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! Kf7of+z Kl/ro: Ljlzi6 p2) Zo Kf7/oljifo

This document provides an overview of a textbook on applied linguistics for a Master's program in Nepali education. It outlines the objectives of introducing key concepts in applied linguistics and analyzing Nepali language curriculum and textbooks. It describes the general and specific objectives of the textbook, which include developing understanding of theories such as syntax analysis, style analysis, translation studies, and error analysis and their applications in language teaching. The topics covered in each chapter are also summarized.

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Shantiram Dahal
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
138 views7 pages

! Kf7of+z Kl/ro: Ljlzi6 p2) Zo Kf7/oljifo

This document provides an overview of a textbook on applied linguistics for a Master's program in Nepali education. It outlines the objectives of introducing key concepts in applied linguistics and analyzing Nepali language curriculum and textbooks. It describes the general and specific objectives of the textbook, which include developing understanding of theories such as syntax analysis, style analysis, translation studies, and error analysis and their applications in language teaching. The topics covered in each chapter are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Shantiram Dahal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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kf7\of+z zLif{s M k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf k|d'v cfofd k"0ff{ª\s M !

))
kf7\of+z ;+Vof M g]kf=lz= %@# pQL0ff{ª\s M $)
kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts k|ltxKtf kf73G6L
M^
tx M Pd=P8= k|ltkf73G6L M %% ld=
jif{ M bf];|f] hDdf kf73G6L M !%)

!= kf7of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lzIffzf:qdf ;+rflnt :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P8=_ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfnL
lzIff ljifodf ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{ rfxg] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o; kf7\of+zaf6
k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf ljifoj:t'sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / g]kfnL efiff kf7\oqmd Pjd\
kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog ljZn]if0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf] kl/ro lbg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{],
 ;ª\syg ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] klxrfg u/L tŒjut cfwf/df sYo ;ª\syg /
n]Vo ;ª\sygsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{],
 z}nL lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf] k|lqmof j0f{g ug{ ;Sg] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{],
 sf]z lj1fgsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff, k|sf/ tyf sf]z lgdf{0f k|lqmof atfpg / o;sf] l;+xfjnf]sg
ug{] Ifdtf a9fpg],
 cg'jfb cWoogsf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf] z}Ifl0fs pkof]lutfsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;Sg]
t'Nofpg],
 Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf] kl/rosf ;fy} o;sf] k|lqmof atfpg /
Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg],
 q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/e"t wf/0ff / k|lqmofsf] klxrfg ug{ tyf q'l6 ljZn]if0f ug{]
Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{],
 z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff / ljz]iftf atfpg ;Ifd t'Nofpg],
 ljleGg txsf kf7\oqmd / kf7\ok':tssf] ;dLIff ug{] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{],
 ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfnL kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg],
 g]kfnL efiff kf7\o;fdu|Lsf ;d:of cf}+Nofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] .
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO Ps M k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] kl/ro
 k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] k[i7e"ld / -^_
ljsf;qmd k|:t't ug{, !=! k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] k[i7e"ld / ljsf;qmd
 k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] ;Lldt / Jofks !=@ k|fof]lus efiff lj1fgsf] If]q M ;Lldt / Jofks
If]q cf}+Nofpg, !=# k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf

241
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf
atfpg .
 ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO b'O{ M ;ª\syg ljZn]if0f -!
 ;ª\sygsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff klxrfg @_
k|:t't ug{, @=! ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro
 sYo ;ª\syg / n]Vo ;ª\sygsf] @=@ ;ª\sygsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
ljZn]if0f ug{, @=# sYo ;ª\syg / n]Vo ;ª\syg
 ;Da4g -sf]x]/]G;_ / ;Da4s @=$ ;Da4g -sf]x]/]G;_ / ;Da4s -sf]x]hg_ sf]
-sf]x]hg_ sf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{, e"ldsf
 ;ª\sygsf tTjx¿sf] aofg ug{, @=% ;ª\sygsf tTjx¿
 ;ª\syg ljZn]if0fsf] z}Ifl0fs @=^ ;ª\syg ljZn]if0f / efifflzIf0f
pkof]lutf atfpg÷:ki6 kfg{ .
 ;fdfGo z}nL lj1fg / ;flxlTos z}nL PsfO tLg M z}nLlj1fg -!*_
lj1fgsf] t'ngfTds ljz]iftf atfpg, #=! ;fdfGo z}nL lj1fg / ;flxlTos z}nL lj1fg
 klZrdL dfGotf / k"jL{o dfGotfsf #=@ z}nLlj1fgsf] k/Dk/futk4lt M klZrdL
z}nL lj1fgsf] k/Dk/fut k4ltsf] dfGotf / k"jL{o dfGotf
kl/ro lbg, #=# z}nLlj1fgsf] ljsf;
 z}nL lj1fgsf] ljsf; :ki6 kfg{, #=$ z}nL ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
 z}nL ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] kl/ro #=$=! ljsNkg / rog
lbg÷j0f{g ug{, #=$=@ ljrng / cu|e"ld lgdf{0f
 z}nL ljZn]if0fdf pQ/jtL{ljsf; :ki6 #=$=# ;dfgfGt/tf -j0f{ut, ¿kut, jfSout,
kfg{, cy{ut_
 s'g} gd'gf ;fdu|L lnO{ z}nL #=% z}nL ljZn]if0fdf pQ/jtL{ ljsf;
ljZn]if0fsf] cEof; ug{, #=^ z}nL ljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
 z}nL ljZn]if0fsf] z}Ifl0fs pkof]lutf #=& z}nL ljZn]if0f / efiff lzIf0f
atfpg .
 sf]z lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO rf/ M sf]zlj1fg -!^_
 sf]zsf k|sf/ / ltgsf ljz]iftf aofg ug{, $=! sf]zsf] lj1fgsf] kl/ro
 sf]z lgdf{0f of]hgf / ;fdu|L ;ª\sng $=@ sf]zsf k|sf/ / ltgsf ljz]iftf
k|lqmof atfpg, $=# sf]z lgdf{0f of]hgf / ;fdu|L ;ª\sng k|lqmof
 sf]zsf] k"j{efu, d"nefu / pQ/efusf] $=$ sf]zsf] :j¿k / sf]z ;Dkfbg k|lqmof
kl/ro lbO{ sf]zsf] :j¿k :ki6 kfg{, $=$=! k"j{efj, d"nefj / pQ/efj
 sf]z ;Dkfbg k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg, $=$=@ k|ljli6 rog / pkk|ljli6 lgwf{/0f
 sf]z ;Dkfbgsf qmddf k|ljli6 rog / $=$=# zLif{ zAbx¿sf] k|:t'lt
pkk|ljli6 lgwf{/0f ug{, $=$=$ pRrf/0f lgb{]z, ;|f]t lgb{]z, Jo'TklQ
 zLif{ zAbx¿sf] k|ljli6 ug{, tyf Jo'Tkfbg lgb{]z, Jofs/0f lgb{]z,
 pRrf/0f lgb{]z, ;|f]t lgb{]z, $=$=% cy{ lgb{]zsf k|d'v ljlwx¿
Jo'TklQ tyf Jo'Tkfbg lgb{]z / $=% g]kfnL sf]zsf] k/Dk/f / ljsf;
Jofs/0f lgb{]z ug{, $=^ g]kfnL sf]z lgdf{0fsf ;d:of
 cy{ lgb{]zsf k|d'v ljlwx¿ kQf $=& sf]z / efiff lzIf0f

242
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
nufpg,
 g]kfnL sf]zsf] k/Dk/f / ljsf;qmd
k|:t't ug{,
 g]kfnL sf]z lgdf{0fsf ;d:ofx¿ cf}
+Nofpg,
 sf]zsf] z}Ifl0fs dxŒj k|sfz
kfg{÷atfpg,
 sf]z / efiff lzIf0fsf] cGt/;DaGw
atfpg .
 cg'jfbsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf] k|of]hg / PsfO kfFr M cg'jfb cWoog -!
cfjZostf atfpg, %_
 cg'jfbsf jf~5gLo u'0fx¿ atfpg, %=! cg'jfbsf] k|of]hg / cfjZostf
 cg'jfbsf k|sf/x¿sf] kl/ro lbg, %=@ cg'jfbsf u'0fx¿
 cg'jfbsf] cfbz{ l:ylt :ki6 kfg{, %=# cg'jfbsf k|sf/
 cg'jfbsf k|lqmofx¿sf] j0f{g ug{, %=#=! ;flxlTos, j}1flgs, k|fljlws, oflGqs
 Sof6kmf]8{, gfO8f /Go'dfs{sf %=#=@ Psf]Gd'v / b|of]Gd'v cg'jfb
cg'jfb ;DaGwL dfGotf k|:t't ug{, %=#=# cGt/eflifs, efiffGtl/s, cGt/ljiflos
 cg'jfbsf ;d:ofx¿ cf}+Nofpg, cg'jfb
 cg'jfbsf] z}Ifl0fs pkof]lutf atfpg, %=#=$ zflAbs / d'Qm tyf ljifopGd'v / ;
 s'g} eflifs ;fdu|L lnO{ g]kfnL +/rgf]Gd'v cg'jfb
efiffdf cg'jfb ug{] cEof; ug{ . %=#=% cg'jfbsf] cfbz{ l:ylt
%=$ cg'jfbsf k|lqmofx¿
%=% Sof6kmf]8{, gfO8f / Go'dfssf cg'jfb
;DaGwL dfGotf .
%=^ cg'jfbsf ;d:of
%=& cg'jfb / efiff lzIf0f
%=* g]kfnL efiffdf cGo efiffeflifsfaf6 cg'jfbsf]
cEof;
 Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts PsfO 5 M Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f -!
cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{, @_
 ;|f]t efiff / nIo efiffaf6 ;fdu|L ; ^=! Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
+sng / ltgdf kfOg] leGgtf / ^=@ Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
;dfgtfsf] t'ngfTds j0f{g u/L ^=@=! ;|f]t efiff -klxnf] efiff_ / nIo efiff
Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] kl/ro -bf];|f] efiff_ af6 ;fdu|L ;+sng
lbg, ^=@=@ ;|f]t efiff / nIo efiffdf kfOg] leGgtf
 Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf ;Ldf cf} tyf ;dfgtfsf] t'ngfTds j0f{g
+Nofpg, ^=# Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf ;Ldf
 g]kfnL efiff;Fu s'g} cGo efiffsf] ^=$ Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
gd'gf ;fdu|L lnO{ Jolt/]sL ^=% Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f / efifflzIf0f
ljZn]if0fdf cEof; ug{,

243
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] z}Ifl0fs
pkof]lutf atfpg .
 q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts PsfO ;ft M q'l6 ljZn]if0f -!
cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{, @_
 q'l6 / cGtef{iff, &=! q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
 q'l6If]q / q'l6x¿sf] juL{s/0fsf] &=@ q'l6 / cGtef{iff
j0f{g ug{, &=# q'l6 If]q / q'l6x¿sf] juL{s/0f
 ;fdu|L ;+sng, q'l6x¿sf] klxrfg, &=$ q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] k|lqmof
j0f{g / ljZn]if0f u/L q'l6 ljZn]if0f &=$=! ;fdu|L ;+sng
k|lqmofsf] ;DkGg ug{, &=$=@ q'l6x¿sf] klxrfg, j0f{g / ljZn]if0f
 s'g} gd'gf ;fdu|L lnO{ q'l6 &=% q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
ljZn]if0fsf] cEof; ug{, &=^ q'l6 ljZn]if0f / efiff lzIf0f
 q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] z}Ifl0fs
pkof]lutf :ki6 kfg{ .
 z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0fsf] k|of]hg / PsfO cf7 M z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0f -!)_
cfjZostf :ki6 kfg{, *=! z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0fsf] k|of]hg / cfjZostf
 j0f{gfTds Jofs/0f / z}Ifl0fs *=@ j0f{gfTds Jofs/0f / z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0f
Jofs/0fsf] t'ngfTds kl/ro lbg, *=# efiff l;sfO l;4fGt / Jofs/0ffTds kf7\oj:t'sf]
 efiff l;sfO l;4fGt cg'¿k Jofs/0ffTds 5gf]6, :t/0f / k|:t'tLs/0f
kf7\oj:t'sf] 5gf]6, :t/0f / k|:t'tLs/0f *=$ z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0fsf ljz]iftf
ug{, *=% g]kfnL z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0f lgdf{0fsf ;d:of
 z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0fsf ljz]iftf aofg ug{,
 g]kfnL z}Ifl0fs Jofs/0f
lgdf{0fsf ;d:ofx¿ cf}+Nofpg .
 ljBfno txsf k'/fgf / jt{dfg g]kfnL PsfO gf} M efiff kf7\oqmdsf] cWoog
kf7\oqmdsf ljleGg :tDesf] -!*_
t'ngfTds cWoog ug{, (=! efiff kf7\oqmdsf] cWoog
 lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfosf dxfljBfno txsf (=!=! ljBfno txsf k'/fgf / jt{dfg g]kfnL
clgjfo{ / d"n ljifosf g]kfnL kf7\oqmdsf ljleGg :tDesf] t'ngfTds
kf7\oqmdsf ljleGg :tDesf] cWoog
t'ngfTds tyf ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog (=!=@ lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfosf dxfljBfno txsf
ug{, clgjfo{ / d"n ljifosf g]kfnL
 pko'Qm b'j} cWoogx¿sf] sfo{kq kf7\oqmdsf ljleGg :tDesf] t'ngfTds tyf
tof/ u/L uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ug{, ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog.
 ljBfno :t/sf] s'g} Ps sIffjf txsf nflu (=@ pko{'Qm b'j} cWoogx¿df sfo{kq tof/ u/L
lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k|:t'tLs/0f
ug{, (=# kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f
 s'g} ;fdfGo jf ljz]if k|of]hgsf nflu (=#=! ljBfno :t/sf] s'g} Ps sIff jf txsfnflu
g]kfnL l;sfpg dxfljBfno :t/Lo vf; lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f
sIffjf txdf cfjZos kg{] kf7\of+z jf (=#=@ s'g} ;fdfGo jf ljz]if k|of]hgsf nflu
kf7\ofjnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{ . g]kfnL l;sfpg dxfljBfno :t/Lo vf; sIff

244
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
jf txdf cfjZos kg{] kf7\of+z jf
kf7\ofjnLsf] lgdf{0f
 ljBfno txsf k'/fgf / jt{dfg g]kfnL PsfO b; M efiff kf7\ok':tssf] cWoog
kf7\ok':tssf] t'ngfTds cWoog / -!&_
ljZn]if0f ug{, !)=! ljBfno txsf k'/fgf / jt{dfg g]kfnL efiff
 pQm cWoog ljZn]if0f s'g} Ps sIff kf7\ok':tssf] t'ngfTds cWoog / ljZn]if0f
jf txsf k'/fgf / jt{dfg kf7\ok':tssf !)=@ pQm cWoog / ljZn]if0f s'g} Ps sIff jf txsf
ljljw kIfx¿sf] t'ngf u/L sfo{kq tof/ k'/fgf / jt{dfg kf7\ok':tssf ljljw kIfx¿sf]
u/L uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ug{, t'ngfTds sfo{kq tof/L / k|:t'tLs/0f
 kf7\ok':ts of]hgfsf] 9fFrf agfpg, !)=# kf7\ok':ts of]hgfsf] 9fFrf
 lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf s'g} vf; sIffsf nflu !)=$ lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf s'g} vf; sIffsf nflu s'g}
s'g} Pp6f gd'gf kf7 lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf Pp6f gd'gf kf7 lgdf{0f / sIff k|:t'lt
k|:t't ug{ .
 efiff kf7\o;fdu|L PsfO P3f/ M efiff kf7\o;fdu|Lsf ;d:of
lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;d:of cf}+Nofpg, -!$_
 efiff kf7\o;fdu|L pkof]usf ;d:of !!=! kf7\o ;fdu|L lgdf{0fsf ;d:of
s]nfpg, !!=@ efiffkf7\o;fdu|L pkof]usf ;d:of
 kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿sf] pknAwtfsf] !!=# kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pknAwtfsf] ;j{]If0f
;j{]If0f ug{, !!=$ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pkef]Uo If]q
 pQm ;fdu|Lx¿sf] pkef]Uo If]q !!=% ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljj]rgfTds d"Nofª\sg
klxrfg ug{,
 tL ;fdu|Lsf] ljj]rgfTds d"NofTds
ug{ .
$= lzIf0f k|ljlw M k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;fwf/0f jf ljlzi6 lzIf0f k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u
ul/g]5 M
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0fk|ljlw M
PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg'¿k kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos k':ts, ;Gbe{ k':ts, kf7kq, tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf]
cfwf/df JofVofg, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ / k|:t'tLs/0fsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ ljlzi6 lzIf0f k|ljlw M
o; kf7\of+zsf PsfO @, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, !), !! df kf7\oljifosf] k|s[ltcg'¿k sIff
sfo{, u[xsfo{, ;d"x sfo{, cfjlws sfo{ kl/of]hgf sfo{, uf]i7Lkq tof/ kfg{] tyf
lzIffyL{af6 k|:t'tLs/0f ug{] ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof M lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cjlwdf kf7\oj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lnlvt
k/LIff, ;d"xsfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt k|:t'ltaf6 d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyl{x¿nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg dfq k|of]u ul/g] 5 . o; kf7\of+zsf] clGtd d"Nofª\sg
lq=lj= jflif{s k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ lnlvt k/LIffåf/f ul/g]5 .
jflif{s k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] k|s[lt, k|Zg9fFrf / To;sf] cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 –
k|Zgsf] k|s[lt hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof pQ/ lbg'kg{] k|Zg ;ª\Vof / k"0f

245
x/]s k|Zgsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] f{ª\s

;d"x …sÚ M !^ k|Zg !×!^ cÍ !^
ax'j}slNks k|
Zg
;d"x …vÚ M 5f]6f # ljsNk;lxt * k|Zg *×^ cÍ $*
pt/fTds k|Zg
;d"x …uÚ M nfdf] ! ljsNk;lxt # k|Zg #×!@ cÍ #^
pt/fTds k|Zg

^= l;kmfl/; ul/Psf k':ts tyf ;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿


l;kmfl/; ul/Psf k':tsx¿
e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh -@)%&_, cg'jfb cWoog kl/ro -cg'jfbs–an/fd clwsf/L_, sf7df8f}+
M /Tg k':ts e08f/ -ljz]iftM PsfO % sf nflu_
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f -@)%$_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf s]xL kIf, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts
e08f/, -ljz]iftM
PsfO ! / * sf nflu_ .
_____, / cGo -@)^&_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf k|d'v cfofd, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts
e08f/ -PsfO !–* sf nflu_ .
nD;fn, /fdrGb| -@)$^_, sf]zlj1fg / g]kfnL sf]z, sf7df8f}+ M zf/bf nD;fn -ljz]iftM
PsfO $ sf nflu_
nD;fn, /fdrGb| / cGo -@)^%_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
-ljz]iftM !,@, #, ^ / & sf nflu_ .
zdf{, s]bf/ k|;fb / dfwj kf}8]n -@)^)_, g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTolzIf0f, sf7df8f}+ M Go'
xL/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h -ljz]iftM PsfO (, !), !! sf nflu_
zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%^_, ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf M l;4fGt / k|of]u, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|
=k|=, -ljz]iftM PsfO # sf nflu_ .
;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿
clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh, -@)%^_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/
.
PN;, lyof] efg / cGo, -!(&& O{=_ cKnfO8 lnlª\lUjl:6S; ofG8 / nlg{ª ofG8 l6lrª ckm
kmf]/]g Nofª\Uj]h, c:6]«lnof M P8jf8{ cfgf{]N8 .
P;/, cf/=O{= -!(($ O{=_, b Og;fOSnf]lkl8of ckm Nofª\Uj]h PG8 lnª\lUjl:6S;,
OËn}G8 M kuf{dg k|]; .
u|fG6, g]efOn -!(**_, d]lsª b df]:6 ckm of]/ 6]S:6a's, n08g M nª\Dofg .

246
8ljg, k|mO8f P08 OnfO6 cf]:6]g -!(*&_, sf];{ l8hfOg, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;
{6L k|]; .
9'Ë]n, ef]h/fh / cGo -@)^#_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M Pd=s]=k|sfzg .
g'gfg, 8]lj8, -;g\ !((&_, l;n]a; l8hfOg, cS;kmf]8{ M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
g]kfn, 3gZofd -!((@_, z}nLlj1fg, ufGtf]s M cfFs'/f k|sfzg .
a|fpg, hh{ o'n] -!(*#_, l8:sf];{ Pgflnl;;, SoflDa|h M lhlnog .
a]n, /f]h/ l6=, -!(*!_, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' cKnfO8 lnlª\lUjl:6S; M Pk|f]r]h ofG8
d]y8\;, nG8g M la=l6=af:6kmf]8{ .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f -@)^%_, ;fdflhs / dgf]efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
l/rf8{;\, h]=;L -!(&$_ P// Ogflnl;;, nG8g M nª\Dofg .
l/rf8{;, h]=;L= -!(()_, bNofª\Uj]h l6lrª Dofl6«S;, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L
k|]; .
l/rf8{, Hofs / cGo -!((% O{=_, nªDofg l8S;g/L ckm PKnfO8 lnlª\Ujl:6S;, nG8g M
nª\Dofg .
l/rf8{, h] -!(&$ O{=_, P// Pgflnl;;\, nG8g M nª\Dofg .
/]8\8L, ljho/f3j -!(*^ O{=_, Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg, cfu/f M ljgf]b k':ts dlGb/ .
jdf{, P;= s]= PG8 Pg= s[i0ff:jfdL -!((@_ df]8g{lnlª\Ujl:6S; MPg OG6«f]8S;g,
lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
zdf{, df]xg/fh, -!($*_, z}nLlj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M g]=/f=k|=k|= .
>Ljf:tj, /jLGb| -!((&_, efifflj1fg M ;}4flGts lrGtg, lbNnL M/fwfs[i0f .
>Ljf:tj, /jLGb|gfy / cGo -!(*)_, cg'k|o'Qm efifflj1fg, lbNnL M cfn]v k|sfzg .
:6g{, Pr=Pr= -!(*#_, kmG8fd]G6n sG;]D6; ckm Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª, cS;kmf]8{M
cf]o"kL .
:nf]lag, bg cfO{= -!(&! O{=_, ;fOsf]lnlª\Ujl:6S;, nG8g M kmf]/]:6dfg .
x8\;g, cf=P -!(*$_, ;f]l;of]lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L .

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