Glucose

Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Bridging Rx.
AcetylCoA

C4 C6 NADH
Krebs FADH2
Cycle C OP
5
C4 O2
ATP
& ADP
 H GLUCOSE
C=O
| C6H12O6
H - C - OH
| OH
HO - C - H O
| OH
H - C - OH OH OH
| OH
H - C - OH
| cyclic
CH2 - OH
hemiacetal
open - aldehyde
 GLUCOSE 
 OH OH
OH
OH
O O
OH
OH OH OH
OH OH

OH
OH H
OH C
O
open
OH
OH
mutarotation
 FRUCTOSE
CH2 - OH
C6H12O6
|
C=O
| OH
HO O
HO - C - H
|
OH
H - C - OH
| OH OH 
H - C - OH
|
CH2 - OH
cyclic
hemiacetal
open - ketone
 PATHWAYS : 4 W’s
What = Net Reaction
Why = Purpose(s) of Pathway
Where = Organism/Tissue/Organelle
When = Regulation of Pathway
GLYCOLYSIS : Net Reaction

GLUCOSE + 2ADP + 2NAD+

10 Enzymes

2PYRUVATE + 2ATP + 2NADH

 PURPOSE (Why?)

1. Generate ATP
a. Immediate (2 “anaerobic” ATP
b. Future : more ATP from
pyruvate & NADH
2. Intermediates or Pyruvate for
anabolic synthesis reactions
 Where?

All Organisms
bacteria, plants, animals
All Cell Types
liver, muscle, brain, adipose, etc....
In Cytoplasm
all “aerobic” energy production
in mitochondria
 When?

Low Energy Charge in Cell

(-) ATP
negative effector of
phosphofructokinase
 GLYCOLYSIS

Glucose Pyruvate

Glucose-6-Phosphate PEP

Fructose-6-Phosphate 2-Phosphoglycerate

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate

DHAP + Glyceraldehyde-3-P 1,3-BPG

Glyceraldehyde-3-P
 Hexokinase
OH
O
Glucokinase
OH + ATP (-) G-6-P
OH OH
OH 1
O
||
_O - P - O
| O
ADP + O_ OH

OH OH
OH
 O
|| Phosphoglucose
_O - P - O
|
isomerase
O
O_ OH

OH OH
OH 2
O
||
_O - P - O O OH
|
O_ OH

OH OH
 O
||
_O - P - O O OH
| + ATP
O_ OH

OH OH Phosphofructokinase
3 (-) ATP
O
||
_O - P - O O OH
O
| ||
ADP + O_ O - P - O_
|
OH OH O_
 O
||
Aldolase
_O - P - O O OH
O
| ||
O_ O - P - O_
|
OH OH O_

O 4 CHO
|| |
CH2 - O - P - O_ CH - OH O
| | ||
| + CH2 - O - P - O_
C = O O_
| |
CH2 - OH O_
 Triose Phosphate Isomerase

O
||
CH2 - O - P - O_ 5 CHO
| |
|
CH - OH O
C = O O_
| ||
|
CH2 - O - P - O_
CH2 - OH
|
O_
CHO
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
| Dehydrogenase
CH - OH O
| || + Pi + NAD+
CH2 - O - P - O_
| O
O_ 6 ||
C=O- P - O_
| |
HO - CH O_ O
| ||
NADH + CH2 - O - P - O_
|
O_
 O Phosphoglycerate
|| Kinase
C=O- P - O_
| | + ADP
HO - CH O_ O
| ||
CH2 - O - P - O_ 7
| COO-
O_ |
HO - CH O
| ||
CH2 - O - P - O_
ATP + |
O_
 COO- Phosphoglucomutase
|
HO - CH O
| ||
CH2 - O - P - O_ 8
|
O_
COO- O
| ||
H- C - O - P - O_
| |
HO-CH2 O_
 COO- O Enolase
| ||
H- C - O - P - O_
| |
HO-CH2 O_
9
COO- O
| ||
C - O - P - O_
|| |
CH2 O_
 Pyruvate Kinase
COO- O (-) ATP
| ||
C = O - P - O_ + ADP
|| |
CH2 O_
10
COO-
|
C=O + ATP
|
CH3
GLYCOLYSIS : Net Reaction

GLUCOSE + 2ADP + 2NAD+

10 Enzymes

2PYRUVATE + 2ATP + 2NADH

 Lactate Dehydrogenase
Lactate Pyruvate
Muscle
COO -
COO-
| |
H - C - OH C=O
| |
CH3 Liver CH3

+ NAD+
+ NADH, H+
GLYCOLYSIS : Net Reaction

GLUCOSE + 2ADP + 2NAD+

10 Enzymes + LDH

2PYRUVATE + 2ATP + 2NADH

2LACTATE
GLYCOLYSIS : Net Reaction
Anaerobic

GLUCOSE + 2ADP
11 Enzymes

2 LACTATE + 2ATP
Glucose NAD+

NADH
Pyruvate Lactate
LDH
AcetylCoA

C4 C6 NADH
Krebs FADH2
Cycle C
5
C4 O2 ATP
 2ATP
Glucose 34ATP
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
Bridging Rx. NAD+

AcetylCoA

C4 C6 NADH
Krebs FADH2
Cycle C RC
5
C4 O2 ATP
 GLYCOLYSIS : Side Reactions
Glucose Pyruvate

Glucose-6-Phosphate  Glycogen PEP

 R-5-P/Glucose
Fructose-6-Phosphate 2-Phosphoglycerate
2,3 BPG 
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate  3-Phosphoglycerate

DHAP + Glyceraldehyde-3-P 1,3-BPG

 Glycerol
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
 GLYCOLYSIS : Regulation

Glucose Pyruvate
(-) G-6-P (-) ATP
Glucose-6-Phosphate  Glycogen PEP

Fructose-6-Phosphate 2-Phosphoglycerate
(-) ATP
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate

DHAP + Glyceraldehyde-3-P 1,3-BPG

Glyceraldehyde-3-P