TEXTILE PROCESSING LABORATORY

MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SATHYAMANGALAM – 638 401

List of Experiments

Page
S.No. Title of the Experiment
No.
 Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual
1. 01
Starch
2. Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric 03
Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension
3. 04
Mercerized Cotton Yarn
Comparison of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hypochlorite
4. 06
bleached samples
Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with
5. 08
direct and reactive dyes
Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed
6. 11
material
Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed
7. 13
with direct dyes
Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric
8. 15
sample
9. Dyeing of polyester / nylon using disperse dyes 16
10. Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles 17
11. Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling
18
performance of biopolished fabric
12. Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished
19
fabric

Page
S.No. Topics for Mini Project
No.
Evaluation of fastness in Reactive Dyed Cotton fabric at different
1.
concentration of NaCl and Na2CO3.
Analysis of hydrophilic property of plasma treated Polyester
2.
Fabric.
Effect of NaCl on the exhaustion of Direct Dyes on Cotton
3.
material.
4. Effect of Reducing agent on Sulphur Dye application.
 Page
S.No. Application Oriented Experiments
No.
1. Identification of Dyes on Fibre 22
2. Colorfastness to Domestic Laundering 26
3. Colorfastness to Crocking 28
4. Identification of Textile Fibres by Burning Test 30
5. Identification of Textile Fibres by Chemical Test 31

Objective Type Questions

5. 32
For All the Experiments

1. Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of

Residual Starch

Aim:
To desize the given grey cotton fabric by the Hydrolytic and Oxidative methods. And to
assess the presence of residual starch.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Grey cloth, Water bath, HCl, H2O2, TRO, Weighing balance, Thermometer and Water

Principle:
The size materials are removed by treating the grey cotton fabric with Hydrolytic and
Oxidative chemicals.

Recipe:
Hydrolytic Desizing:
HCl : 1%
TRO : 0.5%
l:m : 30:1
Temperature : 60ºC
Time : 30 min

Oxidative Desizing:
H2O2 : 0.5%

TRO : 0.5%
l:m : 30:1
Temperature : 80ºC
Time : 30 min

Procedure:
d) Take the given sample and measure the weight in a weighing balance.
e) Calculate the chemicals required for the process on weight of the material.
Calculated the amount of water to be taken for the process according to the liquor
to material ratio (20 : 1).
f) Set up the Vat bath by adding the required chemicals and water.
g) Then before introducing the material into the vat, it should be wetted out.
h) Now the bath is placed in the water bath and the temperature is maintained to
60ºC for 30 minutes.
i) The same procedure has to be followed for hydrolytic and oxidizing desizing.
j) The temperature maintained at 80º c for 30 minutes in case of Oxidative desizing.
k) After the process is completed, the sample should be taken out and the cold wash
is carried out followed by a hot wash at the temperature of 70ºC and then a cold
wash.
l) Finally the sample should be dried at 110ºC.
Iodine Test:
To assess the presence of residual starch, the part of the sample is to be cut and
used for Iodine Test. Iodine has to be diluted to 10% and one drop is put on the desized
material. If the color is changes to steel blue, it indicates the presence of traces of residual
starch.
The color turns steel blue – presence of residual starch is >60%
The color turns greenish brown – presence of residual starch is <30%
The color turns steel blue – presence of residual starch is <10%
Inference:
Amount of Residual starch present on HCL treated fabric is
Amount of Residual starch present on H2O2 treated fabric is

Result:
Thus the fabric has been desized by means of Oxidative and Hydrolytic methods. And the
presence of starch also assessed for the desized sample.

2. Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric

Aim:

To assess the of weight loss of scoured sample

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Desized cotton Fabric, NaOH, Na2CO3, TRO, Water bath, Embroidery Frame and
Thermometer.

Principle:

The Principle of scouring is to remove the oil and wax substances present on the textile
material, to increase the absorbency of the cotton fabric.

Recipe:
NaOH : 4%
Na2CO3 : 1.5 %
TRO : 0.5 %
l:m : 30:1
Temperature : 90ºC
Time : 1 hour

Procedure:

m) The material should be conditioned and the weight is measured.

n) The calculated amount of H2O, NaOH, Na2SiO3, Na2CO3 are taken in a clean Vat
and stirred well.
o) The sample should be wetted out before entering into the Vat. Then the Vat is
placed in a water bath and the temperature is maintained at 90ºC for 1 hour.
p) The liquor should be agitated continuously with the help of glass rods till the
process ends.
q) After one hour the process gets completed and the liquor is drained. Then the
sample is washed with hot water followed by cold water.
r) Then the sample is squeezed and dried at 110ºC in the Hot air Oven.
s) Then the dried material should be conditioned and the weight is measured.
t) Finally the calculation is done to find out the percentage of weight loss.

Formula:
Wt. of material before - Wt. of material after
Scouring scouring
% of Wt. loss = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
Wt. of material after scouring

Inference: Percentage of Wt. loss after scouring is ………..

Result: Thus the weight loss of the scoured sample has been assessed.
3. Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension
Mercerized Cotton Yarn

Aim:
To compare the BAN and Tensile Strength of Mercerized sample.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Cotton Yarn Sample, Tensomaxx 7000, Burette, conical flask, Phosphorous Pentaoxide,
HCl, phenolphthalein indicator

Principle:

Mercerization is done by treating the cotton material in a high concentrated alkali with or
without tension. The degree of mercerization can be assessed by BAN.
Recipe:

Sodium Hydroxide : 25 %
Temperature : Room Temperature

Procedure:

u) The objective of mercerization is to improve the luster, dye ability, strength, and
hygroscopic nature of cotton material.
v) 25% NaOH solution is prepared by adding the 25g of NaOH pellets slowly into
the required quantity of water. After the dissolution, it is made up to 100ml with
pure water.
w) At room temperature the wetted out lea is slowly introduce in the beaker
containing NaOH solution. After 60-90 sec. the yarn sample is taken out and
washing is carried out followed by neutralization using the diluted H2SO4 and a
cold wash to remove the residue.. This method is Slack Mercerization.
x) Similarly the Tension Mercerization is carried out by applying the tension to the
yarn sample during the dwell period. After that the lea has been introduced into
the beaker containing the NaOH, tension is applied by means of hand (with two
glass rods) to the maximum for the time of 60-90 sec.
y) After that the lea is washed with cold water and with hot water to facilitate the
diffusion of alkali from core of the fabric followed by neutralization.
z) After the process gets completed it should be dried at 110ºC for further testing.

BAN:

The degree of mercerization was assessed in terms of BAN. The mercerized cotton
sample was cut into small lengths, dried over phosphorous pentoxide for an hour and then
conditioned at 65% RH at 31oC before testing. The sample (mercerized & unmercerized)
weighing 1g. were treated with 30ml. of 0.25 N Ba(OH)2 solution in 100ml. conical flask.
After an hour, 10ml. of the solution was titrated against 0.1 N HCl acid. A blank was run
in without any fibre sample. If b, S and U are the titration readings for the blank, sample
(mercerized) and ummercerized sample respectively, then the BAN is determined by
using the given formula

b-S
BAN = ------- X 100
b-U

Tensile Strength for Mercerized Sample under slack condition

Breaking Force =
Breaking Elongation =
Tenacity =
 Breaking Work =
The average value obtained by Tensile Strength.

Tensile Strength for Mercerized sample under tension condition

Breaking force =
Breaking Elongation =
Tenacity =
Breaking Work =
The average value obtained by Tensile Strength.

Inference:

Due to the exothermic reaction, the heat will be liberated while adding the NaOH into the
water.

Result:

Thus the fabric was mercerized and BAN, tensile strength of the mercerized
sample was assessed.

4. Comparison of whiteness index and tenacity of peroxide and sodium

hypochlorite bleached samples

Aim:

To compare the whiteness index and tenacity of peroxide and sodium hypochlorite
bleached sample.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Water bath, Weighing balance, Beakers, Pipette, Bowl

Recipe: H2O2 (Combined scouring and bleaching)

NaOH : 4%
Na2O3 : 1.5%
NaSiO3 : 2%
H2O2 : 4%
TRO : 0.5 %
l:m : 30 : 1
Temperature : 90ºC
Time : 1 hour

Recipe: NaOCl

Scouring

NaOH : 4%
Na2CO3 : 1.5%
TRO : 0.5 %
l:m : 30:1
Temperature : 90ºc
Time : 1 hour

Bleaching:

Sodium Hypochlorite : 2-4 %

l:m : 30 : 1
Temperature : Room Temperature
Time : 1 hour
PH : 9-11

Procedure:
aa) The given sample was weighed and the chemicals required for the process are
calculated on the o.w.m.
bb) Bath is setup with required l:m ratio and the chemicals are added to the bath. First
the wetting agent (TRO) is added followed by NaOH, Na2CO3, NaSiO3 and H2O2.
cc) Then the material is wetted out,squeezed and introduced into the bath.
dd) The temperature is raised to 90ºC. After reaching the required temperature, the
process is continued for 1 hour. During the process the temperature & pH are
maintained and contineous agitation is done.
ee) After compleating the process, the bath is drained and a cold wash & hot wash
are carried out. Finally the pH is checked and the neutralisation is done with the
acetic acid. Once again the material is washed to remove the traces of acid and
dried in a hot air oven at 110 ºC.
ff) Similarly the process is carried out for the NaOCl Blaching.

Formula:
 % of req. chemical
Amount of solution = ------------------------ X wt. of material
% of conc. supplied

Tenacity Measurement:
It is measured in the Tensomaxx 7000

Tenacity for H2O2 bleached sample

Breaking Force =
Breaking Elongation =
Tenacity =
Breaking Work =
The average value of Tenacity =

Tenacity for NaOCl bleached sample

Breaking force =
Breaking Elongation =
Tenacity =
Breaking Work =
The average value of Tenacity =

Interference:

Result:

Thus the tenacity of Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite bleached

samples are determined.

5. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with

direct and reactive dyes

Aim:

To assess the rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabric dyed with direct and reactive dyes.
Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Bleached cotton fabric, Pipette, Electronic Weighing balance, Hot air oven, Water bath,
Dryer, Volumetric flask.

Recipe:

Direct Dye:
Direct Dye : 2%
NaCl : 10 gpl
l:m : 30:1
Time : 1 hour
Temperature : 80ºC

Reactive Dye:

Reactive Dye : 2%
NaCl : 40 gpl
l:m : 30:1
Time : 1 hour
Temperature : room temperature
Na2CO3 : 40 gpl

Perspiration test:

Acidic Condition
Nacl : 2.75 gpl
Urea : 0.75 gpl
l:m : 50:1

Alkaline Condition
NaCl : 3 gpl
l:m : 50:1

Procedure for Dyeing with direct dye:

gg) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated
amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved
by strong agitation. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared separately.
hh) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. Required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then
added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the
dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments
at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for 30-60 min., the
material is removed and the bath is drained.
 ii) Treatment for 10-20 minutes with detergents (3 gpl) using hot water followed by
hot rinsing.
jj) Finally rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and dried in hot air oven at
110 ºC for 15 min.

Procedure for Dyeing with reactive dye:

kk) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated
amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved
by adding warm water at 50ºC. Then calculated amount of NaCl and Na2 CO3 are
to be prepared.
ll) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then
added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the
dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments
at the interval of each 10 min. After 20min. of exhaustion, the soda ash is added
and worked for 30-60 min. Then the material is removed and the bath is drained.
mm)The after treatment is carried out to remove the unfixed dyes and improve the
color fastness.
nn) After treatment: Rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and followed by
hot water. Soaping is carried out with 2gpl non-ionic soap solution and 2 gpl soda
ash.
oo) Finally the material is dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min.

Rubbing Fastness:

pp) The dyed sample is prepared in the dimension of 15x 8 cm and mounted on the
‘crock meter’. A white bleached sample of 4x4 cm is tied on the finger of the
‘crock meter’. 10 cycles are made to rub the fabric surface. Then the fabric from
the figure is removed and the grading is evaluated with the help of grey scale.
qq) Same procedure is carried out for the wet rubbing test. But the fabric sample is
tested in the wet condition.
rr) Finally the grading is given according to the grde scale reading given below.

Grade Scale reading Grade

5 Excellent
4/5 Good
ss) Better
tt) Poor
uu) very poor

Perspiration Test:

Two composite specimen are wetted out in solution (A and B) employing a 20:1 liquor
ratio by immersion at room temperature for 30 min. Each sample is then dried in a glass
dish with smooth flat bottom and a glass plate weighing about 50g is laid over the Top
and the whole is covered with perspiration solution. The glass plate is pressed to remove
air bubble and after standing for 15 min. The solution is poured off without removing the
plate under room temperature it is kept for 4 hours.
Then the fabric is taken and measure for the shade variation using grey scale.

Inference:

Result:
Thus the given sample was dyed successfully with direct and reactive dyes and also
changes have been observed in both rubbing and perspiration fastness.
 6. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed
material

Aim:
To assess the rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabric with sulphur dyes.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Cotton fabric, crock meter, water bath, Pipette, Electronic weighing balance, Hot air
oven, volumetric Flask.

Recipe: (Sample Size : 4 x 10cm)

Acidic condition
NaCl : 2.65 gpl
Urea : 0.7gpl
pH : 5-6
l:m : 20:1
Time : 30 min
Temperature : Room Temperature

Alkaline condition
NaCl : 3 gpl
l:m : 5:1
pH : 8-9
Time : 30 min
Temperature : Room Temperature

Sulphur dyeing :

Dye : 20%
Soda ash : 20%
Sodium Sulphide : 40%
l:m : 20:1
Temperature : Boling Temperature
Time : 1 hour

Recipe for Oxidation:

Sodium Per-borate : 0.5 gpl
Temperature : 50ºC
Time : 20 min

Procedure:

vv) The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated
amount of Sulphur dye and it is pasted with warm water. The sulphur dye is
 insoluble in water so small amount of soda ash and sodium sulphide are added
with warm water at 50ºC. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared prepared.
ww)The bath is set up with l:m 30:1 required amount of dissolved dye solution is then
added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the
dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two to three
installments at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for
30-60 min., the material is removed and the bath is drained.
xx) Before rinsing the material, the oxidation process is carried out for fixation.
yy) The after treatment is carried out to remove the unfixed dyes and improve the
color fastness.
zz) After treatment: Rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and followed by
hot water. Soaping is carried out with 2gpl non-ionic soap solution and 2 gpl soda
ash.
aaa)Finally the material is dried in hot air oven at 110 ºC for 15 min.

Rubbing Fastness:
bbb)The dyed sample is prepared in the dimension of 15x 8 cm and mounted on the
‘crock meter’. A white bleached sample of 4x4 cm is tied on the finger of the
‘crock meter’. 10 cycles are made to rub the fabric surface. Then the fabric from
the figure is removed and the grading is evaluated with the help of grey scale.
ccc)Same procedure is carried out for the wet rubbing test. But the fabric sample is
tested in the wet condition.
ddd)Finally the grading is given according to the grade scale reading given below.

Grade Scale reading Grade

5 Excellent
4/5 Good
eee)Better
fff) Poor
ggg)very poor

Perspiration Test:

Two composite specimen are wetted out in solution (A and B) employing a 20:1 liquor
ratio by immersion at room temperature for 30 min. Each sample is then dried in a glass
dish with smooth flat bottom and a glass plate weighing about 50g is laid over the Top
and the whole is covered with perspiration solution. The glass plate is pressed to remove
air bubble and after standing for 15 min. The solution is poured off without removing the
plate under room temperature it is kept for 4 hours.
Then the fabric is taken and measure for the shade variation using grey scale.

Inference:
Result:
Thus the given sample was dyed successfully and changes have been observed
in both rubbing and perspiration fastness.
7. Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with
direct dyes

Aim:

To compare different ISO wash fastness test on fabric dyed on direct dye.

Dyeing Recipe:

Direct dyes : 2%
Sodium chloride : 10%
l:m : 30:1
Time : 1 ½ hours
Temperature : Boiling Temperature

Procedure for Dyeing with direct dye:

hhh)The cotton fabric is weighed. The stock solution is prepared by taking calculated
amount of cold brand reactive dye and it is pasted with cold water and dissolved
by strong agitation. Then calculated amount of NaCl is prepared separately.
iii) The bath is set up with l:m 30:1. Required amount of dissolved dyestuff is then
added to the dye bath. The sample is wetted out & squeezed then entered into the
dye bath. After 10 min. the required quantity of salt is added in two installments
at the interval of each 15 min. After the completion of process for 30-60 min., the
material is removed and the bath is drained.
jjj) Treatment for 10-20 minutes with detergents (3 gpl) using hot water followed by
hot rinsing.
kkk)Finally rinsing the material thoroughly with cold water and dried in hot air oven
at 110 ºC for 15 min.

Fastness to washing:

A specimen measuring 4cm x 4cm of the material to be tested is cut out. The specimen
sandwiched between two pieces of white bleached fabric measuring 5cm x 5cm and the
three pieces are held together by stitching round the edges leaving one side exposed.

There are 5 draft proposals for ISO recommendation for washing. The composite
specimen is treated in a wash well with the recipe given in the table. Finally the samples
are removed and dried. The grade is given by comparing the stained sample with the grey
scale.
 ISO test No. Recipe Temperature Time
1 0.5 % soap 40º ± 2ºC 30 minutes
2 0.5 % soap 50º ± 2ºC 45 minutes
3 0.5 % soap + 0.2 % 60º ± 2ºC 30 minutes
NaCO3
4 0.5 % soap+ 0.2 % 95º ± 2ºC 30 minutes
NaCO3
5 0.5 % soap+ 0.2 % 95º ± 2ºC 4 hour
NaCO3

Inference:

By means of Test I grade =

Test II grade =
Test III grade =
Test IV grade =

Result:

Thus the comparison of different ISO washing fastness on direct dyed fabric was made.
 8. Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric
Sample

Aim:

To assess the dye strength from the dyed fabric sample.

Apparatus and Materials:

Spectrophotometer, Dyed fabric sample, White Transmission Standard, White and Black
Calibration Tile, Black Panel Transmission standard.

Procedure:

First the spectrometer is calibrated by using the white transmission standard and black
panel transmission standard. Then the standard sample is placed in the spectrophoto
meter and the wave length and the reflection values are noted. The l, a, b values is also
noted. Then the dyed sample is placed in the spectrophotometer and l value a, b value are
calculated. Then the ΔL, Δa, Δb values are calculated.

Then the ΔE values are calculated, if the less than, the dyed sample is
acceptance

If the ΔE value is higher than dyed sample is not accepted. In the

spectrometer for a particular color in what properties primary color mixed it is available.
That is library index.

Formula

Result:

Thus the dye strength from the dyed fabric sample has been assessed.
 9. Dyeing of polyester using disperse dyes

Aim:

To dye the polyester fabric using disperse dye.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Polyester fabric, Pipette, Electronic weighing balance, hot air oven, water bath,
volumetric flask

Recipe:

Disperse dye : 6%
Carrier : 8%
l:m : 20:1
Acetic acid (30 %) : 0.5 %
Wetting agent : 2 gpl
Temperature : Boiling Temperature
Time : 1 ½ hour

Recipe for Reduction cleaning Treatener:

Hydrose : 2 gpl
NaOH : 2 gpl
Temperature : 60ºC
Time : 15 min.

Procedure:

The given polyester fabric is weighted and amount of stock solution. For dyeing was
prepared using volumetric flask. The calculation is done as per the weight of the fabric
and l : m ratio is 20:1

As the polyester needs high temperature both instead of these we need reduction cleaning
treatment which was hydrose and alkali at 60ºc for ¼ hours.

After the dyeing process is over the fabric is squeezed and put into the reduction cleaning
treatment bath for reduction.

Inference:

The fabric was dyed instead of high temperature bath, use carrier.

Result:
Thus the polyester a fabric was dyed using disperse dye.

10. Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles

Aim:

To print the direct dyes styles on the cotton fabric.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Pipette, Beaker, Weighing balance, Printing pattern pad.

Recipe:

Direct dye : 0.3g

Glycerine : 5.7 parts
Trisodium phosphate : 1 part
Thickener : 10 parts
Water : 83 parts
Total : 100 parts

Procedure:

lll) All the dye material are mixed thoroughly using water adequately they form paste
and these paste should neither be move said nor liquid and it should be optimum
calculation are made as per weighing of fabric.
mmm)The fabric is laid on the table and the pattern board is placed above fabric and
dye is placed above it and it is squeezed out by a box using hand.
nnn)Then the fabric is taken out and dried in the air-oven.

Inference:

The printed design is accurate on the fabric

Result:

Thus the fabric is printed with direct style.

 11. Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling
performance of biopolished fabric

Aim:

To assess the weight loss, Abrasion resistance and pilling performance of biopolished
fabric.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Pipette, weighing balance, shaker, Control flask, Hot air oven, Abrasion Tester, Pilling
Tester.

Recipe:

Enzyme (cellulose) : 6 gpl

l:m : 20:1
Temperature : 55ºC
Time : 30 min.

Procedure:

ooo)The cotton fabric weighted and l : m ratio is 20%.

ppp)The stack solution for bolished was prepared
qqq)The fabric is wetted and put into the stock solution in conial flask and
flask is put in the shaker for 30 min at 55 ºc
rrr) Then the fabric was dyed and weight loss was calculated.
sss)Then the fabric was undergone abrasion testing using abrasion tester and
the weight loss are calculated.
ttt) The sample to test is cut using on template. The sample is then mounted
on the abrasion tester for light weight fabric the weight of 200g is added.
uuu)The fabric is allowed to abrade against emery paper.
vvv)The number of revolution is preset in the instrument. After the required
number of revolution is made, the tester is stopped.
www)The fabric is dismounted and the weight loss is noted down.

Pilling Test:

A piece of fabric measuring 5” x 5”. The fabric is sewn so as to be a firm set.

When placed around a rubber tube 6 in long 1 ½ “outside diameter and 1/8 thick . The cut
ends of the fabric are covered by cellophane tape and four tubes are placed in a box.
It is used with cork 1/8” thick, which is then rotated at 60 rev/min for 5 hours.

Result :

Thus the Assessment of weight loss abrasion resistance and pilling performance of
biopolished fabrics.

12. Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished fabric

Aim

To study the effect of functional finishes on the fabric.

Formula:

1/ 3
 cos(θ / 2) 
 
Bending length (C) = L  s tan θ  cm
Where,
θ = 41.5 0

L = length at which the strip coincides

Flexural Rigidity (G) = W X l3 X 103 mg.cm

Where

W = grams per square cm

l = bending length cm

Recipe:

Softeners:

Glycerin : 4%
L:m : 20:1
Temperature : 80ºc
Time : 15 min

Stiffness

Starch : 4%
L:m : 20:1
Temperature : Room temperature
Time : 30 min

Procedure:

The sample to be treated is separately weighted. In a vessel the material required for
stiffening finish is added. Required amount of water is added to the vessel. The sample to
be treated is wetted and immersed in the solution. The temperature of the water bath &
kept at room temperature. The process is carried out for 30 minutes. In another vessel the
content for softening finish is added. The required amount of water is added and sample
to be wetted and treated is immersed. Temperature is maintained at 80ºc. the process is
carried out at 15 minutes.

Bending length test:

xxx)A sample of size of 6” x 1” is cut. Three samples in warp way and three
in weft way direction.
yyy)The tester is set on a table so that the horizontal platform and the index
lines are at eye level.
zzz)The specimen is placed in between the platform and the template so that
the fabric and the zero mark of the template coincide with the datum line.
aaaa)Both template and fabric are slowly pushed forward
bbbb)The fabric will tend to drop over the edge on its own weight.
cccc)Both are moved forward until the tip of the fabric cuts both the index
lines when viewed in the mirror.
dddd)The bending length, flexural rigidity and the bending modulus are
calculated.

Result:

Thus the bending rigidity was assessed for softners and stiffners finished fabrics.
Mini Project:

eeee)Evaluation of fastness in Reactive Dyed Cotton fabric at different concentration

of NaCl and Na2CO3.
ffff)Analysis of hydrophilic property of plasma treated Polyester Fabric.

Application Oriented Experiments:

gggg)Effect of NaCl on the exhaustion of Direct Dyes on Cotton material.

hhhh)Effect of Reducing agent on Sulphur Dye application.

1. Identification of Dyes on Fibre

AIM:
To identify the dye in given dyed fabric.
Procedure:
Step: I
No. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test specimen is treated with May be Reactive
1. a) 50% Dimethyl formamide ingrain (or) Basic
No action
b) Mixture of glacial Acetic acid and dye.
rectified spirit
Boil the specimen with 1% Sodium
2. No action May be Vat dyes.
hydroxide for 1-2min.
Remove the test specimen and add a few
3. pieces of bleached cotton, 25 mg of NaCl No staining May be Vat dyes.
and boiled for 2 minutes.
Specimen colour
Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1-2 May be Vat (or)
changes and converts
min. in a solution containing 1-30mg of Reactive (or)
4. into white during
hydros in 5-10ml of water to which 4-6 Sulphur Oxidation
boiling. (Stripping of
drops NaOH are added. Colours.
dye)
5. Take test specimen add 2-3 drops of Hcl No action May be reactive or
& water 1-2ml of 5% Na2Co3 solution Vat dye.
500mg of solid sodium sulphate boiled for
 2 minutes.
Test specimen is taken and 2-3ml conc.
H2SO4 is added. Pour the extract in
another test tube add 25 ml of water and May be Vat dye (or)
6. No action
finally filtered. Wash the filter paper with Reactive dye.
water spot the filter paper with 10%
NaOH solution.
Take fresh test specimen boil it with
7. HCHO solution containing a few drops of No action May be Vat dye.
NaOH.
Take a fresh test specimen add 2-3ml of
Solution changes Confirms that the
8. pyridine & boil Repeat this treatment
yellow colour. dye is Vat dye.
using 2-3 fresh portions of pyridine.
Result:
Thus, the given material was treated to identify the dye on it and it has been found that
the specimen was dyed with ‘VATDYES’.

Step: II
No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. a) Test specimen is treated with 50%
Dimethyl formamide (DMF).
b) The specimen is treated with Conc.
DMF
c) Mixture of glacial Acetic acid and
No action
rectified spirit.
Test specimen is boiled for 1-2min with
2.
1% Ammonium hydroxide solution.
Remove the test specimen and Add a
3. few pieces of bleached cotton 25 mg of
Nacl and boiled for 2mins.
Take fresh specimen and add 1ml Of May be reactive
glacial CH3COOH and warm add 3-5ml dyes.
of water and boil remove the specimen No action
4.
and add 25mg of Mordant cotton and
boil for 2mins.
5. Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1- Specimen colour May be Reactive (or)
 2mins in solution containing 1-30mg f
changes to violet while Vat (or) Sulphur (or)
hydros in 5-10ml of water to which 4- during boiling convert
it into white colour.. Oxidation colour.
6drops of NaOH solution are added.
Take test specimen add 2-3ml of water
1-2ml of 5% Na2CO3 solution 500mg of
solid sodium sulphate and boiled for
6.
2mins Remove the specimen add 25mg
of NaCl and a piece of bleached cotton
boil for 2min.
Test specimen is taken and 2ml conc.
H2SO4 is added pour the extract is taken
another test tube add 25ml of water and
7.
filtered wash the filter paper with water
spot the filter paper with 10% NaOH
solution.
Take a fresh test specimen boil it with
HCHO solution containing a few drops Light bleeding of dye
8. May be reactive dye.
of NaOH- light bleeding of dye from the occurs.
fibres may occur.
Take a fresh test specimen add 2-3ml of
Confirms that the dye
9. pyridine & boil Repeat this treatment No action
is a reactive dye.
using 2-3fresh portions of pyridine.

Result:
Thus, the given material was treated to identify the dye on it and it has been found that it
was dyed with ‘REACTIVE DYES’.

Step: III
No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test specimen is treated with 50% May direct (or) acid
1. No action
Dimethyl formamide. (or) basic dyes.
2. Boil the specimen with 1% sodium No reaction May be direct (or)
hydroxide for 1-2 hours. Acid dyes.
 Remove the test specimen and add a few
3. pieces of bleached cotton 25mg of Nacl No staining May be direct dyes.
and boiled for 2 Mins.
Take fresh test specimen boiled for 1-2 Specimen colour May be direct (or)
mins in a solution containing 1-30mg at changes in to Violet Reactive (or) Vat
4.
Hydros in 5-10 ml of water to which 4-6 and converts in to dye.
drops NaOH are added. White during boiling.
Take fresh specimen and add 1ml of
glacial acetic acid and warm add 3-5ml
5. of water and boil remove the specimen No action. May be direct dye.
and add 25mg of mordant cotton and
boil for 2mins.
Take test specimen add 2-3ml of water
1-2ml of Na2CO3 solution 500mg of
solid sodium sulphate and boiled for
6. No staining May be direct dye.
2mins remove the specimen add 25mg
of Nacl and a few pieces of bleached
cotton boil for 2min.
Test specimen is taken and add 2-3ml
conc H2SO4 pour the extract is taken in
another test tube add 25ml of water and
7. No action May be direct dye.
filtered. Wash filter paper with water
spot the filter paper with 10% NaOH
solution.
Take a fresh test specimen boil it with
8. HCHO solution containing a few drops No reaction. May be direct dye.
of NaOH .
Take a fresh test specimen, add 2-3ml of
Confirms that the dye
9. pyridine & boil. Repeat this treatment No action
is direct dye.
using 2-3fresh portions of pyridine.

Result:
Thus the given material was tested to identify the dye on the specimen and it has been
found that the specimen was dyed with “DIRECT DYES”.

2. Colorfastness to Domestic Laundering

Aim:

To determine the colorfastness of colored textiles to domestic or commercial laundering

procedures.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Apparatus
Launder-Ometer or equivalent device simulating accelerated laundering
iiii)Suitable mechanical device consisting of a water bath containing a rotary
shaft, the shaft/container assembly is rotated at a frequency of 40 ± 2 rpm.
The temperature of the water bath is thermostatically controlled to maintain
the test solution at the prescribed temperature ± 2°C
jjjj)Stainless steel containers with a volume of 550 ml ± 50 ml
kkkk)Stainless steel balls; approximately 0.6 cm in diameter
Light box
Balance
llll)Accuracy of 0.01gm of the determined mass
Beaker

Reagents and Materials

Distilled or deionized water
IEC detergent (with optical brightener)
Multifiber (see NIKE Approved Test Materials List)
mmmm)4 cm x 10 cm
Gray Scale for Color Change
Gray Scale for Color Staining

Test specimen:
If the textile to be tested is a solid colored fabric:
Cut 1 piece of fabric 4 cm x 10 cm as the test specimen.
Sew or staple the multifiber along the short (4 cm) side of the face of the test
specimen to form a composite test specimen.
If the textile to be tested is a printed fabric or multicolor fabric:
Cut 1 piece of fabric 4 cm x 10 cm as the test specimen covering all colors. If all
colors cannot fit within the 4 cm x 10 cm test specimen, then cut additional
specimens to cover the remaining colors and test each separately.
Sew or staple the multifiber along the short (4 cm) side of the face of the test
specimen to form a composite test specimen.

Procedure:

Prepare fresh detergent solution according to the following formula:

1 liter of detergent solution

1.0 liter distilled or deionized water
4.0 grams IEC Detergent

Run the laundering machine according to the following test conditions:

Temperature Liquor Available Sodium Test Steel Adjust

Volume chlorine perborate time balls pH
50°C 150 ml none none 45 min 50 no

nnnn)Use beaker to measure 150 ml detergent solution.

oooo)Add 150 ml detergent solution and 50 steel balls to each container.
pppp)Load the containers equally on all sides to insure a balanced run in the
laundering machine.
qqqq)Run the laundering machine for 10 minutes to preheat containers, solution and
bath.
rrrr)After pre-heating, add one composite test specimen to each container.
ssss)Run the test for 45 minutes.
tttt)After the test is complete, rinse each composite test specimen individually under
running tap water until detergent has been rinsed away. Squeeze the excess water
from the composite test specimen by hand. Line dry with multi-fiber clamped to
the line or lay flat to dry at temperature not to exceed 60°C. Position the test
specimen so the fabrics do not come into contact with one another.

Evaluation and Reporting:

Assess color change of the test specimen.
Assess color staining on nylon, polyester and cotton.
If test specimens are printed or multicolored and have more than one test specimen to
cover all colors, report the worst result for both color staining and color change in test
report.

3. Colorfastness to Crocking

Aim:

To determine amount of color transferred from the surface of colored textiles to other
surfaces by rubbing.

Apparatus, Reagents and Materials:

Apparatus
uuuu)Crockmeter or equivalent device
vvvv)A rubbing finger comprising of a 1.6 cm diameter cylinder moving back and
forth in a straight line along a 10 cm track on the specimen and exerting a
downward force of 9 Newtons.
wwww)Light box
xxxx)Balance
yyyy)Accuracy of 0.01gm of the determined mass

Reagents and Materials

zzzz)Distilled or deionized water
aaaaa)Standard Crock Cloth 5 cm square (80x84 combed cotton, desized, bleached,
without optical brightener)
bbbbb)Abrasive paper
ccccc)Manufactured by 3M, Waterproof Silicon Carbide, W-320-A Soft Back
ddddd)Gray Scale for Color Staining

Test Specimen:

If the textile to be tested is a solid colored fabric:

2 pieces of test specimen not less than 5 cm wide x 14 cm long, cut in 45° bias
 direction. If the specimen is not wide enough to run the test, use widthwise
direction.
If the textile to be tested is a printed fabric or multicolor fabric:
2 pieces of test specimen not less than 5 cm wide x 14 cm long, cut in 45° bias
direction. Test specimens should cover all colors. If not. then take more test
specimen to cover the rest of colors.

Conditioning:
Condition test specimens and crock cloths (ISO 139 using Standard Temperature
Atmosphere). This atmosphere has a temperature of 20°C ± 2°C and a relative humidity
of 65% ± 2%. Condition for minimum 12 hours until test specimens and crock cloths are
in equilibrium with the specified conditions.

Procedure:

Dry Crocking Test

eeeee)Place a test specimen face up on the base of the Crockmeter resting flat on the
abrasive paper.
fffff)Place specimen holder over test specimen or fix in a way to prevent slippage.
ggggg)Mount a crock cloth over the finger of the testing device and secure with the
clip, insuring the clip clears the holder plate. Keep the grain of crock cloth
parallel to the grain of test specimen.
hhhhh)Lower the covered finger onto the test specimen. Crock 10 complete turns at
rate of one turn per second to slide the covered finger back and forth 20 times.
iiiii)Unclip the crock cloth. Remove any extraneous fibers with cellophane tape.

Wet Crocking Test

jjjjj)Place a new test specimen face up on the base of the Crockmeter, resting flat on
the abrasive paper.
kkkkk)Place specimen holder over test specimen or fix in a way to prevent slippage.
lllll)Using distilled or dionized water, wet out a crock cloth until 100% wet pick-up is
achieved.
mmmmm)Mount a crock cloth over the finger of the testing device and secure with
the clip, insuring the clip clears the holder plate. Keep the grain of crock cloth
parallel to the grain of test specimen.
nnnnn)Lower the covered finger onto the test specimen. Crock 10 complete turns at
rate of one turn per second to slide the covered finger back and forth 20 times.
ooooo)Unclip the crockmeter test cloth. After the crock cloth dries, remove
extraneous fibers with cellophane tape.
Evaluation and Reporting:
Evaluate test results using NIKE Color Evaluation Procedures.
If testing includes unwashed and washed test results, report both in the test report.
If test specimens are printed or multicolor and have more than one test specimen to cover
all colors, report the worst result for color staining in test report.

4. Identification of Textile Fibres by Burning Test

Standard: AATCC - 20-2002

Aim:

To identify the Textile Fibres .There are three methods of identifying the Textile Fibres :

Burning test

Chemical Tests By Dissolving

Staining test by Shirlastain ‘A’

Burning test method :

We can analyze the content / composition of the yarn or fabric by carrying burning
test.

Sr.No BURNING TEST TYPE OF MATERIAL

1 Burns readily with smell of burnt paper ( Grey COTTON
ash)
2 Burns slowly with some melting. it gives smell SILK
of burning hair or horn
3 Burns slowly with smell of burnt feather. WOOL
Some melting. Leaves shiny brittle bead
4 Burns readily with smell of burnt paper. Does VISCOSE
not melt.
5 Burns with melting, forming black, brittle bead, ACETATE
emits Acetic odour
6 Burns slowly with melting forming hard, pale NYLON
Brown bead
7 Shrinks, forming hard, round bead, emits POLYESTER
pungent odour.
8 Burning with melting, forming, hard, black ACRYLIC
bead.

5. Identification of Textile Fibres by Chemical Test

Standard: ASTM D 276-00a

Aim:

To identify the Textile Fibres by Chemical analysis. This test is used for checking the
different blends and their proportion like Silk / Cotton, Silk / Wool, Nylon / Lycra, Nylon
/ Viscose etc.

Method:

By dipping the yarn / fabric in a chemical / solvent. We can identify the content / blend
composition easily. In particular chemical and at particular conditions, different textile
fibres dissolve and from this we can easily identify the textile fibres

Sl.No Chemical in which the textile Name of the Textile fibre

fibre dissolves

1 70% Sulphuric Acid at room temp COTTON

2 60% Sulphuric Acid at room temp VISCOSE / SILK
3 Hydrochloric Acid at room temp SILK
4 Hot phenol POLYESTER
5 5% NaOH(BOILING) WOOL / SILK
6 85% Formic Acid at room temp NYLON
7 Acetone ACETATE / POLYURETHANE
(SPANDEX)
8 Dimethyl formamide (BOILING) ACRYLIC

First identify the fibre content by burning test. Then check weight of the specimen
sample. Depending on the fibre content dip the specimen in a particular chemical in
which one component gets dissolved. Dry the sample and check the weight again. Now
calculate the proportion of the different textile fibres.

Ex : By burning test , we have identified that there are two components in the sample viz
Silk and Cotton. Weight of the specimen which is 0.121 g. Now Silk is dissolved in HCL.
Specimen is thoroughly washed and dried and weighed again which is 0.0754 g. So the
weight of Silk is 0.121 – 0.0754 = 0.0456 g. That means Cotton = 62 % and Silk = 38 %.

TEXTILE CHEMICAL PROCESSING

6. Objective Question & Answers

1. Hydrolytic & Oxidative Desizing and Assessment of Residual Starch

1. The enzyme used for continuous desizing is

1. Malt Based 2. Bacterial 3. Protein 4. Pancreatic

2. What is the flame temperature used in Gas Singeing? (Deg. C)

1. 1000 2. 120 3. 2000 4. 180

ppppp)During a sizing pick up will increase if

qqqqq)Sizing speed increases
rrrrr)Squeezing pressure increases
sssss)Position of immersion roller is lowered
ttttt)Temperature of drying cylinder decreases

uuuuu)Heat-setting of polyester is carried out on

 vvvvv)Mercerizing Machine
wwwww)Pin stenter
xxxxx)Open width washing machine
yyyyy)None of the above

zzzzz)Rot proof finish is given to

aaaaaa)cotton
bbbbbb)polyester
cccccc)nylon
dddddd)acrylic

6. Gas singeing machine is operated at a speed of

eeeeee)50 – 70 m / min b)10 – 40 m / min c)125 – 200 m / min d)80 – 100 m / min

7. Most specific process for desizing (starch) is

ffffff)Rot stepping
gggggg)Acid stepping
hhhhhh)Enzyme stepping
iiiiii)Oxidate desizing

8. Name the used for desizing maltase

9. Enzymatic desizing sensitive on pH & temperature

10. Melting point of fats & wax present in cotton is ( Deg. C)

1. 40-45 2. 120-130 3. 70-80 4. 50-60

2. Assessment of weight loss in the scouring of cotton fabric

1. Scouring Efficiency is assessed by

1. BAN Test 2. Drop Test 3. MR Test 4. LOI

2. Solvent used in wool scouring is

1. Benzene 2. Methanol 3. Perchloroethylene 4. PTFE

3. Scouring of cotton is carried out under

a) Alkaline conditions
b) Acidic conditions
c) Neutral conditions

4. Commercially, scouring of cotton is carried out by using

jjjjjj)sodium hydrochloride
kkkkkk)sodium chloride
llllll)Potassium hydrochloride
mmmmmm)Calcium chloride
nnnnnn)The principal objective of cotton scouring is to
oooooo)Increase whiteness
pppppp)Decrease trash content
qqqqqq)Increase absorbency
rrrrrr)Remove deeply entiadded protemous matter

ssssss)The min. time of absorbency required after scouring is 3Sec

tttttt)The process of converting the veg. oil into soap is called as saponification

uuuuuu)What will happen if the wool is scoured with 4% NaOH?

vvvvvv)What is the usual % of weight loss in cotton scouring process?

wwwwww)What is the role soda ash in the scouring process?

3. Comparison of BAN and Tensile strength of Slack & Tension Mercerized

Cotton Yarn

1. After Mercerisation, the Young’s Modulus of the cotton fibres

1. Decreases` 2. Initially increases then decreases
xxxxxx)3. Remain unaffected 4. Increases
yyyyyy)
2. Whose efficiency can be measured by Lustre Index?
1. Bleaching 2. Mercerisation 3. Scouring 4. Antistatic Finish

zzzzzz)Caustic soda mercerisation of cotton is carried out for improvement of

aaaaaaa)Strength and luster
bbbbbbb)Whiteness
ccccccc)Wetting
ddddddd)Mercerization is carried out with NaOH of
eeeeeee)18-25 % conc.
fffffff)10-15 % conc.
ggggggg)25-35 % conc.
hhhhhhh)5-10 % conc.

iiiiiii)Waht are all objectives of mercerization?

jjjjjjj)How the lusture is improved in the process of mercerization?

kkkkkkk)What is the reason for the increase in the absorbency?

lllllll)How the strength is improved in the process of mercerization?

mmmmmmm)What is the difference between the liquid ammonia treatment and

mercerization?

nnnnnnn)What is the % of crystallinity drop in mercerization?

4. Comparison of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hypochlorite bleached samples

1. What is the PH used for Peroxide Bleach?

1. 4-5 2. 10-11 3. 11-13 4. 6-7

2. Sodium Silicate in Peroxide bleach is used as

1. Stabilizer 2. Ioniser 3. Sequestering agent 4. Exhausting agent

3. What Bleaching Agent is used for Wool?

1. NaOCl 2. NaClO2 3. H2O2 4. Cl2

ooooooo)Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide is carried out at a pH of

7.0 b)4.0 c)10.0 d) 12.0

ppppppp)Bleaching with NaOCI is by

qqqqqqq)Oxygen
rrrrrrr)Chlorine
sssssss)Hypochlorite ion
ttttttt)Hypochlorite acid

uuuuuuu)What is the advantage of organic stabilizer over Silicat stabilizer?

vvvvvvv)What do you mean by Nascent Oxygen?

wwwwwww)What is the disadvantage of NaOCl bleaching over peroxide bleaching?

xxxxxxx)What do you mean by whiteness index?

yyyyyyy)What is the role of peroxide killer?

5. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness of fabrics dyed with direct

 and reactive dyes

1. The nature of Chemical Bond formed between Reactive dye and cellulose is
1. Vander Waal force 2. Hydrogen Bond 3. Covalent 4. Coordination Bond

2. Co-ordination bond is formed in case of

1. Reactive Dyes 2. Mordants 3. Cationic Dyes 4. Disperse Dyes

zzzzzzz)Addition of Soda ash in Reactive dye bath results in

1. Higher Exhaustion 2. Better Levelling 3. Fixation of Dye

aaaaaaaa)Jet dyeing machine is commonly used for dyeing of

bbbbbbbb)Wool b)Cotton c)Polyester

5. Monocloro traizine reactive dyes are applied on cotton under

a) neutral pH
b) acid pH
c) alkaline pH

cccccccc)Light fastness of some of the direct dyes can be improved by an inter treatment
with
dddddddd)Formaldehyde
eeeeeeee)Cationic surfactant
ffffffff)Copper sulphate
gggggggg)Dye fixing agent

7. Reaction of vinyl sulphone dyes with cellulose is

hhhhhhhh)Nucleophilic substitution
iiiiiiii)Electrophilic substitution
jjjjjjjj)Nucleophilic addition
kkkkkkkk)Electrophilic addition

llllllll)Dyes based homobifunctional reactive groups shows

mmmmmmmm)poor exhaustion
nnnnnnnn)high exhaustion
oooooooo)low light fastness
pppppppp)high sublimation fastness

qqqqqqqq)What is the pH at which the reactive dyeing is carried out?

rrrrrrrr)What is the bond formed between the direct dye and cotton fibre?

6. Assessment of rubbing, perspiration fastness for Sulphur dyed material

ssssssss)What is the dimension of sample used in crock meter?

 tttttttt)How the sulphur dyes are held with cotton fibre?

uuuuuuuu)What do you mean by perspiration fastness?

vvvvvvvv)What is the difference between wet &dry rubbing?

wwwwwwww)How will you dissolve sulphur dye?

xxxxxxxx)What is the pH of the solution used for perspiration fastness?

yyyyyyyy)At what pH the sulphur dyeing is carried out?

zzzzzzzz)Name the textile materials that can be dyed with sulphur dye?

aaaaaaaaa)What is the temperature at which the sulphur dyeing is carried out?

bbbbbbbbb)What is the weight of the rubbing figure in crock meter?

7. Comparison of different ISO wash fastness tests on fabrics dyed with direct dyes

1. Direct Dyes are mainly used for

1. Cotton
2. Acrylic
3. Nylon
4. Polyester

2. Direct dyes on nylon are held by

ccccccccc)Electrostatic attraction
ddddddddd)Hydrogen bonding
eeeeeeeee)Vender weal’s force

3. Dyeing of silk is carried out by using

fffffffff)Disperse dyes
ggggggggg)Acid dyes
hhhhhhhhh)Pigment colours
iiiiiiiii)None of the above

4. Modified cationic dyes on acrylic are held by

jjjjjjjjj)covalent bonds
kkkkkkkkk)vander waal’s force
lllllllll)ionic interaction
mmmmmmmmm)none of the above
5. PAN fibres can be dyed with
a) Acid dyes b) Basic dyes c) Direct dyes d) Vat dyes

6. Acid dyes are held by nylon fibre by

nnnnnnnnn)Van der waal’s forces
ooooooooo)Covalent bonds
ppppppppp)Electrovalent bonds
qqqqqqqqq)Coordinate bonds

7. What kind of material is used to sandwich the cotton fabric?

8. What is the standard size of sample used for wash fastness testing?

9. Why do you use steel ball during the wash fastness test?

10. What are all the chemical used in the wash fastness?

8. Spectrophotmetric assessment of dye strength from dyed fabric sample

rrrrrrrrr)Distinguish between substantivity and affinity.

sssssssss)How many folds should be done for the sample which is to be tested in
spectrophotometer?
ttttttttt)What is mean by metamerism?
uuuuuuuuu)Name the different types of metamerism?
vvvvvvvvv)What do you mean by 10o observer?
wwwwwwwww)Name some standard illuminants used in spectrophotometer?
xxxxxxxxx)List the suitable fibres that can be dyed with direct, acid, basic, reactive,
sulphur, vat and disperse dyes.
yyyyyyyyy)Distinguish between indigo and anthraquinone vat dyes.
zzzzzzzzz)Name any two reducing agents, capable of reducing vat dyes.
aaaaaaaaaa)How do we express the strength of a dye?

9. Dyeing of polyester / nylon using disperse dyes

1. Heat Setting temperature for polyester is (in Deg. C)
1. 100-120 2. 150-180 3. 240-260 4. 180-220

2. Heat Setting of polyester between 180-220 deg.C results in

bbbbbbbbbb)1. Poor dyeing property 2. Better dye uptake
cccccccccc)3. Reduces dye uptake 4. Does not afftect dyeing
dddddddddd)
3. The mechanism of dyeing polyester with disperse dyes falls under the category of
eeeeeeeeee)Adsorption on sites or langmure adsorption
ffffffffff)Diffuse adsorption
gggggggggg)Solid solution

4. Dyes suitable for submission transfer printing are

a) Acid dyes b)Disperse dyes c)Direct dyes

5. In the rapid dyeing process of dyeing polyester with disperse dyes the rate of heating
is
a) Constant
b) Variable
c) Between 1 to 2 0 C / min
d) Between 7 – 10 0 C / min

6. Disperse dyes are

a) Insoluble in water
b) Moderately soluble in water
c) Highly soluble in water
d) Sparingly soluble in water

7. What is the difference between 1:1 & 1:2 metal complex dye?

8. What kind of bond is formed between acid dye and nylon?

9. What are all the methods by which polyester can be dyed?

10. What do you mean by Thermosol dyeing?

10. Printing of cotton fabrics using direct and discharge styles

1. Chemical suitable for discharge printing is

hhhhhhhhhh)Zinc or sodium sulphoxilate formaldehydral
iiiiiiiiii)Hydrogen peroxide
jjjjjjjjjj)Sodium silicate

2. Discharge printing is polyester is carried out by using

a) Common salt
 b) Reducing agent
c) Acid liberating agent
d) None of the above

3. Sublimation transfer printing of polyester with disperse dyes is carried out at

kkkkkkkkkk)190-210 0 C b)140-150 0 C c) 50-60 0 C d) Room Temperature

4. Polypropylene fibres are generally

llllllllll)Dyed with acid dyes
mmmmmmmmmm)Dyed with disperse dyes
nnnnnnnnnn)Dyed with pigment colors
oooooooooo)Dope dyed

5. Discharge printed cotton fabrics are steamed

pppppppppp)Moist steam
qqqqqqqqqq)Dry steam
rrrrrrrrrr)Steamed under pressure
ssssssssss)Steamed in HT steamer

6. Resist salt is used in printing paste to act as

a) Resist agent
b) Reducing agent
c) pH controlling agent
d) Mild oxidizing

7. For transfer printing of polyester, disperse dyes should have

tttttttttt)harsh b) soft c)brittle d) limp

8. ‘batic’ printing is carried out using

a) Direct style
b) Discharge style
c) Reset style
d) Transfer printing

9. What is the role of hygroscopic agent in printing paste?

10. Name two discharging agent used in printing?

uuuuuuuuuu)Assessment of weight loss, abrasion resistance and pilling

performance of biopolished
fabric

vvvvvvvvvv)Name the enzyme used to biopolish the cotton fabric?

wwwwwwwwww)What is the objective of biopolishing?
 xxxxxxxxxx)What is the optimum % of weight loss obtained in biopolishing?
yyyyyyyyyy)What is the speed at which the pilling tester is rotated?
zzzzzzzzzz)What kind of fabric that should be tested for pilling performance?
aaaaaaaaaaa) What is the sample size of the test specimen used in pilling tester?
bbbbbbbbbbb) What is the sample size of the test specimen used in abrasion tester?
ccccccccccc) Name any two instruments used to test the pilling performance of textile
materials?
ddddddddddd) Grade of the abradant used in abrasion tester is 1/0. T/F?
eeeeeeeeeee)What are all the applications of biopolished materials?

12. Assessment of bending rigidity of softener, stiffener finished fabric

1. Velan PF is used for

1. Calendaring 2. Water Repellent finish 3. Flame Retardant 4. Antistatic finish

2. In crease resistant finish, the cross link takes place in

1. Amorphous region 2. Crystalline region 3. Surface of fibres 4. All
.
3. Decatising process is used for finishing of
a)Cotton b)Polyester c)Wool

4. Stone wash finish is more commonly given to

a)Poplin b)suiting c)denim d) cambric

5. Weight reduction finish is more commonly given to

fffffffffff)nylon b)silk c)polyester d)cotton

6. Dimethilol dihydroxy ethylene urea is used to improve

ggggggggggg)crease resistance of cotton
hhhhhhhhhhh)flame resistance of nylon
iiiiiiiiiii)softness of polyester
jjjjjjjjjjj)soil release

7. Limiting oxygen index is determined to test the efficiency of

a) Wash and wear finishing
b) Water proofing
c) Flame retardant finishing

8. What is the substance is used for the back filling of cotton fabric?

9. Most effective softness is

 a) Nominic surfactants
b) Anionic surfactants
c) Amphoteric surfactants
d) Cationic surfactants

10. Calendering is carried out to

kkkkkkkkkkk)Improve the feel
lllllllllll)Impart luster
mmmmmmmmmmm)Impart body to fabric
nnnnnnnnnnn)Impart dimensional stability