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Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication Systems

This document discusses different types of diversity techniques used in wireless communications: 1) Antenna diversity uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to collect signal from different paths, providing independent fading. It includes polarization and beamforming diversity. 2) Frequency diversity transmits the same signal over different frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. 3) Time diversity retransmits the signal after the coherence time to achieve independent fading. It includes techniques like H-ARQ. 4) Spread spectrum systems can separate multipath signals using a Rake receiver to achieve path diversity. The diversity order, which improves probability of error, is equal to the number of independent fading paths between transmitter and receiver.

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Gurleen Singh Ruprah
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672 views

Diversity Techniques in Wireless Communication Systems

This document discusses different types of diversity techniques used in wireless communications: 1) Antenna diversity uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to collect signal from different paths, providing independent fading. It includes polarization and beamforming diversity. 2) Frequency diversity transmits the same signal over different frequencies separated by more than the coherence bandwidth. 3) Time diversity retransmits the signal after the coherence time to achieve independent fading. It includes techniques like H-ARQ. 4) Spread spectrum systems can separate multipath signals using a Rake receiver to achieve path diversity. The diversity order, which improves probability of error, is equal to the number of independent fading paths between transmitter and receiver.

Uploaded by

Gurleen Singh Ruprah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(1)Antenna diversity
(1) i  
: multiple transmit and multiple
receive antennas
± Multiple Tx: split power over several Tx antennas.
More antennas = more power split
± Multiple Rx: collect signal by several Rx antennas.
More antennas = more collected power
± Antennas separation about  is required
± If directional antennas (typically) larger separation is
required
Antenna diversity(contd..)
( ) Polarization diversity:
± Transmit andor receive with both vertical and
horizontal polarization
± Scattering is independent for each polarization,
giving independent paths
± Limited to transmit and receive diversity
± Tx polarization diversity: half power for each
polarization
Antenna diversity(contd..)
(3) Beam-forming:
± Transmit with antenna array
± Each antenna is fed with different phase
± Forms a directional beam towards the receiver, or group
of receivers
± Antenna beam tracks the intended receiver
± Requires knowledge of the fading channel at Tx
± Optional is 4G mobile communication systems (WiMax
and LTE)
     

± Transmit same signal with several frequencies
± Frequencies separated by > coherence
bandwidth
± Also wideband signals achieve frequency
diversity, like OFDM techniques over
wideband (WLAN, WiMax, LTE)
   


Time diversity:

± Signal is re-transmitted (repeated) after > coherence


time
± Also achieved using coding and interleaving
± Reduces overall transmission data rates
± Coding and interleaving used in all mobile
communication systems
± Also combined with repeat-diversity in what is called
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ)
Time diversity(contd)«
Ê
 
 

± In Direct-Sequence-Spread-Spectrum signals
we can receive from multipath separately using
Rake receiver
± Used in all CDMA systems (IS-95,
CDMA , WCDMA)
 

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Diversity Order
‡ In many cases the average probability of error
looks like
± M is the diversity order
‡ If the number of paths between Tx and Rx is N,
then diversity order ? N
‡ For example: if Nt is the number of Tx antennas
and Nr is the number of Rx antennas
± Number of branches N= Nt Nr
± Diversity order M ? N
‡ Full diversity order if M = number of branches

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