UNIT II

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS

 Water bodies
 Pools
 Fountains
 cascades
 Plants
 Rocks
 Paving
 Lighting
 Water bodies
WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Elements of Visual Design

The particular characters of

• Line
• Form
• Color
• Texture &
• Sound

INTERIOR
LANDSCAPING
LANDSCAPING
ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
Line: Water bodies
The character of line formed by the Water Land Interface has a major impact upon the
images water evokes in the mind of the beholder.
Soft textured line – unbridled nature

Controlled Sinuous Line – Controlled

or Symbolic Nature

Angular Line – confers Energy

The edge can be obscured with aquatic plants

for a sense of mystery or can be crisp and
decisively bulk-headed leaving little to
imagination.

Water surface can also be expressed as a line for Rhythmic silhouette

example:

Influence of wind creating Rhythmic Horizontal Lines

on the water surface.

Water falling over the edge creates Series Of

Vertical Lines forming a striated veil. Water as vertical line in rhythmic pattern
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Form: Water bodies

The form of the water feature can be to

• Accentuate The Flow Of Water

• Convey A Sense Of Centrality
• A Sense Of Arrival

The form can be simple and uniform to convey a

more unified sense

The form can be a complex combination of differing

characters, thereby bringing together disparate
elements.
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Water bodies
Colour:
Good quality water is relatively clear.
Takes on the colour imparted by reflections carried upon its surface, and also the colour
of the container.

White and Mirrored Container:

Express transparency and hence creates an illusion of shallowness.

Light Blue Container:

Impart clarity, cleanliness and purity of water.

Dark Blue & Black Container:

Maximize reflections and hence create illusion of shadowy depth.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Water bodies
Texture:
Texture into flowing water can be brought
about by turbulence. Constriction to water
flow or protrusion into flowing water causes
turbulence.
Overlap produces
The Surface of moving water is determined horizontal frothy
by depth and flow characteristics and by Smooth surface rhythm
the shape and texture of its containers. yields glassy
sheet flow
Thinner the layer of water becomes, even a
minor difference in container alignment can
cause surface texture.

Horizontal ribs Stair steps create

Sensual Quality: create agitated myriad of droplets,
frothy surface each reflecting light
A sensual quality of the space, enrichment
can result from consistency of character source.
and meaning or from counterpoint. When a thin sheet of water moves down a vertical
surface, minor ripples in the surface can impart
interesting textures and aeration to the water.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Water bodies
WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Cascades & Waterfalls

Naturalized Cascade

Cast pools & Waterfalls

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Water bodies
WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Cascades & Waterfalls

Step Related Cascade

Fountain & Cascade

Falling water is animated and produces

musical sound.
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 Water bodies
WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT

Fountains & Jets

Pedestals, Jets & Basins

Inlets can be designed to bring

Wall Fountains the desired effect.
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Water bodies
WATER as DESIGN ELELMENT
A quiet reflecting basin of any size
Pools
or shape can be constructed of
varied materials as
Metal, Concrete, Brick, Granite
sets or Wood.
Pool as reflecting basin:

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Plant Materials
PLANT as DESIGN ELELMENT

Elements of Visual Design

The particular characters of

• Line
• Form
• Color
• Texture &
• Plant Masses

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVING

INTRODUCTION :

Pavements are generally classified by their intended use within a particular landscape
or design context.
Pavement types and structural characteristics are modified by application loading i.e.

• Heavy,
• Medium, Or
• Light Duty

Other criteria to be considered are:

• Sub-grade bearing capacity,

• climate,
• installation, and
• maintenance costs.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVING

INTRODUCTION :

Paving includes the movement of

• Pedestrian And
• Vehicular Pavements

This is typically encountered indoor open spaces or outdoor spaces in

• Residential,
• Urban,
• Institutional,
• Commercial and
• Site Planning Applications.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVEMENT COMPOSITION: PAVING

Pavements are layered composite structures designed to bear pedestrian and

vehicular circulation loads, while providing an even well-drained surface .

The structural layers of pavement commonly consist of a

• prepared sub-grade,
• an aggregate base, and
• a wearing or surface layer.

Sub-grade:
The sub-grade is the soil layer beneath the pavement which bears
• the design load,
• receives infiltration water, and
• is subject to ground water infusion

It may consist of existing site subsoil at the bottom plane of a grading cut, or a controlled
structural fill, placed in compacted lifts. In either event, it is commonly referred to as
"prepared subgrade,"

In most circumstances, the sub-grade is sloped parallel to the finished pavement surface
to insure proper drainage .
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVING

Aggregate Base & Sub-base:

The base layer consists of a graded aggregate foundation that transfers the pavement
load to the sub-grade in a controlled radiating manner.

Light duty pavements typically require a single layer of sand or stone dust to serve
both as a setting bed, as well as a structural base.

Heavy-duty pavements or weak sub-grades, usually require an additional layer of

base material, called a ‘Sub-base’, which also consists of a clean but coarser-graded
aggregate layer.

Both aggregate base and sub-base typically extend beyond the pavement edge to
provide lateral support, and to prevent uneven sub-grade loading .

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Flexible Paving PAVING

Flexible unit pavement

applications may range from:

• Cobblestone Service
Roads To
• Light-duty Flagstone
Garden Patios,

Flexible unit paving typically

require edge restraints to
prevent lateral creeping over
time.

These pavements by virtue of

their butt joint construction are
porous to semi-porous

Paving Detail –
Subjected to Light Load
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Paving Detail – Subjected to Light Load PAVING

With dimensions

196mm x 196mm x 85mm concrete

pavers with 15mm nub spaces

15mm space filled with 5mm dia stone

25 mm thk, 5mm dia stone setting bed

150 mm thk, Dense grade Agg. Base

Prepared Sub-base

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Paving Detail – Subjected to Light Load PAVING

With dimensions

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Rigid Paving PAVING

Rigid monolithic pavements are

typically constructed as cast-in-
place reinforced concrete
slabs .

Rigid unit pavements require unit

pavers to be mortared or glued
to a reinforced concrete base .

Paving Detail –
Subjected to Heavy Load

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Paving Detail – In Clay Soil PAVING

Typical Paving Detail

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 PAVING

Private Garden Pavement

Pavements can function from small and modest scale to perform in heavy duty
application circumstances.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVING

Roof Garden Pavement

Pavements in this case must be light weight and durable due to extremely variable
conditions.

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 PAVING

Public Plaza Pavement

Pavements are typically subjected to medium to heavy duty loads due to dense
pedestrian traffic, service and emergency vehicle access and large scale mechanical
maintenance practices

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 PAVING

Townscape Pavement

Pavements may range from light to heavy duty based upon particular vehicular loading,
but are generally rated as light to medium duty.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVING

Load bearing capacity:

Heavy, medium, and light duty applications generally refer to the type of vehicular and
pedestrian traffic which a pavement must accommodate .

Durability:
Pavement design must accommodate sustained pavement loading as well as
maintenance methods and natural weathering effects .

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVING

Safety:
Compiling to the safety standards regarding to
• Texture,
• Joinery,
• Slope,
• Drainage, And
• Associated Site Furnishings
• Pavement Color And
• Pavement Finish are also constrained by reflectivity, glare, and permeability
as they relate to climate setting

Aesthetics:
Patterns and textures should be considered in scale with the larger design to avoid
inappropriate complexity or blandness. Paving patterns can be achieved with a
combination of both flexible and rigid paving systems.
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVING

Climate:
Hot & Humid:
• Drainage is critical to prevent build-up of mosses and algae, and to account for
intense periods of precipitation .
• Light colors are often used to avoid heat absorption .
• Stable temperatures provide for a wide variety of materials.

Hot & Arid:

• A wide variety of materials are available in this climate zone .
• Materials are typically light in color to avoid heat absorption, and may include
glazed tiles porous finishes due to low humidity and relatively stable temperature
ranges .
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVING

Climate:
Temperate:
• Darker colors are typical to absorb radiant solar energy.
• Heavy snow regions must account for abrasive clearing practices .
• Mortared unit pavers require heavy maintenance in extensive applications .

Cold:
• Cold areas require similar treatments as the temperate zone, but with more
restrictions.
• Flexible pavements are preferred over rigid and mortared unit pavers .

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA PAVING

Materials used in paving:

• Brick Masonry Paving
• Tile Paver Pattern
• Textured Concrete Pattern
• Stone Sett Pattern
• Stone Pavers
• Concrete Paver Patterns
Brick Masonry Pattern PAVING

• Stake Bond
• Quarter Running Bond
• Running Bond
• Basket Weave Bond & Variation
• Herringbone Bond
• Running Bond Stacked
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Tile Paver Pattern PAVING

• Concentric Circles
• Hexagonal
• Various size patterns
• Square grid

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Textured Concrete Pattern PAVING

• Square grid
• Hexagon
• Hexagon Variation
• Cobblestone
• Fish-scale
• River Rock

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Stone Sett Pattern PAVING

• Running Bond
• Stacked Bond
• Square Grid
• Concentric Circle
• Random Mixed Pattern
• Wood Setts

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Stone Pavers PAVING

• Irregular (Fitted)
• Semi Regular
• Random Rectangular
• Rectangular (Limited
Size)

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Concrete Paver Pattern PAVING

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Types of Paving Materials: PAVING

In-Situ Paving
Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

• Easy to Install • Joints are required

• Several finishes colours and • Could be aesthetically
textures are available unappealing
• Durable surface • Disintegrate if not installed
Concrete properly
• Long life time
• Is reflective in nature hence
• Low maintenance
cause glare
• Adaptable to curvilinear form
• Due to settling can cause
• Low heat absorbency cracks.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Types of Paving Materials: PAVING
In-situ Paving
Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

• Can be porous • Edges are to be supported

• Dust free surface • Can soften in warm weather
• Durable surface • Soluble in gasoline and other
petroleum solvents
Asphalt • Long life time
• Susceptible to freeze if water
• Low maintenance
penetrates into the base
• Adaptable to curvilinear form
• Can be porous
• Water repellent

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Types of Paving Materials: PAVING
Unit Paving
Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

Brick • Non glare surface • High installation cost

• Non skid surface • Difficult to clean
• Wide colour range • Freezing causes
disintegration
• Good scale
• Susceptible to different
• Easily repaired
settlement

Tile • Polished indoor and outdoor • High installation cost

surface
• Suitable in mild climates only

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Types of Paving Materials: PAVING
Unit Paving
Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

Adobe Brick • Fast and easy installation • Edges tend to crumble

• Rich colour and texture • Store heat
• Long life is ensured if base • Dusty
contains asphaltic stabilizer.
• Suitable in warm and non-
humid condition
• Fragile and requires level
foundation

Flagstone • Very durable if properly • High installation cost

installed
• Suitable in mild climates only
• Natural weathering qualities

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Types of Paving Materials: PAVING
Unit Paving
Paving Material Advantages Dis-advantages

Granite • Hard and Dense • Difficult to work with

• Durable under extreme • Chemical weathering
conditions
• Relatively expensive
• Supports heavy traffic
• Polished surfaces are easy to
clean
Limestone • Easy to work with • Susceptible to chemical
• Rich colour and texture weathering

Sandstone • Easy to work with • Susceptible to chemical

• Durable weathering

Slate • Durable • Relatively expensive

• Slow to weather • Can be slippery when wet
• Range of colour

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Maintenance: PAVING

The actual cost of a pavement must factor in the annual maintenance cost .

Often, a higher initial installation cost may result in a lower annual maintenance
expenditure.

Additionally, the service life of a less expensive installation may be short, requiring
replacement in 8-10 months.

It is prudent to invest in proper site preparation and aggregate base installation, due
to their critical role in maintaining finish surface integrity.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Maintenance: PAVING

Annual maintenance for pavements typically requires:

• Periodic Coatings,
• Pointing,
• Cleaning And Sealing Of Joints,
• Repair Of Broken Segments Or Settled Areas,
• Re-setting Of Unit Pavers, And
• General Sweeping To Remove Accumulated Fines And Debris .

Unit paving typically requires more attention to maintenance of edges and vegetative
invasion, but is easily repaired .

Monolithic paving commonly requires less annual maintenance than does flexible unit
paving .

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 LIGHTING

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Objective of Lighting: Lighting

The purposes of outdoor lighting include :

• Improving the legibility of critical nodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity
zones in the landscape ;

• Facilitating the safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles, promoting a more

secure environment, and minimizing the potential for personal harm and damage
to property; and

• Helping to reveal the salient features of a site at a desired intensity of light in

order to encourage nighttime use.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
Terminology of Lighting: Lighting
Lumen – Illuminance –
A quantitative unit of measurement Incident light, or light striking a surface
referring to the total amount of light energy
emitted by a light source, without regard to Efficacy –
the direction of its distribution . A measure of how efficiently a lamp
converts electric power (watts) into light
Lux – energy (lumens) without regard to the
The International Standard (SI) measure of effectiveness of its illumination.
incident light. It is equal to one lumen
uniformly distributed over an area of one Light depriciation –
square meter (10.7 Ix = 1 fc) Lamp output (lumens) will depreciate over
its effective life.
Candlepower –
The unit of intensity of a light source in a Glare –
specific direction, often referred to as A point or surface of luminance that is
Candela . above one's current state of adaptation.

Luminance –
Luminance is the measurable form of
brightness, which is a subjective sensation.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting

Colour –

Two measures used to describe the color

characteristics of lamps are
• the apparent color and
• the color rendering index.

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 Lighting

Categories of Outdoor Light Fixtures

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 Lighting
Categories of Landscape Light Fixtures

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 Lighting

Lamp Characteristics and Distribution

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 Lighting

General Design Consideration:

Lighting in the night is important as the designer can decide on:

• Parts of the landscape to be emphasized and
• Parts of the landscape to be hidden.

The desired effect for the designed space can be achieved by means of a combination
of:
• Colour of light
• Mounting height of the fixture
• Direction of the lighting and
• character of the luminaries

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:
Clear Lighting Pattern:

A staggered layout of road and pathway light tends to obscure rather than reinforce the
direction of circulation and location of intersection.

Attaining high levels of illumination along circulation routes does not have to be a prime
consideration in outdoor lighting. If a clear and consistent system is provided, low levels
may be adequate for safe circulation.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:
Placement of Luminaries

Spacing, height, and distribution of luminaires should avoid foliage shadows, provide
uniformity, and vertical surface illumination.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:
Placement of Luminaries

What to light and What not to light

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:
Glare:

Glare is a major inhibitor of good visibility and can be produced by any scale of light
fixture, henceforth luminaries must be planned to avoid glare.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:

Atmosphere & Character:

A consistency of design expression can be achieved by identifying the common
elements in a landscape that give it character and then using the similar approaches to
their lighting.

Background:
Background spaces should be illuminated as unobtrusively as possible to meet the
functional needs of safe circulation and protecting people and property.

Whenever possible, these needs should be accommodated with peripheral lighting from
the walkways, signage, entrances, and other elements relevant to the definition of the
space .

Foreground:
Foreground spaces should utilize local lighting which produces maximum focus,
minimum distractions, and no glare .

Foreground spaces or objects may be major elements and should be treated accordingly

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:
Illumination of Object:
The direction of the light source is important for perception of three-dimensional objects.

Usually, the best way to illuminate standing objects is with a combination of point
source lighting & Uniform Lighting, both types of lighting .

One source should accentuate shape and form by contrasting the surface with sharp
shadows while the other source provides fill-lighting for details .

Colour Perception:
LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
General Design Principles:

Colour Perception:
Accurate color rendition will aid recognition and improve the perception of outdoor
environments . This is especially important at the pedestrian scale, where the color
contrast of paving and landscape materials is often subtle.

As the general illumination level rises in a given situation, preference usually shifts away
from a warm appearance toward the cool range.

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS
 Lighting
Basic Light Distribution Pattern:
UPLIGHTING

Directional Viewing All Direction Viewing

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 Lighting
Basic Light Distribution Pattern:
SILHOUTTE LIGHTING

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 Lighting
Basic Light Distribution Pattern:
UP & DOWN LIGHTING

Moonlighting Spot Lighting

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 Lighting
Basic Light Distribution Pattern:
SPREADING LIGHTING

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 Lighting
Basic Light Distribution Pattern:
PATH - LIGHTING

LANDSCAPING ELEMENTS