Mathematics Form 4

Chapter 4 : Mathematical Reasoning

4.1 Statements

 Determining a statement
A statement is a sentence that is either true or false but not both simultaneously.

Non-statements -------
instruction, inquiry, quadratic function, algebraic expression, linear equation and so on
Examples:
Mark correctly in the space provided in the table.
STATEMENT
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCE NOT A STATEMENT
TRUE FALSE
a) Malaysia is an independent
country
b) 5 + 4 = 11
c) Come here! (command)
d) How old are you?
e) x + 2 = 5
f) 4m -3n
g) A human being has wings.
 Constructing statements using numbers and mathematical symbols
To simplify mathematical statements, numbers and symbols can be used.
Examples:
Four is less than six A statements in word
4 is less than 6 A statements in word and numbers
4<6 A statements in numbers and symbols

Construct the true and a false statement using the given numbers and symbol.
True statements False statements
a) 9 , + , 4 , 3 , < 4+3<9 9< 3+4
b) {2,3,5} , ⊂ , {2,3}
c) -7 , 49 , ( )2 , =
d) √ , 81 , = , 9
e) 4 , ÷ , 24 , = , 6

Failure is success if we learn from it.

“Malcolm Forbes”
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4.2 Quantifier “All” and “Some”

The words “all” and “some” in the given conversation are called quantifiers.
 Constructing statements using quantifiers
We construct statements using the quantifiers “all” and “some” to indicate the number cases involved.

All Some

 All zebras has stripes  Some cats have stripes

 Every zebra has stripes  Several cats have stripes
 Any zebra has stripes  A few cats have stripes.
Indicates that every object or case satisfies a Indicates at least one case satisfies a certain
certain condition condition

Example :-
Construct statements for each of the following using the quantifier
(i) “all” (ii) “some”

Statement All Some

a) Multiples of 5 = {5,10,15,20,25,…} All multiples of 10 are Some multiples of 5 are
Multiple of 10 = multiples of 5 multiples of 10
{10, 20, 30, 40,….}

b) Triangles

c) Factors of 6
Factors of 3

 Determine whether a statement using the quantifier “all” is true of false

The statement is :
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 True, when each and every case satisfies the given condition
 False, when at least one case does not satisfy the given condition
Example:-

a) All octagons have 8 sides

True for every case

b) All multiples of 4 are multiples of 8

c) All fractions are less than 1

 Generalizing a statement using the quantifier “all”

When a true statement is generalized to cover all cases using the quantifier “all”, the statement may remain
true or become false. If the statement becomes false, it cannot be generalized to cover all cases.
Example :-

No. Statement Generalize Explanation

All heptagon have 7 sides
Still true
A heptagon has 7
1 Therefore, the quantifier “all” can be used
sides
to generalized the statements
False because 8 is not a factor of 6
The even number 2 All even number are
2 Therefore, the quantifier “all” cannot be
is a factor of 6 factor of 6
used to generalized the statements
-7 is less than -6
3

Parallel lines do not

4 meet

Decimal number
6.89 is greater than 1
5

 Constructing true statements using the quantifier “all” or “some”

Object Property True statement

Trapezium a pair of parallel sides

Diagonals of squares bisect each other at 90º

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Months have 30 days

Algebraic terms are unlike terms

Cylinder has two round surfaces

Triangles right-angled triangle

Decimals three decimal places

Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any other.
“Abraham Lincoln”
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4.3 Operations on statements

Lagenda Idaman Corner….

Bihun Tomyam RM 3.50

Nasi Goreng RM 3.00
Bihun Bandung RM 4.00
Kuew Tiaw KungFu RM 4.00

Based on the menu given, ‘Lagenda Idaman Corner serves Bihun Tomyam.’

Lagenda Idaman Corner does not serve

Negation Bihun Tomyam

*By placing the word “not” in the original statement, the statement becomes false.

 Negations using the word “not” or “no”

Statements can be represented by the letters such as p , q , or r

The negation symbol is denoted by “ ~ p ”

The negation of statement p is denoted by ~p which means “not p”

The negation of a statement, by placing the word “not” or “no” to it, changes the
statement from true to false and vice versa

The truth table can check if a negation is correctly done.

p ~p

True False

False True
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Example :-

1 p 8 is an integer TRUE
~p 8 is not an integer FALSE
q Coefficient of is 1  
2
~q    
r 27 is a perfect cube  
3
~r    
p 5 is less than 2  
4
~p    
q Set {r,s}is a subset of {r,s}  
5
~q    
r All multiple of 2 are multiples of 8  
6
~r    

Based on the above menu,

1) Lagenda Idaman Corner serves bihun bandung Compound statement
2) Lagenda Idaman Corner serves bihun tomyam

 Lagenda Idaman Corner serves bihun bandung and bihun tomyam

 Lagenda Idaman Corner serves bihun bandung or bihun tomyam

 Identifying two statements from a compound statement containing the word “and”

Example:-

a) 3 is the square root of 9 and a factor of 18 3 is the square root of 9

3 is a factor of 18
b) Set {a,b,c} is not an empty set and has 3
elements
c)Cones and cylinders have curved surfaces

d)4 x 8 = 32 and 8 ÷ 4 = 2

e) 4 ∈{2,4,6} and 4 ∈{4,7,8}

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 Forming compound statements using the word “and”

Statement 1 Statement 2 Compound statement that

contains “and”
a) I have a book I have a pen I have a book and a pen
b)5+3=8 8 € {2,4,6,8}
c)4 is less than 7 6 is less than 7
d)20 is a multiple of 2 20 is a multiple of 4
e) 7- 10 = -3 √81 = 9

 The truth value of a compound statement that contains the word “and”
The word “and” gives an idea of “both”. For a compound statement statement that contains the word “and” to
be true, both statements must be true.

p q p and q
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) 42 ÷ 7 x 2= 12 and 12 is a multiple of 3 (True)

(b) 2 ∈ {2, 4, 6} and {2, 4, 6} ⊂ {2}

(c) 2m + 1 =5 and 5x +4x-4 =0 are quadratic equations
(d) -7 > -6 and 7 < 9 - 1
(e) 22 < 5 and 32 > 8

 Identifying two statements from a compound statement containing the word “or”
Example:-

a) There are 12 months or 52 weeks in a year There are 12 months in a year

There are 52 weeks in a year
b) 4 is a factor of 8 or a multiple of 2

c)0 ÷ 5 = 0 or 0 x 5 = 0

d)1/4 is equivalent to 2/8 or 5/20

e) A square has four equal sides or a rectangle

has two pairs of equal sides
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 Forming compound statements using the word “or”

Statement 1 Statement 2 Compound statement that

contains “or”
a) -5 > -6 -5 < -4 -5 > -6 or -5 < -4
b)50% = 0.45 50% = 0.5
c) A rectangle has 2 lines of A rhombus has 2 lines of
symmetry symmetry
d)16 is a perfect square 16 is an even number
e) I kg = 1000g 1/4 kg = 250 g

 The truth value of a compound statement that contains the word “or”

The word “or” gives an idea of “either”. For a compound statement statement that contains the word “or” to be
true, either one statement is true or both statements are true.

p q p or q
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False

Determine whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) 28x2y ÷ 7x + 1 = 4xy +1 or 12 is a factor of 6 (True)

(b) 4 ∈ {2, 4, 6} or {2, 4, 6} ∩ {2, 4, 6} = {2, 4, 6}

(c) 6 is a factor of 14 or a multiple of 12
(d) 6 + 6 – 7 = 7 or 8 x 10 = 80
(e) 15 is a multiple of 5 or 9

Action is the real measure of intelligence.

“Napoleon Hill”