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Comp Networks

A computer network allows computers to communicate and share resources. It can be classified by size as a local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), or wide area network (WAN). A LAN connects computers within a home or office building while a WAN spans a larger geographic area. Common network topologies include star, ring, and bus. LANs use client-server or peer-to-peer models to share files and hardware between connected devices.

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Yasser Parvez
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40 views

Comp Networks

A computer network allows computers to communicate and share resources. It can be classified by size as a local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), or wide area network (WAN). A LAN connects computers within a home or office building while a WAN spans a larger geographic area. Common network topologies include star, ring, and bus. LANs use client-server or peer-to-peer models to share files and hardware between connected devices.

Uploaded by

Yasser Parvez
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks
2

Computer Networks
• A computer network is a system for communicating
between two or more computers and associated devices. It
is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of
sharing information and resources.
• A popular example of a computer network is the internet,
which allows millions of users to share information
• Computer networks can be classified according to their
size:
– Local area network (LAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
– Wide area network (WAN)
– Personal area network (PAN)
3

Simple Data Communication Model

001101 LAN/MAN

Digital

Network Transceiver
Transceiver Computer Network

Digital

001101
4

Modes of Networks

 Client-Server Networking
 Peer to Peer Networking
5

Client - Server networking

 Server computer is a core component of the


network, providing a link to the resources necessary
to perform any task.
 A server computer provides a link to the resources
necessary to perform any task.
 The link it provides could be to a resource existing on
the server itself or a resource on a client computer.
 Client computers normally request and receive
information over the network client. Client computers
also depends primarily on the central server for
processing activities
6

Peer-to peer networking

 A peer-to-peer network is a network where the


computers act as both workstations and servers.
 great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
 In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every
computer is an equal, a peer in the network.
 Each machine can have resources that are shared
with any other machine.
 There is no assigned role for any particular device,
and each of the devices usually runs similar
software. Any device can and will send requests to
any other.
7

Local Area Network


• A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or
home
• LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,
and no more than a mile
• Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
• Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
• Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s
8

Local Area Networks (cont.)

 The main function of the LAN (local area network) is


to allow one PC to be used as a server to other
computers
 Designed and developed for communications and
resource sharing in a local work environment (room,
campus, building).
 Because sharing occurs:
 Cost decreases
 Computers have to coordinate the use of the network;
 Overall, LANs connect more computers than any
type of network.
9

LAN basics
 LAN’s can be either wired or wireless.
 Nodes in a LAN are linked together with a certain topology. These topologies
include:
 Bus
 Ring
 Star
 A node is defined to be any device connected to the network. This could be a
computer, a printer, a router, etc.
 A Hub is a networking device that connects multiple segments of the network
together
 A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the circuit board that has the networking logic
implemented, and provides a plug for the cable into the computer (unless
wireless).
 The Network Operating System (NOS) is the software (typically part of the
operating system kernel) that communicates with the NIC, and enables users to
share files and hardware and communicate with other computers. Examples of
NOS include: Windows XP, Windows NT, Sun Solaris, Linux, etc..
10

Network topology

 A topology is a way of “laying out” the


network. Topologies can be either
physical or logical.
 Physical topologies describe how the
cables are run.
 Logical topologies describe how the
network messages travel
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LAN Topologies

 Star
 Bus
 Ring
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Star Topology

 Connections are made from all connected machines to one central place,
called a hub.
 The hub: accepts messages from the sending computer, and sends data
to recipient.
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Star Topology (cont.)

 Pros:
 Some degree of fault tolerance: the
failure of any link does not affect the
other computers;
 Cons:
 Expensive (the hub is a dedicated
computer);
 If the hub fails, no connection is possible.
14

Ring Topology

 Messages in the network are passing from machine to machine.


 This gives controlled and stable data traffic in the network.
 No central control or configuration of the traffic.

RING
15

Ring Topology (cont.)

 Sending a message:
 There is a special message, called token;
 Exactly one token exists on the ring at any time which is
passed along the ring;
 To send data, a computer waits for the token to arrive, and
then transmits one message;
 The message is transmitted to the next computer, and
then to the next, until it arrives back to the sender.
 After the message is transmitted, the computer holding
the token, passes the token to the next computer in the
ring.
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Ring Topology (cont.)

 Pros:
 Requires less wire than star;
 Less expensive;
 Cons:
 If any cable is cut, the entire network is
disabled.
 May incur delays: A computer has to pass
the token even if it has more messages to
transmit and nobody else does.
17

Bus Topology

 Each unit is connected to a cable.


 Ex: Ethernet network; original transmission rate: 10 Megabits/s; now:
1000Megabit/s.

BUS
18

Bus Topology (cont.)

 Sending a message:
 The sender sends a message only when the cable is not
in use;
 The message propagates to both ends of the cable;
 The receiver process the message (all computers have to
check if they are the intended destination)
 Collisions:
 A collision occurs when two computers try to send in the
same time  garbled transmission;
 When a collision is detected; each computer have to wait
a randomly chosen time before retransmitting.
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Bus Topology (cont.)

 Pros:
 No delays when only one computer wants to
transmit;
 Cons:
 If the bus fails, no transmission possible.
 Limited number of communicating parties (the
bus < 500 m, >3m between two connections)
 Generally: each topology has adv. and
disadv.;
20

Network topology (cont.)


 Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies

Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.


Bus
Break in bus disables
entire network.

Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.


Star
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.

Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.


Ring
Very expensive.

Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.


Mesh
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
21

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

 Span a large geographic area, cross public


property;
 Scalable: allow many computers to send data
simultaneously;
 Often based on services provided by 3rd party
companies, like telephone networks, for
transmission from one node to another;
 Can be used to connect several LANs
together;
22

Transmitting messages across a WAN

 Store and forward technique:


 When a packet arrives at a switch:
 it is stored into its internal memory;
 the processor is informed of its arrival;
 The processor examines the packet and
 if the destination is idle, then the packet is
forwarded to the destination.
 Otherwise, it places the packet in a queue---it
will be sent when the destination is idle.
23

WAN (cont.)

 Pros:
 Scalable
 Many messages can be sent simultaneously;
 A message passes only through switches
 Fault tolerant: if a switch fails, another route can
be found;
 Cons:
 expensive
24

Advantages of networking

 Connectivity and Communication


 Data Sharing
 Hardware Sharing
 Internet Access Sharing
 Data Security and Management
 Performance Enhancement and
Balancing
 Entertainment
25

The Disadvantages (Costs) of


Networking

 Network Hardware, Software and Setup


Costs
 Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
 Undesirable Sharing
 Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
 Data Security Concerns

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