Classification of Transmitters

Ravi Kumar Roll No. RN6801B42 Reg.No. 10810582

Electronics & communication Department, Lovely Professional University

ADDRESS:
Ludhiana Jalandhar G.T. Road,
Near Chiheru Railway Bridge, Phagwara (Punjab)

Submitted To: -
Mrs Jaspreet Kaur.
Faculty of ECE009 in LIT (Poly.)
Abstract— This term paper gives brief information III. HISTORY
about of transmitters &there classifications.
In the early days of radio engineering, radio
frequency energy was generated using arcs known
I. INTRODUCTION as Alexanderson alternator or mechanical
An electronic transmitter is a device, which alternators. In the 1920s electronic transmitters,
generates, amplifies, and broadcasts an based on vacuum tubes, began to be used.
electromagnetic signal such as television, radio or
other telecommunication signals. Transmitter
consists of electronic circuits, an oscillator, a power IV. TYPES OF TRANSMITTERS
supply, a modulator, and an amplifier for radio
The different types of electronic transmitters are
frequency / audio frequency. Electronic transmitter
given below:
works with the support of antenna. Electronic
circuits are used to generate, shape and amplify the
 AM Transmitters
telecommunication signal which is sent to the
 FM Transmitters
antenna for onward transmission to space. A
 RF Transmitters
receiver must be present for receiving the
 TV Transmitters
electromagnetic signal that is sent from the
 VHF TV Transmitters
electronic transmitter. A mechanical transmitter is a
 UHF TV Transmitters
measurement device which is used to convert the
mechanical force or pressure in to electrical energy,
The different types of mechanical transmitters are
the output signal being in mA. This transmitter can
given below:
also convert the heat energy in to the electrical
energy.
 Pressure Transmitters

II. TRANSMITTER  Differential Pressure Transmitters

 Temperature Transmitters
A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually
 Level Transmitters
with the aid of an antenna, propagates
an electromagnetic signal suchas radio, television, 
or other telecommunications.
 V. FREQENCEY TRANSMITTER Radio transmitter design is a complex topic which
can be broken down into a series of smaller topics.
An FM transmitter is a portable device that plugs A system requires two tuned circuits each at
into the headphone jack or proprietary output port the transmitter and receiver, all four tuned to the
of a portable audio or video device, such as same frequency. The transmitter is an electronic
a portable media player, CD player, or satellite device which, usually with the aid of an antenna,
radio system. The sound is then broadcast through propagates an electromagnetic signal such
the transmitter, and plays through an FM broadcast as radio, television, or other telecommunications.
band frequency. Purposes for an FM transmitter
include playing music from a device through a car VII. TELEVISION TRANSMITTER
stereo, or any radio.
A television transmitter is a device which
VI. RADIO TRANSMITTER broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to
the television receivers. Television transmitters
may be analogue or digital.

Figure. Block diagram of TV transmitter

VIII. PRESSEURE TRANSMITTER

A pressure transmitter is a devise to measure the

mechanical pressure and convert in to electrical
signal it may be 4~20mA or 0~10V.
 IX. BROADCAST TRANSMITTERS which the antenna provides toward the horizon.
This antenna gain is important, because achieving a
desired signal strength without it would result in an
enormous electric utility bill for the transmitter,
and a prohibitively expensive transmitter. For most
large stations in the VHF- and UHF-range, the
transmitter power is no more than 20% of the ERP.

For VLF, LF, MF and HF the ERP is typically not

determined separately. In most cases the
transmission power found in lists of transmitters is
the value for the output of the transmitter. This is
only correct for omnidirectional aerials with a
length of a quarter wavelength or shorter. For other
aerial types there are gain factors, which can reach
values until 50 for shortwave directional beams in
the direction of maximum beam intensity.

Since some authors take account of gain factors of

aerials of transmitters for frequencies below 30
MHz and others not, there are often discrepancies
of the values of transmitted powers.

Antenna guyed tower b.) POWER SUUPLY

a.) POWER OUTPUT Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher

voltage level of the power supply grid than
In broadcasting and telecommunication, the part necessary in order to improve security of supply.
which contains the oscillator, modulator, and
sometimes audio processor, is called the "exciter". c.) PROTECTECTION
Most transmitters use heterodyne principle, so they EQUIPMENT
also have a frequency conversion units.
Confusingly, the high-power amplifier which the The high voltages used in high power transmitters

exciter then feeds into is often called the (up to 40 kV) require extensive protection

"transmitter" by broadcast engineers. The final equipment. Also, transmitters are exposed to

output is given as transmitter power output (TPO), damage from lightning. Transmitters may be

although this is not what most stations are rated by. damaged if operated without an antenna, so
protection circuits must detect the loss of the
Effective radiated power (ERP) is used when
antenna and switch off the transmitter immediately.
calculating station coverage, even for most non-
Tube-based transmitters must have power applied
broadcast stations. It is the TPO, minus
in the proper sequence, with the filament voltage
any attenuation or radiated loss in the line to the
applied before the anode voltage, otherwise the
antenna, multiplied by the gain (magnification)
tubes can be damaged. The output stage must be measured by the probability of a symbol error,
monitored for standing waves, which indicate that which is dependent on SNR that measures the
generated power is not being radiated but instead is strength of transmitted signal with respect to
being reflected back into the transmitter. that of background noise.

Lightning protection is required between the

XI. TRANSMITTER DESIGN
transmitter and antenna. This consists of spark
gaps and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the Although several wireless transmitters are
voltage that appears on the transmitter terminals. commercially available on the market, they
The control instrument that measures the voltage were not appropriate for the intended bearing
standing-wave ratio switches the transmitter off condition monitoring application because of
briefly if a higher voltage standing-wave ratio is their fixed design geometry and packaging
detected after a lightning strike, as the reflections forms it is difficult for them to be structurally
are probably due to lightning damage. If this does adapted and integrated into the bearing system
not succeed after several attempts, the antenna may to be monitored. Second they contain a
be damaged and the transmitter should remain receiver circuitry to allow for fault duplex data
switched off. In some transmitting and communication and error correction.
plants UV detectors are fitted in critical places, to However, such a circuitry requires
switch off the transmitter if an arc is detected. The significantly increased power supply and
operating voltages, modulation factor, frequency additional space to physically accommodate
and other transmitter parameters are monitored for the extra components. Given RF transmission
protection and diagnostic purposes, and may be alone would account for over 30% of power
displayed locally and/or at a remote control room. consumption of entire circuitry, and the
receiver section drains more power due to
higher number of components, commercial
X. SIGNAL MODULATION transmitters were not energy optimized in view
TECHNIQUES of power consumption and battery life, and
were therefore not appropriate for this.
In order to transmit data wirelessly in an air
The digital data transmitter developed in this
channel ,a modulation scheme is needed in
study transmits a data stream at 2-s intervals,
order to translate data symbols to variations of
with bandwidth up to 3KHz. A 12-bit
a carrier wave of specified transmission
resolution is needed to provide proper data
frequency .Three major techniques exists for
resolution. To allow for a generic solution, the
digital data modulation are: ASK, FSK, and
analog to digital converter TLV2543 was
PSK .The ASK technique uses amplitude
selected, which provides an interface
variations of the carrier wave to represent the
connection for up to 11 sensors .It has power
symbols transmitted, FSK uses different
down mode CDMA encoding and QPSK
frequencies for each symbol, and PSK uses the
modulation for data transmission are done by
phase shift of the carrier for symbol
DSP TMS320VC549 [low power consumption
representation.
and power saving modes]. Sampling every 2-s
The robustness of wireless data transmission is
long data interval with a sampling rate of
6KHz and 12-bit resolution would result are CDMA coded and QPSK modulated. For
72Kbits/S. To store this amount of data on to data modulation, the coded bits are sent
the DSP on-chip memory with a 16-bit data alternately into two streams. This process is
width without wasting memory space ,the 12- simplified and accelerated by a look-up table.
bit data samples were stored as direct bit The final sine wave output is stored in another
strings without any 4-bit prefix .Thus every look-up table. Based on phase shift an offset
four 12-bit samples were stored in three DSP for access to sine look-up table is then
memory locations of 16-bit width each selected. In fig 4 a flow chart of data
,occupying9Kwords. For CDMA coding there transmission sequence is shown.
is a total memory need of 36Kwords. The frequency of sine input to RF interface is
To ensure data transmission integrity over a 78.125 KHz. The sine wave is approximated
wireless link, a checksum is added to data with 16 samples per wave by DSP. The DAC
sample transmitted ie, recalculated at receiver requires 16bit data transmission for each
end .If a mismatch is identified, a sample to be converted. So a clock frequency
retransmission is requested from transmitted. of 1.25 MHz is needed for serial
Since transmitter does not include a receiving communication between DSP and DAC. To
section on its circuitry it cannot perform convert this signal to carrier frequency a mixer
inquiry based data retransmission. To improve has been implemented which uses the carrier
transmission integrity, each data sample is from a local oscillator. The up-converted
transmitted three times consecutively. On signal is subsequently transmitted into air via
receiver these transmissions are subsequently antenna. The RF interface thus was
compared with each other for consistency. For implemented using minimum number of
enhanced transmission integrity, a signal- discrete components. No filters were used at
filtering algorithm can be implemented on the base band and for RF frequency to reduce
receiver end.  circuit complexity and power consumption. To
To enable consecutive data transmission, all further minimize CDMA spreading and QPSK
the data needed must be stored in DSP modulation were implemented through
memory at the same time. As DSP has only software.
32K word memory space which must hold
data, a loop-up table for data modulation and XII. APPLICATION

provide memory mapped registers. It is  Design of a wide range of electronic

necessary to compress data. This was instruments such as data logger’s,
accomplished by using Lampel 1977 data data acquisition cards, hand-held
compression algorithm. The algorithm uses metering devices.
dictionary based compression that recognizes  Machine health monitoring to
repeating patterns in the data and places these machine components
patterns in to a dictionary. Compression may  Systems those are difficult to access
vary between 1 to 90%. As the signal contains or not suitable for wired sensor data
repetitive periodic waveforms a compression acquisition.
ratio of 50% is expected. The compressed data
  A rice sized chip called Verichip distances, such facilities were often mentioned in
embedded in body, made of propaganda. Other examples were
biocompatible materials, stores entire theDeutschlandsender Herzberg/Ester and
medical history of implanted the Warsaw Radio Mast.

KVLY-TV's tower located near Blanchard, North

.
Dakota was the tallest artificial structure in the
world when it was completed in 1963. It was
XIII. TRANSMITTERS IN CULTURE
surpassed in 1974 by the Warszawa radio mast, but

Some cities in Europe, regained its title when the latter collapsed in 1991.

like Mühlacker, Ismaning, Langenberg, Kalundbor It was surpassed by the BurjKhalifa skyscraper in

g, Hörby and Allouis became famous as sites of early 2009, but the KVLY-TV mast is still the

powerful transmitters. For example, Goliath tallest transmitter.

transmitter was a VLF transmitter of the German

XIV. RECORDS
Navy during World War II located near Kalbe an
der Milde in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
 Tallest radio/television mast:
Some transmitting towers like the radio tower
 1974–1991: Konstantynow for
Berlin or the TV tower Stuttgart have become
2000 kW long wave transmitter, 646.38 m
landmarks of cities. Many transmitting plants have
(2120 ft 8 in)
very high radio towers that are masterpieces of
 1963–1974 and since
engineering.
1991: KVLY Tower, 2,063 ft (628.8 m)
Having the tallest building in the world, the nation,
the state/province/prefecture, city, etc., has often  Highest power:
been considered something to brag about. Often,  Long wave, Taldom transmitter,
builders of high-rise buildings have used 2500 kW
transmitter antennas to lay claim to having the  Medium wave, Bolshakovo
tallest building. A historic example was the "tallest transmitter, 2500 kW
building" feud between the Building and
the Empire State Building in New York, New  Highest transmission sites (Europe):

York.  FM Pic du Aigu in Chamonix

 MW Pic Blanc in Andorra
Some towers have an observation deck accessible
to tourists. An example is the Ostankino Tower in
XV. FUTURE SCOPE
Moscow, which was completed in 1967 on the 50th
anniversary of the October Revolution to We can be used mobile communication with a
demonstrate the technical abilities of the Soviet speed up to 2mbps for voice, video data and
Union. As very tall radio towers of any image transmission with WCDMA.
construction type are prominent landmarks,
requiring careful planning and construction, and XVI. CONCLUSION
high-power transmitters especially in the long- and
medium-wave ranges can be received over long
 A compact, low power digital wireless data
transmitter based on CDMA coding technique
has been designed, simulated, prototyped and
experimentally tested .The design
demonstrates the feasibility of employing a
sophisticated transmission scheme in an
embedded sensor for machine health
monitoring. Focusing on constraints and power
efficiency during the design phase.
Has reduced the number of components to a
minimum. All the employed components of
prototype are available on IC dies and can be
integrated to a multichip module that fits on a
centimeter sized substrate. The software
implementation of CDMA coding allowed for
easy extensibility of present design. More
systematic experiments will be conducted in
future to investigate the utility of such an
integrated sensing approach for condition
monitoring of bearing in a realistic machine set
up.

http://www.tpub.com/neets/tm/111.htm
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.answers.com/topic/transmitter

[2] http://www.seminarprojects.com/Thread-cdma-wireless-
data-transmitter-seminar-report

[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_transmitter_(personal_device)