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ElSBN: 1-4018-1206-6 Copyright © 2003 by Delmar Learning, published

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unsigned char globey; void function_z (void) { unsigned tween=12; globey=47; main_loc=12; } void rnainO unsigned char main _loe ; globey=34; tween=12; int tween;

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unsigned char z;
void main(void) DDRB=Oxff; while(l) { z=PINA; PORTB=z+l; }

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#include <90s8535.h> unsigned char z; void main(void) { DDRB=Oxff; while(1) { z=PTNA&Ox6; POR TD=PORTB,Ox60; PORTB=PORTB&Oxfe;

I/register definition Ildeclare z

header file for an Atmcl A T90s8535

liset all bits of port B for output

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Ilport A pins ANDed with 00000110

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IId=d/a

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c"=5;

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Ilc=c exclusively OR-ed with 5

Ilwrite the current value on PORTe IIANDed

PROTC&=3;

with 3 back to port C. Forcing

flail of the bits except the lower 2 to 0 !Iand leaving the tower 2 bits unaffected

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{

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c;

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of program

\nil);

lIif c less than

,(int)c);
IJprint

I 00 then ...

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c's value each time through the loop

c is finished sit here ...

c++;
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Ilincrement

flindicate that the program

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• 18 •

tP:AA

C ~@l::j Atmel AVR

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void main(void) whilc(PlNA&Ox02)

Ilhangs here waiting while the second bit of port A is high

while(1)

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• 19·

void main(void) {

char
c=O;

c;

printfl:"Start do

of program \n");

printf("c=o/od\n" ,(int)c);

Ilprint c's value each time through the loop

//increment c lIif c is less than 100 repeat the operation Ilindicate that the program is finished IIsince 1 is always TRUE,then just sit here ...

c++;
}while(c<IOO); printft'End while(1) } ofprogram\n");

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rrm~-~f~ff:
#lnclllde <stdio.h> void main(void) char c=O; printf{"Start of program m"); llif c less than I 00 then ... for( c=O;c< I OO;c++) c;

printf("c=%d\n" printf{"End while(l)

,(int)c);

Ilprint c's value each time through the loop Ilc++ is executed before the loop returns to the top sit here ... lIindicate that the program is finished

of program\n");

Iisince 1 is always TRUE.thenjust

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• 21 •

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#include <stdio.h> void main(void) { char c; prinlf("Start of program \n");

.Ai\; c ~~!:j
foqc=O;c<lOO;c++)
{ if(c<:33) printt{"O<c<3 3 PO); else if((c>32)&&(c<66)) printf("33<c<66"); else printf("66<c<

Atmel AVR

Ilwhile c less than 100 then __ .

Iluse iflelse

to show the range of

Ilnumbers that c is in.

100");
I/print c's value each time Iithrough the loop

printf{"c=%d\n",(int)c);

printf("End while(l)

of programxn");

/Iindicate that the program

is finished

Iisince 1 is always TRUE, then just sit here ...

tt~o

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#include <90s8535.h> #define testport void main(void) {

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0

llregister

definition

file for an Atmel AT90s8S35

PORTA

unsigned char cnt,bit_ mask;

bit mask= 1·

Ilvariables

Iistart with lowest bit

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for( cnt=O; cnt<8 ;cnt+-l-) { lithe instructions if(test_prot else printf("Bit %d low .\n".(int)cnt);

&

bit_ mask) %d is high_\n".(int)cnt);

printf("Bit

• 23 •

bitjnask <<. =1;

II shift bit to be tested

while(l )

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• 24 •
statemente; default: statement7; statement8;

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#include <stdio.h> #include <90s8535.h> Ilregister definition header file for an Atmel AT90s8535

void main(void)
{ unsigned char c; while(l) { c=PINA & Oxf; switch(c) case '0'; Ilread the lower nibble of port A

case 't ':

case '2': case '3':

Ilyou can have mutiple casess I/for a set of statements.

printf("c is a number less than 4 \0");

break; case '5': break; default: printf("c is 4 or 5 is >5 \n"); } } Ilbreak to skip out of the loop II of just one is ok,

printfi" c is a 5 m");

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2 pJ; 3. }j~ ~

A .l; (j{J1H, miili~~{fL

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c is a number less than

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while ~:tt:tf'JJJi!tfII,

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1.7.6

break .. continue ~ goto

continue fll goto iitiUm

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#include

<stdio.h>

void maintvoid) { int c; while(l) { while(l) { if(c> 100)

break;
++c; printf("c=o/od\n" ,e); } c=O; } }

Ilthis will take us out of this while

Ilbolck ,clearing c ...

Jlclear c and then things will begin again. Ilprinting the values O~ lOO,O~ 100,etc ..

2. continue i8-i:3J

continue it ilf ~F¥.!IT tf!lit:i1t 11" -".. :(.x while, do/while !!X; for *iiJ T fJe;Ef. continue {E ~ iftiU .1l::fIlfijf1U ~~tT1JW ~ break If 8.~M ~l~jjlJtE ~ continue i~i[JIm MJ].!$7fMifJe ~, ji'jj break ~iV1G~:iHllittIf<>
#include <stdio.h>

void main(void)
{ int c; while( I) {

·26·
c=O;

*A7t c f1i1i!§

Atmel AVR

while(l)
{ if(c> 100)

continue; ++c; printft"c=%d\n" .c);

} }

Ilthis will cause the printing to stop when c>lOO,because Ilcontinue

the

will cause the rest of this loop to be skipped!!

Ilno code after the continue will be executed

~U17 i!tt~*iU.fll
3. goto ~1:i]

~*~~,cm~B~W*,
printf()it:t1iJ
0

.~100o~~,fi~~.~~,~~~~m~~8~R~~

.f~ ~ ftJ 1-t~fi fatE T 00.fll)§ 00. mit ~ijrr ~

I

~o*~m~*.~~~~~~ffI.~~*«~~~~~, #~ff~*~.~~~~~

A~

*- f;Jt Lj=IIlT iJ~ f-t!W.fll1¥fii:U" JJ, t~:tff~

identifier: statement:

~~

m Ij,~

goto

iB~!¥-J lW

goto identifier; identifier: statement

~1!f

goto identifier;

#include <stdio.h>
void main(void) {

int c,d; while(1)

{

start again:
c=O;

d= - I; while( I)
(

if(d=~)
goto start_ again; II(stuck? bail out !)

d=c; if(c> I00)

continue;

Iithis wi\! reinitiate this while loop

++c; printf'('c:%d\n",c); } }

lid will be checked to see if c is stuck

/!because c won't change(>IOO!!)

tE WrJ ~. c lDd 1JJ~ {t 1.:1 ::f ~ I¥J Ui if (d==c )itH=i] ID!~~ 3l::2: i¥.J iR • ,R ~ ~ ttl~ • ~ .I; t@: ttl.fi-itiiiJ d=c, tmJl c +T~T 100. fJ;r.,-fr c j,i:Lj 1 l¥Jit!fF. WtrtB c 'IA. 1!fn3£1t while 1fj~Q c lDd egiR~][ffi& I llflJ C 'lAAT IOOe § C ~T 101 aj. continue i~HtI~;rE"I~++c lDprint£() i~ii]. :tm:!il! if(d:;;;;=c)~., pij'IAttl~~1f goto i~1ij. ffF¥WttW¥~ start_again t;F~., !a:!il!1.:I-j§
0

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m*~~ml.m~~~~o~~~T-~~.i¥.J~~:

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4

mf.l:*

rr.(Lemon)~"f.1t(Cherry)

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1f*rt.~JI"tB~~
II II"Slot Machine" II _.- The Mini-Exercise
0

JJ'{§IJft~t:p7J"1[7

while,

do/while , for q,alflj._& if/else

£i!$Jifr~a<J1tm.

IlPhase 1....
#include <9058515 .h> #define xtal 4000000L #detine baud 9600 #include <stdio.h> I· processor specific infonnation*1

I*quartz crystal frequency

/"'Baud rate"'/

[Hz]./

,. this gets the printf'() definition 1/ Columns in the slot machine.

*1

II Global Variable Declarations .. char first.second.third;

iitA~ c ~f]1~
char seed; count; delay;

Atmel AVR

II Number to form a seed for random #s. II General purpose counter.

/I A variable

char
int

for delay time.

void main(void)
{ PORTA DORA DORB
= = =

OxFF;

// Initialize the 1/0 ports // port A all inputs II port B.I is an output (light)

OxOO:

OxOO;

DDRB =Ox02;

/1
11 II

Initialize the UART control register

R.X & TX enabled, 8 data bits UCR=OxI8;

initialize the UART's baud rate

UBRR""xtallI 6lbaud-l ;
while(l) { II do forever.. II Wait for a button and II let the counter roll over and

while(PINA.O)
seed++;

/1 over to form a seed.

first
= second

= third

seed; II preload the columns II mix up the numbers II while waiting for button release.

do
{ first third
1\""

seed» seed»3;

I;

II Exclusive

DRing in the moving seed

second== seed»2;
A=

II can really stir up the numbers. II keep rolling over the seed pattern

seed++; } while(PINA.O

= 0); II while the button

is pressed

for( count=Ojcount-cf

;count++)

Ilflash light when done ..

for( delay=O;deiay< IOOOO;delay++) Iljust count up and wait

PORTB.l =0; Iitum the LED on. fOr( delay==O;delay< 1OOOO;delay++) PDRTB.I=l; }

Iltum the LED

off..

first &=3; second &=3~ third &=3.

!/limit number to values from 0 to 3

• 29·
Ilshow values ..

printfl" ->%d. %d,%d, <-\n" .first ,second,third);

Iidetennine if«(first=3) printf{"Paid e1seif«(first=3) printf("Paid elseiflffirst=ssecond) printf("Paid else printf{"Paid } out:ZERO\n"); //Loser ... out:JACKPOT! 1\n"); a payout ..

&& (second=3) && (third=3»

IIThree "Cherries" 3»
IIOne "Cherry"

II (second=vS) JI (third
out:One Dime\n");

&& (second =s=thirdj) out.One Nicklexn");

IlThree ofa kind

1.8

~4t.
mB~m~*OO-#M.,~~~~~~$*~fflo~~m~~~.~X~~~~dMfi~
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.• M~~tt,

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-JJ±,lJIJ~ilDr
=

sleept) ;

Iithis function perform a I second delay Ilwith no parameters, in

Of

out

printf{"this

is a parameter

%d ",x); IlprintfwiH print its parameters

c=getchan);
Ilgetehar will return a value from the standard input

type function _ name(type ( statementl statement2; ;

param 1,type param2, ... )

lI*Ait
staternentx; }

tii~~

Atmel AVR

-1" -t f

PEl ¥j m % rtJ~:~rub[] fEr -t, f(IYJ ~

M; fF :tJ

fI}

- /hfEI ~ fA.tf I't:J

11p ¥*iE. f.i 00 ffi -5 (tt~ ~ ~:iE.~)[tij UiO if ~t~flA:ib

fEr.oo~m~.tim~~.oo~~~~,~~m,*Mmdn~~,&~:tJ~.whl~mo void ~~£-#fi~l¥J~m, Jij·f-maA~~9JG.~@Jtil:tJ~::k+(zero size) flJ~l¥Jlt1A~~A1~ Jiff t:), ~-1'"A :~Hr.J I! f( Il)HJfF : PF
0

unsigned char getchar(void) { while(UCSRA return UDR;

& Ox80)""""O) Ilwait for a character to arrive

Ilretum its unsigned char value to the caller

X f.i -5 f 111H ~.~c.~ ••m~~PEI~a~~~.M~~~m~m, ~~~W~.-~W~~~~f(Q

B:
f§1J 4=t,
getchart)
I

PEl l' ffli ~ ff fOJ ~ ti tr fA.17 ~ ~

*Ii1~

@J -

getchar()

1.8.1

Mi~~Jl i?i§~Hltq

~w~ffl~.~~.-ff,~~~~~f(~~~~~~~~~m~m~~~~M~~~ ~ ~~~: -~.M~~~~~~. ~-~~~ti~ml¥J~Jij~

~w.r¥-fH1Dr I¥Jm ~:
Iideclamtion

*~~f(~.~.-~*M~~~o~~~~~~~ffl&~.~~~m~m
of global variable would be first

•.

&~._

int varl,var2,var3;

Iideclaration

of functions would come next x.int y)

int functionl(jnt }

void function2(void) {

Ilmain would be built last

void main(void) {

var3=functionl (varl,var2); functionzt);

}

w~~w~~~~m~~oom~*~oo~~~.a
~JM~D

M.~rum~~~~.~M.~~~~~~~ili~BOO~~~M*.
,-

~&T~m~T.~

l:.iJlJ PI~ tm Jt:i£m~ : r"jj IT

int var I, varz, var3; Ildeclarat.ion of global variable

void main(void)
{

IImain

Ilthese functions are not yet known to the compiler

var3=function 1(var 1.var2);

functionzt); }

Ildeclaration offunctions here now generate a II"Function Redefined Error" int function 1(int x,int y)
{

void function2(void)
{ }

A~~m. T. ~l'Pmm/jtC~~~~lf:~£ttlflh~m ~ •• #~.Jt~~.ma.Mw~~~~~~~ft~D

J]Uffl:
lithe prototype of a function tells the compiler what to expect int functionl (int.int); void function2(void)j int vacl,var2.var3; void main(void)
{

,@_o

~.~~~5tmT~~~~~~~

tAiliW~iitfl mainOmB

'tJiJijffl i¥J

Ildeclaration of global variable

llmain

var3=functlon 1(Vat I.var2); functionzr);

} lithe declaration of functions here is perfectly OK,since lithe format of the function are presented in the prototypes int functionl(int x.int y) { }

• 32·
void function2(void) {

{b;Aj\

c iillll=;i

Atmel AVR

W!2J. R~fF Lj-r ftffl:iZ Jlli &: ;tt 9:1filename.h ~ i:'!--;g- 7 [:$ ~ ~ ()<J ~ 19. ~ ~J X 1tt- Htr jjf 00 -T!--f it fflT printf() 8EJ ~, ~ 1JIJ 1*~ • -*:!Jr.tf jJJJ!l1:: F IW, {S B 001*~ a fk x 14 stdio.h t:p :is: 1$ PI1~~~ffft! PI~ a ~ff!¥J Jf !J..1:!1 115 ~
include<fitename.ht=ijl-til.
0 j 0

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0

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~I.
0

X#.~~HM.~~~~~Q.~$~~~m~At:p~fiT~~a
1.8.2
fi§~~

@Jill

~*~.£~T~~~~~~**Me*~~@m.~~o~~¥re~rn ffl~~~~@m*m~~.~ili~~o ~*~4~ww~ru~~, wm~~~.~~~m. a~@]m~]~ru tr:Jm~ void

~*$M~T,
int z; l/globaJ variable

void sun( int x.int y) z=x+y; }

lIz is modified

by the function .sumt)

~.

return

~$t£~.IflEr'~*~o

:tmJJ!~ return

$::fr void i'8~ IF

f7~!m:

void sum(int x, int y)

return ;

Iithis would return nothing ..

Iland this would be skipped

z=x+y;

~ ~UE:r-t EJI.J mWT ~~ float. 3f Jj"

float ( cube

@iiJ#J1t~fFtr:J~tr*tl:H~~~ffl~ff, return ffliiJFo~$*~4l;tA.rr 1l11:~ffi.I¥J~~~~ void. return *frJtE.~f_~~fFilBl±l*PJI~i3.@]f~iMIm~ ~9~

return
Q

return Et<J:;fi ~ return

(float v )

i!1, !j a PEl. pH1J3 y::r m~ ~ thJiB1. float $:~~7 :It~__t ~

~ ~ mA:&XIT:It ~ .L ~ -F Hff IY~ It~ ~

return

return (v*v*v);

Iithis return a type float value

ffi~~~~m~~~~~*~~~-.*,
void main(void) {

~:tmft~W()<J.m~ff~o

float a; b=3.14159; a=cube(b); printf("a=%f,b=%f\n", while(J) } a, b); Ilput PI into b

Ilpass b to the cubed function ,and

Ilassigrt its return value to a Ilprint the result Iidone

~t

a ~M{j[j;J fBI!!: cube(b)l¥Jjg@lie:~

a=31.006198,b=3.14159

#:i ~PPr:

1.8.3 JiV=l~f&

m~~.~.m~~.*M~~~o~d.~~~~~h~C~~~*~-OOD§~m~~.~ .• Wm~B~~.~.~~n~~n2~$, ~~m.~~hl~-~.m~~~m ~~~@o.*~~.~ffl .•~.milifl~~*reo~~~~.mm~mA. ~~~noow fflmmff~~~*re~hl, OO~~~~~~o

-~.~~~~~~~~*~*o~~:
:

ff ~ ..t ~ 3R ~ 1 li~ 7F
#include <stdio.h> int fact(int n) { jf{n=O) return 1; else

n!=n*(n-l)*(n-2) ..*2*1

n!=n*(n-l)!'

J3fT12J,Ui{7J\~!I~(t:rfifftmr:

Ilifn is zero .return a one, Ildefmition of factorial

by

return(n *fact(n - I»; } void main(void) int n; n=fact(5)~

Ilotherwise

,call myself with n - 1 until n=O, then

I/return n*tbe result to the call to myself

Ilcompute

5! .recursively

WAA

C tlij;f!i:loj Atmel AVR

primf("5 !=o/..d\n" .n):

Ilprint the result Iidone.

while(J)

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~ ~!~

fact01Bt~~

n if.!Iffl Bj.

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a

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a

Mfi4='

ffl

JljEru~. ~ a-wrwtl4='1115:
(passed parameter) address
Total

int n return

2 bytes
2 bytes

return value

2 bytes
6 bytes, per recursion .minimum

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0

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0

II
II

"Slot Machine"-The Mini-Exercise

1/
1/ Phase 2..

#include <90s8515.h> #define xta14000000L #define baud 9600 #joclude <stdio.h>

/* processor

specific information *1

/* quartz crystal frequency [Hz} +/

If< Baud rate • /

1+ this gets the printf() definition "';

/1 Global Variable Declarations .. char char first.second.third; seed; count;

1/ Columns in the slot machine.

tt Number

to

form a seed for random #s.

char
int

1/ General purpose counter.

1/ A variable for delay time.

delay;

#define JACKPOT #define DIME #define NICKEL #define ZERO void flash { for(count { for(delay PORTB.l
=

I#. this defines give different

payouts */

2
I

/'" names in order to make the code more

*1

1* readable to humans ·1

o
n)
/I flash the lights a number

Iightsfchar

of times

0; count «: n; count++)

/I flash light when done ..

0; delay < 100000; delay++)

1/ just count up and wait II turn the LED on ..

= 0;

for( delay= PORTB.l } } int get_payout(void) {

0; delay < 10000; delay++)

=

1;

II tum the LED off..

if((first = 3) && (second = 3) && (third = 3» return JACKPOT; else if(first else if(first else return ZERO; 1/ otherwise - you lose .. return DIME;
=

II if all "cherries" ..
= 3»)

= 3) U (second = 3) II (third

II if any are "cherries" .. /I if three are alike. of any kind ..

second) && (second = third»

return NICKEL;

void main(void) { int i; PORTA = OxFF; II declare a local variable for temporary II Initialize the 1/0 ports II port A all inputs use ..

DDRA=OxOOj DDRB
=

OxOO;

II port B.l is an output (light)

DDRB =Ox02; II 1/ /I Initialize the UART control register RX & TX enabled. 8 data bits UCR~x18; initialize the UART's baud rate UBRR=xtaIl16!baud-l;

~A:tt c ~~q
whlle(1) { while(PINA.O) seed++; 1/ do forever ..

Atmel AVR

II Wait for a button and /1 let the counter roll over and II over to form a seed.

flrst = second = third do first third

seed; // preload the columns

1/ mix up the numbers

II while waiting for button release.

"= seed»
A=

I;

1/ Exclusive ORing in the moving seed

II can really stir up the numbers.

second== seed»2; seedcc-J; seed++; } while(PINA.O flash _lights(S)~ first third &= 3;

II keep rolling over the seed pattern = 0); 1/ while the button is pressed
/1 flash the lights 5 limes .. II limit number to values from 0 to 3

second &=- 3;

&>= 3; JI show the values ..

prin t f(" - > 0/1><1. o/o.d , o/od < - \0", firest, second, thi rd); II determine a payout ..

i = get_payout();
switch(i) { case ZERO: printt{"Paid break; out: ZERO\n"); II now print the payout results

case

NICKEL: printft'Pald out: One Nicklein");

break;
case DIME: printf("Paid break; JACKPOT: printf("Paid break; out: JACKPOT!!\n"); out: One Dirne\n");

Case

} }

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1/ p is a pointer to a character II fp is a pointer to an integer

*fp;

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char .p ; char a, b; p=&a ;

IIp is a pointer to a character II a and b are characters II P is now pointing to a

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b=.p;

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lib equals the contents pointed to by p

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{§!l:t111 ;
char *p;

b=.a,

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lip is a pointer to a charater Iia and b are charaters

char a.b;
p=&aj

"'p=b;

lithe location pointed to by p .is assigned the value ofb

W*A~

c iJij;ffi!:~

Atmel AVR

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Fiji!kAEjl~ £ EtJw=~:
b=p ; p=a ; /I b will be assigned a value of p, an address. not what p points to.

1/ P will assigned the value of a, not its address.

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~ 'J I/tQ §
faj

ffir!.

*I¥J~ .I¥J¥~ ~.. mit~ftUJ DJ**~j>~/J\JC.;i&~H~HEBf!~

~
OxlOlO.
unsigned char >l:out_port out_port=OxlOlO; ·out_port=Oxaa;

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ildedare out_port Ilassign out_port as a pointer

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D) rmfJt

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TIM • if]1f --1'- 8

with the address value address a value

Ilnow assign out_port's

tE*Hft~~ EBout_port m rOJ ~JttB:tJl:_M-mjg !¥Jf1i -MI~~ A HfiI:H:l1hhl OxlOlO 'flo

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int "'pi; int "'*p2;

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a

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Ilpl is a pointer to an integer IIp2 is a pointer .to a pointer to an integer IIp3 is a pointer .to a pointer, lito an integer to a pointer

int

>I:"p3;

int iJ; pl=&i; p2=&pi; p3:&p2; Ilpl is assigned that address ofi IIp2 is now pointing to the pointer to i IIp3 is pointing to the pointer that is pointingtoi Iitherefor, Ilj is assigned the value pointed to by the value Ilpointed to by the value pointed to by p3

j=i;

Ilanyquestion??

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int *ptr;

long *lptl";

ptr=ptr+l;

I/move the pointer to the next integer 11(2 bytes away)

lptr=lptr+I ;

IImove the pointer to the next long integer 11(4 bytes away)

10 lptr =* B<J ~:::f [riJ ~

ptr

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-lptr;

Ilmove the pointer

1/(-4 bytes)

to

the preceding long integer location

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char c;
char *p; c="'p++;

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void swap2(int

jg @] ~

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c f:i~_bj

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ta=temp;
}

Iinow set the value of location a to the Ilvalue of temp

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int digits] I0]; char str[20] ;

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int array[Sj= {12, 15. 27, 56, 94};

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array[O]=12.

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printf("Hello World!"): const cstr[16J ="Constant String";

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char *p;

p=stng;

II P is pointing to stng[O]

p=&stng[O]; lip is pointing to stng[O]

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#include <stdio.h> const char s [15]"'" {" This is a test"} :

char i; char *p;

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void main(void) { for(i=O;i<15ji++) putchar(s[i]); p=s; for(i=O;i<15;i++) putchart "p++ ) while(1) }

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int two_d[51[IO];

two_d[O][O] , two_d[O][I], two_d[l][O] two_d[3}[OJ. ,two_d[1][1] two_d[3}(1), two dC2]{Ol , two_d[2][I] two_d[4J[OJ ,two_d[4J(IJ

two_d[O][2]. • two_d[1J[2J. , two_d[2J[2] two_d(3]{2]. ,

two_d[O][9] two_d[I][9J.

two_d{2][9], 1wo_d[3][9] two_d[4][9] ,

,two~dI4][2] ,

int matrix[3][4]=={O, 1,

2,3,

4.5,

6, 7,

8, 9, io, 11 };

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#include <stdio.h>

#define #define

TRUE ) ; FALSE 0; "'row ,char ·col) routine gets the key press and

char getkeycode(char

lithe getkeycode

llreturn TRUE if a key is pressed ,FALSE if not 1*look up table for ASCII values.' constchar keys[4][3]={ 'I', '2', '3', '4'. '5', '6', '7', '8', '9'. void main(void) { char row, col; char i; while(1) ( i=getkeycode(&row,&col); Ilwhile forever .... '.' , '0' '#'}'

..

IffRUE,ifthere if(i=TRUE)

was a key pressed

Iland row and col contain which key Iionly print the key value that is pressed putchar(keys[ } } row] [colj);

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char day ~of_the_ week[7J[1 O]={ "Sunday". "Monday", "Tuesday". "Wednesday". "Thursday". "Friday", "Saturday"} ;

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printf("%s",&day_ofthe_

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week[3]{O]); J/prints Wednesday

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printf("%s",day_of _the_week[3J);

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type function_name (type paraml ,type paramz, .. ,) statement I;

statementz;

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(·fp)O;

Ilexecute the function pointed to by fp

#include <stdio.h> void do_start_task(void)

{

printf("start seJected\n"); } void do_stop_task(void) { printf("stop selcctedvn");

void do~up_task(void)

{ printf("up selectedin");

J
void do_down_task(void) { printf("down } void do _lefl_ task(void) selected\n");

t
printf(" left selectedvn"); ) void do _right_ tasktvoid) { printf("right selected\n");

void (*stack_list[6])(void)={ do _ start _ task; do_stop_task; do_up_task; do _ clown _ task; do_left_task; do _right_task; }; void main(void) {

II*an array of pointers to functions */

int rune_number;
void('" fp )(void); while(l) { printf("\n

I*fp is a pointer

to a function'v

select a function l-6:");

_ number); (fune _ nurnber<7») - I];
to fp./

scanf{"%d".&func

if((func _number>O)&&

{
fp=task_Hst[func_numher (*fp)O;

1* assign the function address

} }

I*and call the selected function=z

·46·

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Atmel AVR

am~~n$.~~m~.¥. &~mmm~~.~~.*1 w.~~~m.~o

II II "Slot Machine" -- The Mini-Exercise Phase 3 ..

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II

#include <90s8515.h> #define xtaI4000000L #define baud 9600 #include <stdio.h>

1* processor specific information 1*

quartz crystal "'/ the printf() frequency

.1
[Hz] */

1+ Saud rate

1*

this gets

definition

*/

/1 Global Variable Declarations ..

char char char first.second.third; seed; count; delay; 3 2 1 0 BELL, LEMON,

II Columns in the slot machine. II Number

10 form a seed for random

#s

1/ General purpose counter. II A variable for delay time.

int

#define JACKPOT #define DIME #define NICKEL #define ZERO enum {BAR,

1* this defines give different payouts *1 1* names in order to make the code more *1
/* readable to humans s/

CHERRY};

II the values for each kind

char

kind{4] [7] "'BAR", "BELL", "LEMON", "CHERRY"

II

for kinds of names.,

}; void flash_lights(char ( fortcount (

=

n) 0;

II

flash the lights a number of times count++) II flash light when done ..

count « n;

for(delay

= 0;

delay < 10000; II

delay++) just count up and wait delay++)

POR TB.l = 0; for(delay = 0; PORTS. I "" I; }

II tum the LED on .. delay < 10000;

II tum the LEO of I..

·47·
} int get_payout { if(flrst (void)

= CHERRY)

&&

(second ~

CHERRY)

&&

third ~

CHERRY»

return JACKPOT; else if(first else if(first else return ZERO;

= CHERRY)

II if all

"cherries" ..

II
&&

(second

= CHERRY

~I(third = CHERRY»

return DIME; return NICKEL;

II

if any are

"cherries" .. of any kind ..

== second)

(second == third»)

II if three are alike, II otherwise - you lose ..

void main(void) (

int i;

/1 declare a local variable for 1/ temporary use .. II

Initialize the 110 ports (light)

PORT A = OxFF;

DDRA=OxOO; DDRB = OxOO; DORB = Ox02;

II Initialize the UART control register 8 data bits baud rate

II port A all inputs II port B.I is an output

II RX & TX enabled, UCR=OxI8;

II initiaJize the UARTs

UBRR=xta1l16Ibaud·l; while(l) ( while(PINA.O) seed+s-;

II do forever .. II Wait for a button and

II let the counter

roll over and

."

1/ over to form a seed.

first = second = third do { first third
1\.,.

= seed;

II preload the columns /I mix up the numbers /I while waiting for button release.

seed»l; seed»3;

II Exclusive

ORing in the moving seed

second== seed»2;
I\=.

1/ can really stir up the numbers.

1/ keep rolling over the seed pattern

seed++; } whHe(PINA.O flash lights(5); first &= 3;

= 0);
II

II while the button is pressed

flash the lights 5 times ..

1/

limit number to values from 0 to 3

second &=3;

• 48·
third &= 3;

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c tj¥-E!:i

Atmel AVR

II show the values., // 1/ printf(".> "/0$, %s. %s <-\n" • kindjfirst], kind[second],

BY NAME!!

simply change the %d to %5 the 2D array kind[] to printf{)

1/ and pass the pointer to the string from

kindjthirdj);

II determine a payout.. i = gerpayouuj; switchti) ( case

/1 now print the payout results

ZERO;
prlntff'Paid out: ZERO\n");

break;

case
break; case break; case break; } }

NICKEL:
printfl"Paid out: One Nickehn");

DIME:
printf("Paid out: One Dime\n");

JACKPOT:

printff 'Paid out:

JACKPOT!!\n

lt

);

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struct DATE int day; int year; }

int month;

Iideclare a template for a Iidate structure

Iideclare a structure variable and initialize struct DATE date _ of_ birth=] 2.21.1961};

it

date _ of _ birth.month=2; date _ of _ birth.day=21; date _ of_ birth.year= 1961;

tmr:

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struct LOCA nON int x; int y; I/this is the location coordinates x and y

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~;
struct P ART {

~AA
char part_name[20}; long int sku;

t1ii~!:i

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II a string for the part name Iia bin;

sku number for the part

struct LOCACTION
}widget;

Ilits location in the warehouse

x_location=widget.bin.x; y~Iocation=widget.bin.y;

II the x coordinate of the bin of the widget

lithe y coordinate of the bin of the widget

widget.bin.x=l wldget.bin.y=Zs;

O;

lithe x coordinate lithe y coordinate

of the bin of the widget of the bin of the widget

struct PART newIocationtlnt

{ struct PART temp;

x, int y)

temp.part name=" ";

temp.sku=O; temp.bin.x=x; temp.bin.y=y; return temp; }

//initialized

the name to NULL

y

Iland zero the sku number

/lset the location to the passed x an

Iland then return the structure to the caller

'E~:iS@]~;Ml

ft! sku,

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widget=new _location( 10, 10);

t6*~. part_name
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struct PART { char part_name[20]; long int sku; struct LOCACTION } widget(lOO]; bin; /I a string for the part name Ila sku number for the part

Ilits location in the warehouse

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lithe y coordinate

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l!the name of widget 12

widget [12] .part_name[O]; lithe first character in the name of widget 12

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struct DATE int month; int day; int year; } struct DATE birthdates[3]={ {

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2,21,1961, 8.8, 1974, 7, 11, 1997 };

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struct LOCATION int x; lnt y; Iithis is the location coordinates x and y {

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widget

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struet PART { char part_name[20]; long int sku; struct LOCACTION }; bin; II a string for the part name Iia sku number for the part Ilits location in the warehouse

struct PART, ·this_widget;

Iideclare a structure and a pointer to a structure

this_ widget=&widget; Ilassign the pointer the address of a structure

this_ widge1->sku=1234;

(*this_ widgetr.sku=

1234;

G§ AI this_widget

& widget

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union union_tag_name type member _I; type member_2; type member_x; };

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#include <delay.h> #include <90s85IS.h> void main(void) { unsigned whHe(I) { port _ w=PINA; port_w «""8; port_w ~=PINB; int port _ w;

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II register definition header file for a Atmel AT90S8535

Ilget port A into the 16 bit value

IIshift it up ... IInow combine in port B

*AA c ~~1:i
printf(" 1 6-bits=%d04x\n" }

Atmel AVR

.port , w); I/put the combined value out to lithe standard output

~ffl~ffl~~~~n~m~~~~#~~~~
#include #include <delay.h> <90s8515.h>

liregister definition header file for an Atmel AT90s8535

void main(void)
Iideclare the two types of data in lIa union to occupy the same space ... union ( unsigned char port_b[2];

unsigned int port , w;

}value; while{l) ( value.portb[O]=PINA; vaJue.portb[O]=PINB;

Ilget port A II get port B

lithe union eliminates the need II to combine the data manually printfi" 16-bits=%d04x\n" .port, w);
} Ilput the combined value out to

1.10.5
j(

typedef @.f.1

c *i§3tr.fB~rt1fi~M~
0

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lithe standard output

typedefiE.~

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typedefunsigned

char byte;

typedef unsigned int word;

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byte ~ word

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int

char

~~1O

unsigned int

~M~~.

byte varl;
word var2;

Iithis is the same as an unsigned char

Ilthis is the same as an unsigned

typedef struct { char name120];

char age;
'int home_room~number;

}student;

·55· student student Bob; Sally;

t

Iithese allocate memory in the form of II a structure of type student

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0 0

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bit running;

lithe compiler allocate a single bit of IIstorage for this flag .. lithe only two possibilities for value are 1 and 0

running=l ; running ...O; if(running)

lIthe value can be tested as well as assigned

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struct structure _ tag_ name {

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unsigned int bit_2:1;

unsigned int bit _1 :1; unsigned int bit_2:1; unsigned int bit_l5: 1; }struct_ Val' _ name;

unsigned intbit_15:1; };

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unsigned tnt unsigned int unsigned int }machine;

running: 1; stoped: I; counter: 4;

machine.stopped=I
machine.running=O;

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machine.counter++;

Ilthis is 4-bit value,so 0-15 are allowed

• 56 ~

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typedef struct bit~O:J; bitL}; bit_2:1; bit_3:1; bit_ 4:1; bit_5:1; hit_6:1; bit_7:I~

[bits;

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1.10.7

sizeof

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id _number;

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/lx=24+2 for the character _ width" array _length=4 string plus the integer characters
If 3'" 2=24

Ilx=lOO Elements*(24
Ilx= I 00·(24+2)=2600!!

+sizeoftintj)

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integer _ constant=1234+5; =99L;

flash long long_int_constant2=OxlOOOOOOO;

int

integer_array

I []={ 1.2,3 };

Iffhe first two elements will be I and 2 ,the rest will be O. flash int integer ~ array2[] = {1,2};

·58·
flash int multidim_array[2,31={

ittA~

c iJiiW!.] Atmel

AVR

{1 ,2,3 },{4,5,6}};

flash char string_ constant 1[]=,,"This is a string constant";

const char string_constant2[J="This is also a string constant"; flash

struct {

int a;

char b[3],c[3]; }sf=={ {OxOOOa}. {Oxb 1,Oxb2,Oxb3}. {OKC 1,Oxc2,Oxc3} };

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I*pointer to a string that is located in EEPROM *1 char *ptr_to_eeprom="This string is placed in EEPROM";

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register int abc:

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I"'Define the Special Function sfrb PINA""Ox19; Registers(SFR)*' 118-bi1 access to the SFR input port A

*AA
sfrb sfrb TeNT I L=Ox2c; TCNTl H=Ox2d;

C :!'#9~l..j

Atmel AVR

118-bit access to the lower part of timer;

118-bit access to the upper part of timer;

1116-bit access to the timenunslgned

sfrw

TCNTI =Ox2c;

int)

void main(void) unsigned char a;

a=PINA; TCNT! =Oxll11;

while(1)

IIRead PORTA input pins

IlWrite to TCNTIL

& TCNTlH

registers

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n=~*

sfrb sfrb sfrb

PORTA=Oxlb; DDRA=Ox 18; PINA=Ox 19;

void main(void)
DDRAO=l; DDRA.l""O;

Iiset bit 0 of Port A as output Iiset bit 1 of Port A as input 11se1 bit 0 of Port A to a 1

PORTAO=I;
while(1 )

if(P]NAl)
PORTA. 0=0;

Iltest bit I input of Port A

imlit.

sfrb

~n sfrw ~.~-fiL-r~If:-:Jf~$7T1fffl#include

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III/O registers definitions sfrb ACSR=8; sfrb UBRR:.9; sfrb UCR=Oxa; for the AT90S8515

~H~~

~J.
sfrb USR~Oxb; sfrb UDR=Oxc; sfrb SPCR=Oxd; sfrb SPSR=()xe; sfrb SPDR=Qxf; sfrb PIND=Ox 10; sfrb DDRD=Ox 11 ; sfrb PORTD=Ox12; sfrb PINC""Ox13; sfrb DDRC=Ox14; sfrb PORTC=OxI5; sfrb PINB=Ox16; sfrb DDRB=OxI7; sfrb PORTB=Ox18 sfrb PINA=0x19; sfrb DDRA=Qxla; sfrb PORTA=Oxlb; sfrb EECR=Oxlc; sfrb EEDR=Oxldj sfrb EEARL=Ox 1e; sfrb EEARH=Oxlf; sfrb EEAR=Ox1e; sfrb WDTCR =Ox2] ; sfrb ICRIL=Ox24; sfrb ICRIH=0x25; sfrb ICRl=0x24; sfrb OCRIBL=Ox28~ sfrb OCRIBH=Ox29; sfrb OCRIB~x28; sfrb OCR 1AL=Ox2a; sfrb OCR} AH"'Ox2b; sfrb OCRIA=Ox2a; sfrb TCNTlL=Ox2c; sfrb TCNTIH=Ox2d; sfrb TCNT1 =Ox2c~ sfrb TCCRIB=Ox2e; sfrb TCCRIA=Qx2f; sfrb TCNTO=Ox32; sfrb TCNRO=Qx3 3;

.AAC$1f~it-

• 61 •

1116 bit access

1116 bit access

1116 bit access

1116 bit access

1116 bit access

• 62·
sfrb MCUSR=Ox34; sfrb MCUCR=Ox35;
sfrb TIFR=Ox38; sfrb TIMSK=0x39; sfrb GIFR=Ox3a; sfrb FIMSK=Ox3b; sfrb SPL=Ox3d; sfrb SPH=Ox3e;

~Ai\

C #;lii@ 5j Atmel AVR

sfrb SREG=Ox3f;

IIInterrupt

vectors definitions

#define EXT _INTO 2

#define EXT_INTI

#define TIM I CAPT 4 #define TIMI_COMPA 5

#define TMl_ COMPB 6

#define TIM1_OVF 7

#define T1MO~OVF 8 #define SPI STC 9 #define UART_RXC #define UART_DRE 10 11

#define UART TXC 12

#define UART_COMP 13

1.12

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#define TIMI_CAPT

#define 11Ml COtvlPA 13 #define TIMI COMPB 14

#define TIM I OVF I 5 #define TIMO COtvIP 16 #define TIMO OVF 17 #define SPI STC 18 #define USARTO_RXC 19

#define USARTO ~ DRE 20 #define USARTO_TXC #define ADC_INT 22 #define EE RDY 23 #defme ANA _ COMP 24 #define TIMI COMPC 25 21

#definc TIM3 _ CAPT 26 #define TIM3_COMPA 27

#define TIM3 _ COMPB 28 #define TIM3 COMPC 29

#define TlM3 _ OVF 30

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11110 register definitions #include <90s8515 .h> for the AT90S85 I 5

Ilquartz crystal frequency [Hz]

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TIMERI

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#includt: <90t>8515.h:> #include #define #define # defi nc #define #define #define #define #define #define char time_left; int current_ state; char flash_toggle; II This enumeration <delay.h> EW _RED _LITE PORTB.O EW -YEL LITEPORTB.I EW_GRN_LITE NS _ RED
_ LITE

I· definitions

to actual outputs

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I'" used to control the lights

*/

PORTB.2 PORTB.3 PORTS.S PINA.O PINA.l

NS _ YEL _ LITE PQR TBA NS_GRN_LlTE PED_XING_EW PED_XING~NS

;* pedestrian crossing push button "'I

I'" pedestrian crossing push button */
1* switch input for 4- Way Stop'" I

FOUR _ WAY _STOP PINA.3

II time in seconds spent in each state

1/ current state of the lights

II toggle used for FLASHER state

creates a simple way to add states to the machine generate an integer value for each name making the code easier to maintain. EW_WARNING, NS_MOVING, NS_WARNING. FLASHER};

1/ by name.

Enumerations

II automatically,

enum {EW_MOVING,

1/ The actual state machine is here ..

void Do _ Statesfvold) { switch( current_ state) { case EW MOVING: EW _GRN_LITE NS_GRN_LITE NS_RED _LITE EW_RED_LITE EW _ YEL_LITE NS_ YEL_LITE

II east-west has the green!!

= I;

= 0;
=

I;

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has the redl!

0;

= 0;
= 0;

if(PED _XING_EW

II FOUR_
10)

WAY _STOP)

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} if(time_left != 0) II count down the time

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break; case EW WARNING: EW_GRN_LITE= NS_GRN_LITE NS_RED_LlTE EW _RED_LITE EW _ VEL_LITE NS_YEL_LITE
= =

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0;
OJ I; II north-south has the red .. If and east-west has the yellow

= 0;
I; = 0;
='

itltime_left
{ return;

!= 0)

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--time left:

.
II return to main /I time expired. /I so ..

if(FOUR_ WAY _STOP) current_state

=

if 4-way requested then start

II the flasher

FLASHER;

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/I otherwise ..

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time expired, to the next state

move

case

NS MOVING:
EW_GRN_LITE::; NS_GRN_LITE= NS_RED_LITE EW_RED_LITE EW_YEL_LITE 0; 1;
= 0;

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1;

= 0;

NS _YEL_LITE = 0;
if(PED_XlNG_NS { /I

II FOUR_WAY_STOP)

if a pedestrian wishes to cross.or a 4-way stop is required ..

=

if{time left> 10)

time_left } 10; II shorten the time II count down the time

itl.time left

1= 0)

=time Jeft;
return;

II

return to main

II time expired. time_Jeft

break; case NS_ WARNING: EW_GRN_LITE NS_GRN_LlTE NS RED_LITE EW~RED_LITE EW _ YEL_LITE NS_YEL_LITE

so .. time expired, move

= 5;
=

II give 5 seconds to WARNING

NS _WARNING;

current_ state

II

1/ to the next state = 0;

= O. = OJ
= = =

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has the yellow ..

1; 0; II and east-west has the red..

1;

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{

!= 0)

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-time_left;
return; II return to main

}
iftFOUR_ WAY _STOP) current_state else

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so ..

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= FLASHER;

time_left

current
} break; case FLASHER:

= 30; state = E W _ MOVING;

II give 30 seconds to MOVING

II time expired.
II to the next state

move

EW _ GRN_LITE NS_GRN_LITE EW_ YEL _ LITE NS_YEL_LITE flash_toggle if(flash_togglc { ~

= 0; = 0;
= 0; = 0;
1; &. 1)

II all yellow and

/I green lites off

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NS_RED~LIlE= EW_RED_LITE

1;

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= 0;

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NS_RED_LITE EW_RED_LITE

= 0;
=
I;

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II

if no longer a 4-way stop

= EW _ WARNJNG;
II then return to normal

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void maine void) DDRB""OxFF; DDRA=OxOO; II portb all out II porta all in

current jstate ~ NS_ WARNING; while(l) ( delay ms(1000);

II initialize to a good starting I! state (as safe as poss ib le)

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this time could

it knows to do next

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#inclode <90s8S35.h>
interrupt [EXT_INTO) { PORTA = PORTA "-Oxl; } void main(void) void ext_intO_isr(void)

litoggle the LSB of port A

DDRA=OxOl; GIMSK"" MCUCR= Ox40; Ox02;

liport A LSB set for output Iiset the INTO bit to enable external interrupt 0
Ilset the ISCOl to activate on a falling edge

#asm("sei") while (I)

lIenable the gJobaJ interrupt enabJe bit

lido nothing - the interrupt does it all }

~iJ~~J¥*tlm :9~tfflcplfi *~u.:iitt?± Port A 1: 0 nrl¥J LED n- 4ij~it~:tE INTO ~IHtPI¥J 0 #(mlBpl~·*Bt.art A 1: 0 1fL1¥! LED $t~~It9* ~ 002-6 f8'ili 7 ~~J¥;ffiS(flH!{ifiittlll~ P
0

RESET
)(TAI.2

~AOC7)PA1

(AD06)PA:I!
(ADC4)1111.4

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(ADC3)""3 (A.C1C2)1'A2
(ADC1)PA1

AREF

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(SCK)P87

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IAW1)Pm (Tl)PB1 {TD)P80

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PC4

F'C5

PC3 PC2 1'(:1 !'CO (ICP)PDII (OCIAjPOli

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interrupt

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RET 2e

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[EXT_INTO] ~

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GIMSK

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