Fundamentals

of
Teleprotection
Systems

Power Systems Communication

Teleprotection - Introduction

• What is it ?
-> Tele-Communication + Protection - Signalling
• Where is it used ?
-> Mainly at the higher and highest voltage levels
• Why is it used ?
-> Clearance of faults within the shortest possible time

Power Systems Communication

TPS Standards and Publications

IEC standards:
IEC 60834-1 Teleprotection equipment of power systems - Performance and testing
Part 1: Narrow-band systems (First edition, 1988)
Part 1: Command systems (Second edition, 1999)
IEC 60834-2 Performance and testing of teleprotection equipment of power systems
Part 2: Analogue comparison systems (First Edition 1993)

CIGRE publications:
"Teleprotection Guide", Study Committees 34 + 35, Joint Working Group on
Teleprotection, 1969;
Revised Version "Protection Systems Using Telecommunication", 1985
Revised Version "Protection Using Telecommunications", 2000 (in preparation)

Power Systems Communication

Protection System Architecture
Substation A Substation B
HV-line

Tele- Tele-
Protecti Physic Protecti
protecti protecti
on al on
on on
Relay Link Relay
Equipm Equipm
Telecommunication
ent System ent
Teleprotection System

Protection System

Power Systems Communication

Protection Signal Transmission

Type of Information:
• Continuous signals
• Magnitude and/or phase of power frequency currents

• Command type signals (on/off)

• Trip / do not trip

Power Systems Communication

Protection Systems
Protection system based on:

Local Information Information from all points

Signal-transmission Signal-transmission
not required required

Not selective Selective

with time delay No time delay

conditionally selective

Power Systems Communication

Signal Transmission for Line Protection

Quantitative (analogue) Binary (yes / no)

Information Information

commands

Amplitude command = command =

and/or Blocking Permission of / direct
Phase of breaker tripping breaker tripping

SIGNAL TRANSMISSION SIGNAL TRANSMISSION

IS IS
ESSENTIAL SUPPLEMENTARY

Power Systems Communication

Distance Protection
Typical stepped distance/time characteristics
Operating Time

ZONE 3

TA3
ZONE 2

A B TB2 C
ZONE 1 TA2
RA RB RC
TA1 TB1

Distance

A, B, C Stations
RA,RB, RC Protection Relay
TA1 , TA2, TA3 Operating Times, Relay A
TB1 , TB2, TB3 Operating Times, Relay B

Power Systems Communication

Distance Line Protection
Permissive Underreach Transferred Tripping (PUTT)
B LBC C
F

BC1
RBC
RCB
CB1

L
NSD NSD

B, C Substations F Line fault

LBC Protected line section
RBC ,RCB Protection relay L Communication channel
BC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

Power Systems Communication

Distance Line Protection
Permissive Overreach Transferred Tripping (POTT)
B LBC C
F

BC1
RBC
CB1
RCB

L
NSD NSD

B, C Substations F Line fault

LBC Protected line section
RBC ,RCB Protection relay L Communication channel
BC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 130% of line section (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

Power Systems Communication

Distance Line Protection
Direct Transfer Tripping (DTT)
B LBC C
F

BC1
RBC
CB1
RCB

L
NSD NSD

B, C Substations F Line fault

LBC Protected line section
RBC ,RCB Protection relay L Communication channel
BC1, CB1 Zone 1 reach, 85% of line section (PLC, Microwave, Cable)

Power Systems Communication

Transformer Protection
Example for direct tripping

NSD 70C

B
P Pilot cable
P L
L HV Transmission Line
C or -Cable

NSD 70C

Power Systems Communication

Distance Line Protection
Blocking
B LBC C F

RBC
BCe BCi

CBi

RCB CBe

L
NSD NSD

B, C Substations F Line fault

LBC Protected line section L Communication channel
RBC ,RCB Protection relay (PLC, Microwave, Cable)
BCi, CBi Zone 1 reach, 130% in direction of the protected line section
BCe, CBe Range of protection relay in direction of busbars

Power Systems Communication

Teleprotection command transmission

Command
input (local)

Transmission Disturbance,
time Impairments

Command
output (remote)

Genuine Missing Unwanted

Command Command Command

Dependability Security

Power Systems Communication

Telecommunication Channel Impairments

 Impairments resulting from interference and noise

• Isolater / breaker operation
• 50/60 Hz harmonics (pilot cables)
• Corona noise (PLC channels)
• Fading (microwave channels)
• Jitter (digital networks)
• Temporary loss of synchronism (digital networks)
• Signal interruptions
• etc.
 Disturbed signals may cause protection equipment to
maloperate

Power Systems Communication

Performance Criteria for Teleprotection

Transmission Security
Time (Probability of
unwanted command)

Dependability Bandwidth or
(Probability Data Rate
of missing
command)

Optimization / Exchange according to application

Power Systems Communication

Line Protection
Possible Signal Connections Between two Distance Relays

Designation Short description Typical distance Requirements for trans-

relay setting (%) mission channel as regards
Step 1
Speed Security Dependability

1 Permissive underreach Starting of distance relay 85 M-H M-H H

transferred tripping permits tripping
2 Permissive overreach Directional comparison 130 H M H
transferred tripping (signal permits tripping)
3 Permissive underreach Carrier acceleration 85 (130*) H L-M H
transferred acceleration by extension of step (*)
4 Blocking (direct overreach, Blocking signals are transmitted 130 S L H
transferred blocking) over healthy lines
5 Blocking Signal inhibits step extension (*) 85 (130*) H-S L M

6 Unblocking Loss of guard signal permits 130 H M M

tripping for limited time only
7 Direct underreach Status of relay at receiving end 85 M-H S H
transferred tripping not taken into account

L = Low M = Medium H = High S = Very severe requirements

Power Systems Communication

Total Fault-Clearance-Time
• Time delay between fault occurrence and line tripping
• The fault-clearance time results from:
• Relay-time (fault detection) TREL
• Command transmission time TAC
• Switching delay of line breaker TBR
• Typical values:
TTotal = TREL + TAC + TBR
75 ms = 20 ms + 15 ms + 40 ms

• Target: TTotal = less than 100 ms, Worst Case

= 4.5 to 5 cycles max. (50 Hz)

Power Systems Communication

Typical requirements for different applications

• Line protection with permissive transfer tripping:

• Transmission time T0 = 10 ... 20 ms
• Dependability Plost command ≤ 10-2 ... 10-3
• Security Pfalse command ≤ 10-3 ... 10-4

• Line protection with blocking system:

• Transmission time T0 = 6 ... 15 ms
• Dependability Plost command ≤ 10-3
• Security Pfalse command ≤ 10-2

• Direct transfer tripping (e.g. transformer protection):

• Transmission time T0 = 20 ... 50 ms
• Dependability Plost command ≤ 10-3 ... 10-4
• Security Pfalse command ≤ 10-5 ... 10-6

Power Systems Communication

Command Systems, Typical Figures
Blocking Analog systems Digital systems
• short transmission time Tac < 15 ms < 10 ms
• moderate security Puc < 1E-2 < 1E-6
• high dependability Pmc < 1E-3 < 1E-3

Permissive tripping
• moderate transmission time Tac < 20 ms < 10 ms
• moderate to high security Puc < 1E-3 ....1E-4 < 1E-6
• moderate to high dependability Pmc < 1E-2 ....1E-3 < 1E-3

Direct tripping
• moderate transmission time Tac < 40 ms < 10 ms
• very high security Puc < 1E-5 .... 1E-6 < 1E-9
• very high dependability Pmc < 1E-3 < 1E-3

Power Systems Communication

Teleprotection Equipment Command Systems
NSD 50 / NSD550
• Plug in unit for multi-purpose Power Line Carrier type ETL
NSD 70, NSD 70C
• for analog bearers
• cables
• speech channels of analog and digital links
• power line carrier channels

NSD 70D
• for digital bearers
• digital multiplexers
• digital radio, fibre optic links
• with plug-in fibre optic line unit for dedicated fibres

Power Systems Communication

Digital Networks

High capacity = large number of channels

Basic channel capacity = 64 kbit/s
PDH (Plesiochronous digital hierarchy)
• Multiplexing into 2 Mbit/s ( 30 channels)
8 Mbit/s (120 channels)
etc. ( ..... channels)

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

• Multiplexing of n * 64 kbit/s or n * 2 Mbit/s into 155 Mbit/s etc.
Cross-connect functionality
Radio or optical fibre links

Power Systems Communication

800 kV redundant Line Protection (with NSD 50 and NSD 70)

Breaker Transducers
HV transmission line
PUTT Permissive underreach
tripping
PUTT A NSD 70 indirect
LINE POTT1 B NSD Coupling
PROT POTT2 C 50 POTT 1 Permissive overreach
I ETL PLC
RM91 D tripping
81 I
RE93 NSD 70 indirect
A NSD
B 70
POTT 2 Permissive overreach
BFP tripping
NSD 50 indirect

RM 91 Directional comp. prot.

NSD 70 indirect
from
generator GSD
RE 93 Earth fault protection
A NSD 50 indirect
B NSD
PUTT C 50
ETL PLC BFP Breaker fail protection
LINE POTT1 D
81 II NSD 50 direct
PROT POTT2
II RM91 A NSD
RE93 B 70
GSD Generator protection
NSD 50 direct

Power Systems Communication

 Teleprotection
Equipment
NSD70, NSD70C,
NSD70D

Power Systems Communication

11.02.2002
Communication channels for teleprotection
Audio Frequency Communication Audio Frequency
modulated signal channel modulated signal

Radio Link

Protection Protection
PLC PLC
Commands NSD70, ETL Power Line ETL
NSD70, Commands
NSD70C, NSD70C,
NSD70D NSD70D
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Optical Fibre Port 2
Port 3
Port 4 Port 4
Port 5 Port 5
Port 6 Port 6

Private Cable
Leased PTT Line
(e.g. AF Cable)

Power Systems Communication

Operating Principle NSD 70 / 70C (mode 1)
Guard Test Command A

One
uncoded
Command A
Frequency

Guard Command B
Command A Test Command A&B
Two
uncoded
Commands
A, B
Frequency

Power Systems Communication

NSD 70 / 70C

Power Systems Communication

NSD70, NSD72, NSD70C
NSD 70
• single tone guard / single tone command(s)
• for 1 or 2 commands
• 1 or 2 NSD 70 in 1 subrack
NSD 72 ( = 2 x NSD 70)
• dual tone guard / dual tone command(s)
• for 1 or 2 commands
• 1 NSD 72 in 1 subrack
NSD 70C
• single tone guard / dual tone command(s)
• 1 NSD 70C in 1 subrack with 1 to 4 commands
• 2 NSD 70C in 1 subrack with 1 to 3 commands each

Power Systems Communication

Transformer Protection
Example for direct tripping

NSD 70C

B
P Pilot cable
P L
L HV Transmission Line
C or -Cable

NSD 70C

Power Systems Communication

NSD 70D

Power Systems Communication

NSD 70D for Digital Channels
 NSD 70 hardware platform
 Complete set of line interfaces
• electrical (conforming to CCITT and EIA standards)
• fibreoptic transceiver
 1 to 6 commands with common guard code
 Subrack accommodates 1 or 2 NSD 70D
• 1 NSD 70D with up to 6 commands
• 2 NSD 70D with up to 3 commands each
 Addressing facility
 Remote alarm message transfer

Power Systems Communication

Digital Channels for NSD70D

D ig ita l r a d io
MUX
6 com m ands N S D 70D
6 4 k b /s
- C C IT T G .7 0 3
- X .2 1 /V .1 1 MUX
- R S 422A O p tic a l fib r e s
- R S 449
- R S 530

Teleprotection Digital telecommunication system

equipment

Power Systems Communication

NSD70D over Dedicated Optical Fibres

N SD 70D NSD 70D

1 to 6 E E 1 to 6
O O
p r o t e c t io n E E p r o te c t io n
com m ands O O
com m ands

optical fibres

Notes:
- Operates on multi-mode fibres up to 18 km
- Operates on single-mode fibres up to 35 km

Power Systems Communication

NSD 70D in FoxNet
OPGW

Note: The 6 commands

of NSD 70D
use only one 64 kbit
channel in FOX

FOX-U
NSD 70D (FOX 20)
FOX 6Plus
1 to 6 E O
protection O E
E O
commands O E
optical fibres up to
speech,
data (120 km with FOX 20)
etc. 30 km with FOX 6Plus
120 km with FOX-U

Power Systems Communication

Digital Cross-Connect Networks

Network -
Management

Network management
activities may have a
detrimental impact on a
Digital network
protection system, unless
adequate precautions are Digital Cross-Connect
taken Protection terminal

Power Systems Communication

Digital Cross-Connect Precautions

Restricted authorisation for re-routing

Increasing Security

Inhibit auto-rerouting (possibility of excessive delay)

Use (tele)protection equipment with addressing facility
Use dedicated channels for protection signalling which
are non-cross-connectable
Use dedicated links for protection signalling

Power Systems Communication