32 Harvard Referencing 2003

Note: this handout is only an introduction to the

Harvard referencing system. Curtin uses a modified Why Reference?
version of the author-date system presented in:
Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to
Snooks & Co. (rev). 2002, Style manual: For verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up
authors, editors and printers, 6th ed. John Wiley & and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.
Sons Australia, n.p.
(available in the Robertson Library Reference Collection at [3]
R808.027 STY and at most other Curtin libraries) Steps Involved in Referencing
For referencing electronic sources, refer to the
1. Note down the full bibliographic details including
American Psychological Association’s Publication
the page number(s) from which the information is
manual:
taken.
American Psychological Association, 2002,
In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers
Publication manual of the American Psychological
to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition,
Association, 5th edn. APA, Washington, DC.
(available in the Robertson Library Reference Collection at [3]
volume number, place of publication and publisher
R808.06615 PUB and at most other Curtin libraries) as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not
all of these details will necessarily be applicable).
Note: APA style is used as the model for
electronic sources as the Style manual does not In the case of a journal article the details required
cover this area fully. include: author of the article, year of publication, title
of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue
The information and examples contained in this number of the journal, and page numbers.
handout are chiefly derived from the above
publications. For all electronic information, in addition to the
above you should note the date that you accessed
It is very important that you check your department’s the information, and database name or web address
or school’s assignment guide as some details, such (URL).
as punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this
sheet. You may be penalised for not conforming to 2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within
your school’s requirements. the text of the document (see examples below).

3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document

What is Referencing? (see examples below).

Referencing is a standardised method of

acknowledging sources of information and ideas that In-Text Citations
you have used in your assignment in a way that
uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, When citing references within the text of an
facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from assignment, use only the name of the author,
both published and unpublished works must be followed by the year of publication. In general, page
referenced. numbers should be included in all in-text citations, as
many schools insist on this practice:
There are many acceptable forms of referencing.
This information sheet provides a brief guide to the The theory was first propounded in 1993
Harvard referencing style. Within the text of the (Hamilton 1994, p. 58)
assignment the author’s name is given first, followed OR
by the publication date. A reference list at the end of The theory was first propounded by Hamilton
the assignment contains the full details of all the in- (1994, p. 58).
text citations.
When referring to two or more texts by different
authors, separate them with a semicolon (;):
 In The entrepreneur’s guide to the law (1999, p.
(Larsen 2000, p. 82; Malinowski 1999, p. 19). 14) it is claimed that this was not the case before
1995.
Page numbers are compulsory for quotations:

Larsen (1971, pp. 245-6) noted that “many of the Secondary sources
facts in this case are incorrect”. Secondary sources refer to the work of one author
OR being cited in another author’s work. It is preferable
“Many of the facts in this case are incorrect” to consult the original source and cite that. However,
(Larsen 1971, pp. 245-6). if it is necessary to refer to the secondary source,
provide both authors’ names. For example:
Multiple authors
If there are two or three authors on the title page, cite Ngu (cited in Larson 1991, p. 51) reported…
the names in the order in which they appear and OR
place an ampersand (&) between them: (Ngu, cited in Larson 1991, p. 51)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics & Australian In this case, only Larson is included in the references
Institute of Health and Welfare 1997, p. 4) list. The bibliographic details for Ngu do not need to
be included in the text or in the reference list.
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995, pp. 67-68)
Videorecordings
If there are more than three authors, the in-text In the in-text reference include the title (in italics) and
citation only shows the name of the first, followed by date of production:
‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’). For example, a work
by Malinowski, Larsen, Ngu and Fairweather is cited Strictly ballroom (1992)…
as follows:
(Understanding the GNP 1982)
(Malinowski et al. 1999, p. 69)
OR Personal communication and e-mail
Malinowski et al. (1999, p. 69) have found… This category includes letters, memos, conversations
and personal e-mail for which an in-text citation is
More than one work by the same author still required. For electronic discussion lists, see the
If published in different years: section below. Do not include these in your reference
list as they cannot be traced by the reader. Be sure
(Public Land Use Commission 1996, p. 37; 1997, to obtain permission first!
p. 82)
OR When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S. Savieri
The Public Land Use Commission (1996, p. 37; confirmed…
1997, p.82) reported on… OR
It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred
If the same author has published two or more works in Shepparton (S. Savieri 1999, pers. comm., 24
in the same year, then they are distinguished by April).
attaching a lower-case letter of the alphabet to the
publication date. The order is determined by the See p. 199 in the Style manual for more information.
alphabetical order of the titles, ignoring words
such as ‘the’, ‘an’ and ‘a’. For example: Websites
A statement specific to an individual document or
In ‘Cold water around the Antarctic’ (Dewhirst page requires that you follow the author/date
1986a, p. 19) there is a discussion of… conventions presented in this guide and provide a
record in your list of references.
‘Hot air over the Himalayas’ (Dewhirst 1986b, p.
3) outlines a similar phenomenon… In order to cite an entire website in-text, give the
address in brackets.
No author
When a work has no author (including legal Metacrawler (http://www.metacrawler.com) is a
materials) or if the author is anonymous, the in-text meta search tool used for conducting basic
citation consists of the first few words of the title, searches and quickly locating documents on the
followed by the year and page number. Do not use World Wide Web.
Anon or Anonymous. Italicise the title:
When your statement does not refer to any specific
This was apparently not the case before about page or part of that site (as in the above example),
1995 (The entrepreneur’s guide to the law 1999, an entry in your list of references will not be required.
p. 14).

Page 2 Semester One 2003

© Curtin University of Technology
 Article or chapter in a book (no author)
How to Create a Reference List List the chapter or article by title. For example:

A reference list only includes books, articles etc that ‘Solving the Y2K problem’ 1997, in D. Bowd (ed),
are cited in the text. A list which consists of relevant Technology today and tomorrow, Van Nostrand
sources that are not cited in the text is called a Reinhold, New York, p. 27.
bibliography.
Journal articles
The reference list is arranged alphabetically by
author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its Bibliographic details are arranged in the sequence:
title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography Author of journal article
alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Year of publication
Article title
The Harvard style requires the second and Title of journal
subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as Volume
shown in the examples below, to highlight the Issue number
alphabetical order. Article pages
If electronic: ‘Retrieved’ statement, giving the
Books month, day, year, and then the name of the
database or the URL.
Bibliographic details are arranged in this sequence:
Author/editor(s) For journal titles, capitalise every significant word.
Year of publication
Title of book Print journal article
Edition of book Wharton, N. 1996, ‘Health and safety in outdoor
Publisher activity centres’, Journal of Adventure Education
Place of publication and Outdoor Leadership, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 8-9.
For books, only capitalise the first word of the title. Print journal article (no author) – enter under the
article title. Note that it has no issue number.
Book with a single author
Comfort, A. 1997, A good age, Mitchell Beazley, ‘Anorexia nervosa’ 1969, British Medical Journal,
London. vol. 1, pp. 529-530.

Book with 2 or 3 authors/editors Electronic journal article

Madden, R. & Hogan, T. 1997, The definition of The rules for citing electronic journal articles are the
disability in Australia: moving towards national same as for print; simply add a ‘Retrieved’ statement,
consistency, Australian Institute of Health and in this format:
Welfare, Canberra.
Retrieved: month day, year, from database name.
Book with more than 3 authors/editors
Include all of the authors in the reference list in the Full text from an electronic database
order they appear on the title page. Madden, G. 2002, ‘Internet economics and policy:
Leeder, S.R., Dobson, A.J., Gibberd, R.W. & Patel, an Australian perspective’, Economic Record, vol.
N.K. 1996, The Australian film industry, Dominion 78, no. 242, pp. 343-358. Retrieved: October 16,
Press, Adelaide. 2002, from ABI/Inform database.

Full text from a CD-ROM (BPO)

Chapter in a book
La Rosa, S.M. 1992, ‘Marketing slays the
Bibliographic details are arranged in this sequence: downsizing dragon’, Information Today, vol. 9, no.
Author of article/chapter 3, pp. 58-59. Retrieved: October 16, 2002, from
Year of publication UMI Business Periodicals Ondisc, CD-ROM.
Chapter or article title Full text from the Internet (not from a scholarly
Editor(s) of book electronic database)
Title of book (first word only capitalised) Sopensky, E. 2002, ‘Ice rink becomes hot
Publisher business’, Austin Business Journal, October 11,
Place of publication 2002. Retrieved: October 16, 2002, from
Article or chapter page numbers http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/
Article or chapter in a book 10/14/smallb1.html
Blaxter, M. 1976, ‘Social class and health Article from Curtin E-Reserve
inequalities,’ in C. Carter & J. Peel (eds), Davidhizar, R. & Dowd, S.B. 1997, ‘The art of
Equalities and inequalities in health, Academic giving an effective presentation’, Health Care
Press, London, pp. 120-135. Supervisor, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 25-31. Retrieved:

Page 3 Semester One 2003

© Curtin University of Technology
 October 16, 2002, from Curtin University Library Date of broadcast (if applicable)
and Information Service E-Reserve.
Any special information which may be relevant may
Government and Parliamentary publications be noted after the citation. For example:

Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992, videorecording,

Act of Parliament
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney.
Most Acts have a short formal title that can be used
Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
for citation purposes. The first time you cite the Act,
give this short formal title, in italics, exactly and in For more examples, see the Style manual p. 229.
full. In subsequent references give the title in roman
type and omit the date. For example: ERIC document (microfiche)
Davis, R.K., & Lombardi, T.P. 1996, ‘The quality of
The Environmental Protection (Impact of life of rural high school special education
Proposals) Act 1974… [later referred to as] the graduates’, in Rural goals 2000: Building
Environmental Protection (Impact of Proposals) programs that work. ERIC Document No.
Act… ED394765, microfiche.
Specify the jurisdiction either in the text (eg Victoria’s As microfiche documents don’t change, there is no
Equal Opportunity Act 1995 prohibits…) or place an need to include an access date.
abbreviation of the jurisdiction in brackets after the
date. See the Style manual pp. 224-226 for more E-mail discussion list
information. Remember, if this is a personal communication, you
only need to reference it in-text. See the personal
Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin communication section above.
Print copy of the bulletin:
From an archive on the Web:
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability,
ageing and carers: summary of findings, cat. no. Little, L. 2002, ‘Two new policy briefs’, ECPOLICY
4430.0, ABS, Canberra. discussion list, 16 April. Retrieved: November 13,
2002, from http://www.askeric.org/Virtual
Note: when the author and publisher are the same Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/
(as is often the case with government publications), Msg00003.html.
you can abbreviate the organisation in the publisher
section of the reference. In the above example, From a list without a web archive, add the email
‘Australian Bureau of Statistics’ becomes ‘ABS’. address:
From AusStats: Berkowitz, P. 1995, ‘Sussy’s gravestone’, Mark
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1999, Disability, Twain Forum, discussion list, April 3. Retrieved:
ageing and carers: summary of findings, cat. no. April 3, 1995, from [email protected].
4430.0. Retrieved October 14, 2002, from
AusStats database. The title of the message comes from the subject line.

Census information World Wide Web

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Census of
population and housing: B01 selected As far as possible, direct the reader to the exact
characteristics (First release processing), postal source of the information. Be sure to get the URL
area 6050. Retrieved November 20, 2002, from (web address) correct – try copying and pasting from
AusStats database. your browser into your word processing program to
avoid making typographical errors.
Government reports
Resource Assessment Commission 1991, Forest World Wide Web page
and timber inquiry: draft report, vol. 1, Australian Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K. & Grey-Smith, S.
Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 2002, ‘S’ Trek 6: Referencing, not plagiarism.
Retrieved: October 31, 2002, from http://
More examples are in the Style manual, p. 223. lisweb.curtin.edu.au/guides/studytrekk/strek6.html

World Wide Web page (no author)

Audiovisual materials Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons 2001.
Retrieved: November 13, 2002, from http://
In the reference list, provide the: www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/.
Title
Date of recording World Wide Web page (no date)
Format Curtin University of Technology, (n.d.). Retrieved:
Publisher October 16, 2002, from http://www.curtin.edu.au.
Place of recording and
Page 4 Semester One 2003
© Curtin University of Technology