DDS).
Ø
Ø The tasks of data transfer and signaling are
separated in modern telephone networks: data
transfer is done by one network, signaling by
another.
•
DIAL-UP MODEMS
Ø Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies
between 300 and 3300 Hz, giving them a
bandwidth of 3000 Hz. All this range is used for
transmitting voice, where a great deal of
interference and distortion can be accepted
without loss of intelligibility.
Ø
Ø Done using a dial-up modem.
Ø
Ø The term modem is a composite word that refers to
the two functional entities that make up the
device:
– a signal modulator and
– a signal demodulator
• Telephone line bandwidth
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
• After traditional modems reached their peak data rate,
telephone companies developed another technology, DSL,
to provide higher-speed access to the Internet. Digital
subscriber line (DSL) technology is one of the most
promising for supporting high-speed digital communication
over the existing local loops.
Types:

§ ADSL
§ HDSL
§ SDSL
§ VDSL
•
Ø ADSL provides higher speed in the downstream direction
than in the upstream direction.
Ø The high-bitrate digital subscriber line (HDSL) was
designed as an alternative to the T-l line(1.544 Mbps).
Ø The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one
twisted-pair version of HDSL.
Ø The very high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) is an
alternative approach that is similar to ADSL.
Ø
q Cable companies are now competing with telephone
companies for the residential customer who wants
high-speed access to the Internet.

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