An Abridged Guide to APA

Referencing

An Author-Date System

based on

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

The full guide is available on

http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/resources/cro/technical/infolitapa.htm

Version: July 2007 1

Edition 2007
Produced and printed by the
Division of Teaching & Learning Services
Central Queensland University
Rockhampton, Queensland

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1969
WARNING
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Central Queensland
University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or
communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice.
CQU CRICOS Codes: 00219C - Qld; 01315F - NSW; 01624D - Vic

DEVELOPED BY

The Communications Learning Centre

Division of Teaching and Learning Services

Central Queensland University

Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia

Version: July 2007 2

Using this guide
Disclaimer:
This guide has been produced in good faith and is based on the American Psychological
Association (APA) style manual 5th edition published in 2001. While it will serve as a
guide, and the principles of APA referencing style have been applied to some examples
that traditionally do not appear in the hard copy APA manual, students with queries should
consult the APA manual 5th ed. or their lecturers for clarification.

The following points may be helpful to you when preparing citations or reference lists.

Paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work

The manual states, “Authors are not required to provide a location reference (e.g.,
page number or paragraph number). Nevertheless, authors are encouraged to do so,
especially when it would help an interested reader to locate the relevant passage in a
long or complex text” (APA, 2001, p. 121, Section 3.39).

Use of quotation marks

Double quotation marks are used around direct quotes of less than 40 words
(APA, 2001, p. 117, Section 3.34).

Quotations of 40 or more words should be formatted

• as a freestanding block of typewritten lines
• using no quotation marks
• indenting the block 5 spaces from the left margin
• using double line spacing
• using the same font as the text.
(APA, 2001, p. 117, Section 3.34)

Use of city, state, country location information

• Provide city and state for US publications (e.g., Princeton, NJ)
• Provide city, state, and country for non-US publications
(APA, 2001, pp. 217–218, Section 4.03).
The following can be used without providing state or country location details:
Baltimore Amsterdam
Boston Jerusalem
Chicago London
Los Angeles Milan
New York Moscow
Philadelphia Paris
San Francisco Rome
Stockholm

Version: July 2007 3

 Tokyo
Vienna

Quoting incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar from an original source

The manual states, “insert the word sic, italicised and bracketed, immediately after
the error in the quotation.” For example, “. . . even when reel [sic] drugs . . .” (APA,
2001, p. 118, Section 3.35).

How to reference an example not covered by the APA manual

This will happen rarely, but should it happen to you, this is what the manual has to
say, “Because one purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve
and use the sources, each entry usually contains the following elements: author,
year of publication, title, publishing data – all information necessary for unique
identification and library search” (APA, 2001, p. 232, Section 4.16).

The reference list – Journals and periodicals

The volume number of a work will follow the title as an italicised number:
Author, A. A. (YYYY). Article title. Name of Journal, 7, 23–45.

Issue numbers will follow the volume number in parentheses:

Author, A. A. (YYYY). Article title. Name of Journal, 7(2), 223–245.

If the journal does not have a volume number, provide the week, month, or season
with the year:
Author, A. A. (YYYY, May). Article title. Name of Journal, May 30, 23–45.
(APA, 2001, p. 227, Section 4.11)

Using URL references

Be aware that most word processing packages will automatically underline the
Internet address – the examples in the APA manual are not underlined (do not have
a hyperlink) so remove the underline.

Version: July 2007 4

 What follows is a set of guidelines on which you may model future referencing. You may find that the examples given do not always reflect exactly the
details for a resource which you wish to reference. In this case, use your common sense to adapt the reference – include the details you consider would be
needed to locate that resource. If you are concerned, check with your lecturer.

Please Note: Use of inverted commas is essential around words that are directly quoted from a resource.

Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

One author Elder (1995, p. 14) found that “. . . .” Elder, B. (1995). The magic of Australia. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Beaut
OR
Give page number if direct . . . as suggested in the literature (Elder, 1995). Books.
quote or specific
information is given in an
indirect quote. See notes Note: If the quote marks come at the end of the
1, 2, & 3. sentence, place the full stop within the quotation
marks; otherwise the full stop goes after the in-text
reference/citation.

Two authors A recent study (Yeric & Todd, 1989) predicted that Yeric, J., & Todd, J. (1989). Public opinion: The visible politics. Chicago:
...
OR Peacock.
Some locations do not
require a state, province or Yeric and Todd (1989, p. 17) pointed out that “. . .
country cited. See note 5. .”

Use an ampersand (&) within the parentheses,

but use “and” in your sentence.

Version:July 2007 Page 1

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

Three authors to five A recent study (Yeric, Todd, Mason, & Muller, Yeric, J., Todd, J., Mason, S., & Muller, P. (1999). Political perspectives.
authors 1999) highlighted that . . .
OR Chicago: Peacock.
First entry uses all the Yeric, Todd, Mason, and Muller (1999, p. 28)
authors’ surnames and stated that “. . . .”
then et al. is used for Subsequent entries
subsequent entries.
(Yeric et al., 1999, p. 33) OR Yeric et al. (1999)

Six or more authors The comprehensive study (Jones et al., 1999) Jones, P., Smith, A., Hudson, T., Etherton, J., Connelly, W., & Gardener, J.,
highlighted that . . .
et al. (1999). Business management for the new era. Adelaide, SA,
Use et al. from the very
first entry in text.
Australia: Wyland.

Multiple works by the University research (Brown, 1982, 1988) has Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton, QLD,
same author indicated that . . .
Australia: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical and

Environmental Sciences.
Place chronologically—oldest reference first.

Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchors on corals. Rockhampton, QLD,

Australia: Central Queensland University, School of Biomedical and

Environmental Sciences.

Version:July 2007 Page 2

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

Multiple works published In recent reports (Napier, 1993a, 1993b) . . . Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
in the same year by the OR
same author
Ideas by Napier (1993b) were implemented . . .

Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
Add a, b, c, and so on to differentiate between
works in the same year – alphabetically by title
of article, chapter or complete work.

Works by different A report (Smith, 1998) showed that . . . Smith, J. (1998). The world’s polluted oceans. Sydney, NSW, Australia:
authors with the same
name Pacific.
Smith (1999, pp. 47–50) found that “. . . .”

The year of publication will differentiate

between the two authors.
Smith, R. (1999). Evolution and religion. Adelaide, SA, Australia: Firth.

Works by different A. Carter (1999) proposed that class size seriously Carter, A. (1999). Issues in Australian education. Brisbane, QLD, Australia:
authors with the same limited creativity in the lower school. Further
name, in the same year investigation proved there were notable Cherokee.
weaknesses in this claim (T. Carter, 1999).
Carter, T. (1999). Creativity in the classroom. Darwin, NT, Australia: Watkins

& O’Hara.

Second or later edition Johnston (1993, p. 5) stated that “. . . .” Johnston, K. (1993). Surviving the first year experience (2nd ed.).
with an author OR
Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Macmillan.
The latest theory (Johnston, 1993) on group
dynamics . . .

Version:July 2007 Page 3

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

Several sources are Babbie (1982, 1989), Cascio (1995), and Babbie, E. (1982). Social research for consumers. Belmont, CA:
cited at once Swarbrooke and Horner (1999) all agree . . .
Wadsworth.
Recent studies (Babbie, 1982, 1989; Cascio, 1995;
NB: Do not overdo this – Swarbrooke & Horner, 1999) agree . . . Babbie, E. (1989). The practice of social research. Belmont, CA:
cite only the most
relevant sources. Wadsworth.

Cascio, W. F. (1995). Managing human resources (4th ed.). Sydney, NSW,

Australia: McGraw Hill.

Swarbrooke, J., & Horner, S. (1999). Consumer behaviour in tourism,

Boston: Butterworth/Heinemann.

Each source cited in text should appear as a separate entry in the

reference list.

Version:July 2007 Page 4

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

No author’s name A study (Australian Defence Force, 1996) has Australian Defence Force. (1996). The boat people issue. Canberra, ACT,
appears but there is a suggested . . .
sponsoring body, OR Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.
newspaper or title
A study by Education Queensland (Morning
Bulletin, 16 August 1998, p. 3) concluded “. . . .”
OR
Morning Bulletin. (1998, August 16). Families of today. p. 3.
A study (Family Policies, 1996) showed that . . .

Cite the sponsoring organisation, the

newspaper or the title.
Family policies. (1996). Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Government

Publishing Service.

No author and 2nd or A study (Practical Design, 1992) showed that . . . Practical design (2nd ed.). (1992). Adelaide, SA, Australia: South Australian
later edition
Design Press.

Edited work in which the Danaher (1998, p. 87) indicated that “. . . .” Danaher, P. (Ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton, QLD,
role of the editor is more OR
significant than that of Australia: CQU Press.
Related essays edited by Danaher (1998)
individual authors (e.g.,
suggested . . .
a collection of essays
compiled by the editor) OR
Related essays (Danaher, 1998) suggested . . .

Version:July 2007 Page 5

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

Chapter in edited work According to Byrne (1995, p. 84), “ . . . .” Byrne, J. (1995). Disabilities in tertiary education. In L. Rowan & J.

McNamee (Eds.), Voices of a margin (pp. 81–84). Rockhampton,

QLD, Australia: CQU Press.

One volume of Dawson and Browning (1986) highlighted a case Dawson, P., & Browning, M. C. (Eds.). (1986). The world at war: Vol. 3, The
multivolume work where. . .
Asian conflict. Hammondsport, NY: Penguin.

One issue in a series The study concluded “ . . .” (Healey, 1999, p. 4). Healey, K. (Ed.). (1999). Issues in society: Recycling. 114. Wentworth Falls,
that does not have
regular publication dates NSW, Australia: Spinney Press.

No date can be Lansdowne (n.d.) found that . . . Lansdowne, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia:
established OR
Central Queensland University.
It was found (Lansdowne, n.d.) that . . .

The date can be In a draft policy release, the Queensland Education Queensland Education Department. (c. 1995). Draft policy on school
established but only Department (c. 1995) suggested that . . .
approximately discipline. Gladstone, QLD, Australia: Author.

Version:July 2007 Page 6

 Books In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list

Referring to an author Simpson (1975, as cited in Cole, 1992, p. 71) Cole, P. (1992). Teaching and learning. Yeppoon, QLD, Australia: Capricorn
(primary reference) stated that “. . . .”
read about in another OR Press.
publication (secondary Simpson’s observations in 1975 (as cited in Cole,
reference) 1992) led to . . .
OR
Note: Try to locate the Learning is a process of association and
primary source if development (Simpson, 1975, as cited in Cole,
possible. 1992, p. 71) whereby students progress by
incremental steps . . .
OR
Cole (1992, p. 71), in reporting Simpson’s study,
stated “. . . .”

Cole is the author of the secondary source, so

her name will appear in the reference list.

Referring to two primary Heath (1989) and Johnson (1972) (as cited in Morris, M. (1998). Critical reflection on distance education. Brisbane, QLD,
references within a Morris, 1998, p. 25) stated that “. . . .”
secondary reference Australia: Goprint.
Morris is the author of the secondary source so
his name will appear in the reference list.

Version:July 2007 Page 7

 Journals –
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
Print
No author Recent theories suggest solar power may be Building theories on sand. (1999). Science, 285, 521.
competitive (Building theories on sand, 1999).

One or more authors Peterson and Schmidt (1999) maintain that . . . Peterson, J., & Schmidt, A. (1999). Widening the horizons for secondary

schools. Journal of Secondary Education, 3(8), 89–106.

Note: 3 refers to volume and the (8) to the number or issue.

No volume number or Growth at all costs is “no longer a viable option” Sprague, J., & Shameen, A. (1999, July). Boosting growth, courting
issue number (Sprague & Shameen, 1999, p. 50).
disasters? Asiaweek, July 31, 50–51.

University In-text referencing

Model to follow in a reference list
materials
Study Guide Similarly, Hallinan (2000, p. 66) reported that “. . . Hallinan, P. (2000). EDED 10400—Development and disability: Study guide.
(author known) .”
Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Central Queensland University.

Note: For the year of the Study Guide, CQU uses a combination of the year

and the term number, for example, 2072, so the year is 2007.

Version:July 2007 Page 8

 University In-text referencing
Model to follow in a reference list
materials
Study Guide A recent report (Central Queensland University, Central Queensland University (CQU). (2000). EDED 10400—Development
(author unknown) 2000) has suggested that . . .
and disability: Study guide. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Author.

Text reprinted in a book In a review of the situation, Buggy (1999, p. 29) Buggy, T. (1999). Look I’m on TV. Teaching Exceptional Children, 31(4), 27–
of selected readings for suggested that “. . . .”
distance education 30. Reprinted in Central Queensland University, 2000, EDEC12347
students
Inclusive Educational Strategies: Resource materials, Reading 2–

17, pp. 1–4. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: Author.

Tutorial/Workshop The importance of aerobic exercise (The The respiratory system. Tutorial handout distributed in the course
Handout (unpublished) respiratory system, 2000) . . .
HMSC 11005—Human Anatomy, at Central Queensland

University, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, on March 2, 2000.

Lecture notes It is expected that the first teaching day may result Thompson, R. (2001). The first day experience. Lecture notes distributed in
(unpublished) in mixed emotions (Thompson, 2001).
the course EDFE 11010——Professional Practice III, at Central

Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia, on April 21,

2001.

Version:July 2007 Page 9

 University In-text referencing
Model to follow in a reference list
materials
Lecture material—non- In a lecture (SCIE11007 Introductory Science)
print (e.g., whiteboard presented at Central Queensland University,
notes, OHT notes, Mackay, on April 17, 2001, Dr J. Watson
lecturer’s statements) suggested that . . . This should not be included in the reference list.

Published conference Edwards and Graham (1993, p. 77) contend that “. Edwards, K., & Graham, R. (1992). The all female expedition: A personal
paper . . .”
perspective. In Gender on Ice. Proceedings of a Conference on
Cite year of publication.
Women in Antarctica (pp. 75–81). Canberra, ACT, Australia:

Australian Antarctic Foundation.

Unpublished paper The problems caused by salinity include . . . (Smith Smith, J., & Jones, P. (1999, February). Salinity issues facing Australian
presented at a meeting & Jones, 1999).
farmers. Paper presented at the meeting of the Australian Farmers
Cite year the paper was
Federation AWA Scandal, Perth, WA, Australia.
written.

Note: As this paper is unpublished, the paper’s title rather than the
event title is italicised..

Version:July 2007 Page 10

 University In-text referencing
Model to follow in a reference list
materials
iBrainz presentation The structure of the academic paper . . . (Central Central Queensland University Communications Learning Centre. (2007).
Queensland University Communications Learning
Centre, 2007). Academic writing skills [iBrainz presentation]. Retrieved July 19,

2007, from http://clc.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do?page=862

Podcast The importance of using technology to engage Alcock, R. (2007). Using technology to engage students [Podcast]. Take 5.
students cannot be . . . (Alcock, 2007).
Retrieved July 19, 2007, from

http://fahe.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do;jsessionid=8a4d0571ce

a69f2ca675e334d9b95fdafc7f162cdb9.e3qMb3iTbNmPe3aTaxiTc3

0Te6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?page=2301

Government In-text referencing Model to follow in the reference list

& Legislation

Version:July 2007 Page 11

 Government publication A recent government study (Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (1999). Regional statistics.
Statistics [ABS], 1999) reported that . . .
(Cat. No. 1313.8.) Canberra, ACT, Australia: Author.

Government report A government report (Royal Commission into Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RADC). (1990).
Aboriginal Deaths in Custody [RCADC], 1990)
found that . . . . Report of the inquiry into the death of Ronald Mack, by
Common title/acronym
must also be added. It was further suggested (RCADC, 1990) at an
investigation that . . . Commissioner D. J. O’Shea. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian

Government Publishing Service.

Subsequent entries use only the common
title/acronym.

Standards This complies with AS4458-1997 (Standards Standards Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure
Association of Australia, 1997).
equipment—manufacture (AS4458-1997). North Sydney, NSW,

Australia: Standards Australia.

Patent Tan and Arnold (1993) formalised and protected Tan, I. S., & Arnold, F. F. (US Air Force). (1993). In situ molecular
their ideas . . .
composites based on rigid-rod polyamides. US patent 5 247 057.

Legislation It must be realised that intent must be established Queensland State Liquor Act 1962 (QLD).
before a prosecution can proceed concerning
underage drinking (Queensland State Liquor Act
1962, s12(5)).

Version:July 2007 Page 12

 Specialised In-text referencing
Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Brochure where the Guidelines, such as those drawn up by the Research and Training Centre of Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for
author is also the Research and Training Centre of Independent
publisher Living (RTCIL, 1993), have become standard reporting and writing about people with disabilities [Brochure]. New
procedures.
York: Author.

Pamphlet Centrelink (1999) suggested that . . . Centrelink. (1999). Bonus for working seniors. Brisbane, QLD, Australia:

Author.

Magazine “Increase in the rate of youth suicide is of great McVeigh, T. (2001, May 12–13). Death wish. Weekend Australian Magazine,
concern to those employed in the social welfare
sector” (McVeigh, 2001, p. 20). p. 20.

Newspaper article with Condren (1999) reported that . . . Condren, P. (1999, July 30–31). Swiss prepare charges. Weekend
an author
Australian, p. 1.

Daily newspaper article In a recent review of the class size situation (New New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July
with no author Drug, 1993), Education Queensland concluded
that . . . 15). The Morning Bulletin, p. 12.

Video recording Similarly, in The Hollywood Sound (Adams & Adams, K. (Producer), & Peters, J. (Director). (1995). The Hollywood sound
Peters, 1995), . . .
[Video recording]. New York: Sony Classical Film and Video.

Version:July 2007 Page 13

 Television broadcast The idea was first presented in the segment Carmichael, A. (Executive Producer). (1999, November 8). Emission
“Emission Impossible” (Carmichael, 1999).
impossible. Four corners [Television broadcast]. Sydney, NSW,

Australia: ABC Television.

Television “Coke adds life” (Coca-Cola Amatil, 1986), the Coca-Cola Amatil. (1986). Coca-Cola at the beach [Television
advertisement “catch cry” for Coca-Cola . . .
advertisement]. Brisbane, QLD, Australia: Cruise Advertising.

Interview on radio Norris (1997) described the melting of the ice Norris, D. (1997, January 6). The greenhouse report [Radio broadcast]. ABC
packs in the Antarctic . . .
Radio National.

Movie The theory (Hanks & Martin, 1976) was challenged Hanks, T. (Director), & Martin, S. (Producer). (1976).The reluctant mountain
...
[Motion picture]. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Australian Instructional

Films for Peko-Wallsend.

Microfiche (without a Mundy (1980, p. 42) explained that . . . Mundy, G. (1980). Ideology and the mass media [Microfiche]. Canberra,
reference number)
ACT, Australia: The Library, Social Sciences and Humanities

Division, Australian National University.

Microfiche (with a Rallis (1995, p. 11) believes that . . . Rallis, S. F. (1995). Dynamic teachers: Leaders of change [Microfiche]
reference number)
(ERIC document no. ED 388626). London: Sage.

Version:July 2007 Page 14

 Audio Cassette In Plum Blossom (1990), it is claimed that Plum blossom. (1990). [Cassette Recording No. WS8871]. Hakodate,
entertainers live a very complex life.
Japan: White Swan Audio and Video Publishing House.

Note: Use the same style of format for a CD and a DVD.

Encyclopædia (with Sadie (ed. 1980) defined the term as . . . Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove encyclopædia of music and
editor)
musicians (6th ed., vols. 1–20) London: Macmillan.

Entry in an Bergmann (1993) indicated that . . . Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new Grove encyclopaedia of
Encyclopædia
music and musicians (vol. 26, pp. 501–508). London: Macmillan.

Atlas (with an editor) The position of the new city is to be in south east Eales, S. (Ed.). (2003). The Jacaranda atlas (3rd ed.). Brisbane, QLD,
Queensland (Eales, 2003, Map 34).
Australia: John Wiley & Sons.

Dictionary The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (1999, p. The Australian concise Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne, VIC,
1425) defines a throw-away society as one which .
.. Australia: University Press.

The Bible These particular lines (Psalms 23: 6–8) refer the References to the Bible and other classical works are not usually
reader to . . . included in a reference list because they can be readily sourced.

Version:July 2007 Page 15

 Personal In a telephone conversation on 17 July 1999, Petty
Communications ...
OR
Evidence given (H. Petty, personal
communication, July 17, 1999) . . . Personal communications such as conversations, letters and personal
OR email messages, are not usually included in a reference list because
In an email communication on 10 June 1995, they are classed as unrecoverable data unless specifically requested
Wren . . . by your lecturer.

News broadcast on The discovery was first announced on 4BU News News broadcasts are not usually included in a reference list.
radio (February 14, 2000).

Unpublished Model to follow in a reference list

In-text referencing
sources
Thesis Herbert-Cheshire (1997) argues that . . . Herbert-Cheshire, L. (1997). Living by the sea. Unpublished honours thesis,
(unpublished)
Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia.

Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources

Version:July 2007 Page 16

 Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Document on the World Brown (1994) noted that . . . Brown, H. (1994). Citing computer references. Retrieved April 3, 1995, from
Wide Web (dated and OR
author or sponsor given) http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html
Referencing electronic sources needs further
attention (Brown, 1994).
Queensland Pineapple Growers Corporation. (1998). Growing pineapples.

The idea was highlighted by the Queensland Gardenbed special. Retrieved December 4, 1999, from
Pineapple Growers Corporation (1998).
http://www.gardenbed.com/plant/gbd_p_apl1.cfm

Notice that the web addresses are not underlined

Document on the World United States Department of Agriculture (n.d.) United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). What's in this booklet for
Wide Web (author or recommends the observing of the five food groups
sponsor given but not diet is important for childhood health. me? Retrieved June 15, 1999, from
dated) OR
http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/food/food-pyramid/main.htm
Adherence to the five food groups (United States
Department of Agriculture, n.d.) . . .

Document on the World As stated in Harvard Style (2003), Harvard Style. (2003). Citing or referencing electronic sources of
Wide Web (no
author/sponsor) information. Retrieved June 3, 2003, from the University of South
Always check the validity of a site that has no
author or sponsor. The use of such sites is
Australia Web site:
discouraged.
http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/internet/intguide/cite.htm#harvard

Version:July 2007 Page 17

 Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Online Journal As Von Urff noted (1996), the information Von Urff, C. (1996). Information systems: Agents for change. Journal of
superhighway . . .
Excellence in Higher Education, 8(1). Retrieved July 3, 1996, from

http://204.17.16.101/Journal/Summer96/paper1.htm

Government Report The success of new teaching techniques in Engineering Education Steering Committee. (1996). Educating engineers for
engineering laboratories has been documented
(Engineering Education Steering Committee, a changing Australia. Draft report. Retrieved August 28, 1995, from
1996).
The Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs Web site:

http://www.deetya.gov.au/index.htm.

Conference The interactive classroom is becoming the primary Willis, S. (1996). Interface into interactivity: Technologies and techniques.
Proceedings learning and teaching interface in primary schools
all over Australia (Willis, 1996). Paper presented at the Australian Computers in Education

Conference. Retrieved August 28, 1996, from

http://www.spirit.com.au/ACE96/papers/canberra.htm

Online Newspaper with The banking industry’s vital networks have Davies, P. (1996, June 18). Key mistake wreaks havoc. The Australian.
author collapsed due to a software problem (Davies,
1996). Retrieved August 12, 1997, from

http://www.australian.aust.com/hied/columns/dav18jn.htm

Version:July 2007 Page 18

 Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Online Newspaper with A report in The Australian (September 1, 1996) The Australian. (September 1, 1996). Babies born and not raised. Retrieved
no author revealed that the economic situation was
responsible for the . . . September 18, 1996, from

http://www.australian.aust.com/australian/cgi-bin/news

Online Radio Transcript According to Smith (1998), the healing properties Smith, H. (1998). Medicine in Chaucer’s time. Ockham’s razor. ABC Radio
of lavender . . .
National Transcripts. Retrieved September 1, 1998, from

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or110898.htm

Email messages, In an email from J. Henderson (personal

conversations via communication, June 19, 1999), the findings of the
bulletin boards or report were . . .
electronic discussion Note: Cited as personal communication in-text. This is NOT included
groups in the reference list.

Encyclopædia entry on As noted in “Acid Rain” (1996), . . . Acid rain. (1996). Microsoft Encarta 96 encyclopædia [CD-ROM].
CD-ROM (no author)

Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in an edited

book.

Version:July 2007 Page 19

 Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Encyclopædia entry on Harrison (1996) suggests that , . . . Harrison, A. (1996). Global warming. Microsoft Encarta 96 encyclopædia
CD-ROM (with an
author) [CD-ROM].

Note: Treat sections within the CD-ROM like chapters in a book.

Internet article based on Mulgan (2000, p. 10) recommends that “. . . .” Mulgan, R. (2000). Perspectives on “the public interest” [Electronic version].
a print source OR
Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration, 95, 5–12.
The idea (Mulgan, 2000) was tabled at . . .

Article in an Internet- Speer, Cook, Mcmahon, & Clark (2007) argue that Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., Mcmahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face
only journal ...
processing in children with autism. Autism, 11(3), 265–277.

Retrieved July 17, 2007, from PsycARTICLES database.

Version:July 2007 Page 20

 Electronic
In-text referencing Model to follow in a reference list
sources
Document available on Council of Australian Governments (2000) . . . Council of Australian Governments. (2000). A national action plan for salinity
university program or
department website and water quality. Retrieved July 17, 2007, from Central Queensland

University e-Courses Web site: http://e-

courses.cqu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/

bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_4972_1

Computer Software Millar (1993) designed a simulation. . . Miller, M. E. (1993). The Interactive Tester (Version 4) [Computer software].

Westminister, CA: Psytrek Services.

Version:July 2007 Page 21

 References

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Brown, H. (1994). Citing computer references. Retrieved April 3, 1995, from

http://neal.ctstateu.edu/history/cite.html

Danaher, P. (Ed.). (1998). Beyond the Ferris wheel. Rockhampton, QLD, Australia: CQU

Press.

Engineering Education Steering Committee. (1996). Educating engineers for a changing

Australia. Draft report. Retrieved August 28, 1995, from

http://www.deetya.gov.au/index.htm

Mulgan, R. (2000). Perspectives on “the public interest” [Electronic version]. Canberra Bulletin

of Public Administration, 95, 5–12.

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCADC). (1990). Report of the inquiry

into the death of Ronald Mack, by Commissioner D. J. O’Shea. Canberra, ACT,

Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Yeric, J., & Todd, J. (1999). Public opinion: The visible politics. Chicago: Peacock.

Version: May 2007 Page 22