Hydrostatic Equation Ideal Gas Law Basic:

R L D M
dp=−ρgd hG P= ρRT R= c l= c = c = for unit span S=c(1)
M q ∞ S d q∞ S m q ∞ Sc
Isothermal regions of standard atmosphere 1 is second Gradient Regions
g0
p ρ −
[ ] (h−h 1) p T −g 0/(aR ) ρ T −{[ g¿¿0 /(aR)]+1 }¿
= =e RT =( ) =( ) T =T 1+ a(h−h 1)
p 1 ρ1 p1 T1 ρ1 T 1

Compressible flow Aerodynamic Equations Incompressible flow v<100 ( ms ) v< 225( mih )
Continuity: ρ1 A 1 v 1=ρ2 A 2 v 2 steady A 1 v 1= A 2 v 2
v 12 v 22
Momentum: dp=−ρvdv inviscid p1 + ρ = p2 + ρ
2 2
1 2 1
Energy: c p T 1 + v 1 =c p T 2+ v 22 steady, adiabatic, g negl.
2 2
Isentropic Relations (2 points)
p2 γ
p0 γ−1 γ

p1
γ
=( ρ2 / ρ1 ) =( T 2 /T 1 ) γ −1 for M>0.3, compressible flow
p1
= 1+ (2
M 12 ) γ−1

Adiabatic, reversible ex:not across shockwaves, or combustion

T0 γ −1 2 ρ0 γ −1 1
Adiabatic:
T1
= 1+( 2
M1 ) ρ1 (
= 1+
2
M1
2
) γ−1

p0 = total
1
Mach Number M =v /a speed of sound a=√ γRT Mach Angle: μ=arcsin ⁡( )
M
dA dv
Area Velocity Relation =( M 2 −1 ) ( ) for isentropic flow, at M =1 , dA ≈ 0
A v

Laminar incompressible Boundary Layer Flat Plate Turbulent incompressible Boundary Layer FL
5.2 x 1.328 0.37 x 0.074
δ= Cf = δ=
0.2
C f = 0.2
ℜ
√ x √ ℜL ℜx ℜL
x=running length on plate, L=total length of plate any real flow starts laminar and goes turbulent at x cr

0.664 0.0592
cf = cf =
√ℜx ℜx 0.2
x x

Df ρ v X inertial forces
Total Skin friction drag coefficient: C f = τ w =c f q∞ ℜ= ∞ ∞
q∞ S x
μ∞ viscous forces
Shear Stress τ w =μ ( dv /dy ) y=0
Speed of Gas flow by pitot tube: Pressure Coefficient Compressibility correction 0.3> M >0.7

2 ( p 0 − p1 ) p− p∞ Cp, 0
Inco. 2
V1 = C p= C p= 2
for C l , C m
ρ q∞ √1−M ∞

Subsonic compressible Total Drag Coefficient Lift Slope (Finite) Infinite Slope
 a0
2 2a 12 (γ −1)/ γ C L2 a= d cl
V1 =
γ −1
[ ( p 0 / p 1) −1 ] C D =c d +
πeAR 1+
57.3 a0 a 0=
dα
per degree

πeAR
C L =a( α −α L=0 )
Manometer Flow Separation Occurs Basics2:
dCp b2
P1−P2=∆ hρg >0 L=Ncos α − Asin α D=Nsin α + Acos α AR=
dx S
Thin Flat Plate M >1 α in radians
4α 4 α2 W¿
c l=
√M ∞
2

Thrust (lvl a=0) Power

−1
c d ,w = a =2 π
√ M ∞2−1 0
Altitude:
v stall =
√ ρ ∞ S C Lmax
Rate of Climb:
W 1 1
T R= ρ ρ0
L
D
P R=T R v ∞ P A =ηP v alt =v 0 0
ρ ( ) 2
P R ,alt =P R , 0 ( )
ρ
2

R T v ∞−D v ∞
= =( P ¿ ¿ A−P R ) ¿
C W W
Gliding Flight: Range and Endurance
1
tanθ= η η
L
D
Rmax =h ( DL ) max
prop R= (C ¿ ¿ L/C D) ln ⁡(W 0 /W 1 )¿
c
E= ¿ ¿
c
1 1
2 1 1
Absolute Service: R/C=0

CL W0
jet R=2
√ ()
ρ∞ S c t
(C ¿ ¿ L ¿ ¿ /C D )(W 0 2 −W 1 2 )¿ ¿
2
1
E=
( )( )
ct CD
ln ⁡(
W1
)

Service ceiling: R/C=100ft/min

Maximum Ratios:
1
1 1 3
CL ( C D ,0 πeAR ) 2
C 1 /2 ( ( )C πeAR
3 D ,0 ) 4

( ) C L3 /2 ( 3 C D, 0 πeAR ) 4
( )
CD max
=
2 CD, 0 ( ) L
CD max
= ¿¿ CD max
=
4 CD, 0
1
C D ,0=C D ,i C D ,0=3 C D ,i C D ,0= C D ,i
3
Takeoff Performance:
16 h 2
D=q∞ S ¿) ϕ=
b ( )
s LO =1.44 W 2 /¿ v LO =1.2 v stall
2
16 h
1+
b ( )
Landing:
s L=1.69 W 2 /¿ vT =1.3 v stall v avg=0.7 v L , LO
Turning Flight:
 L v ∞2 g √n 2−1 v ∞2 g (n+1)
n= UP turn radius R= turn rate ω= DOWN R= ω=
W g √ n2−1 v∞ g( n+1) v∞
2n max W v∞ π b2 ,
Corner velocity:

W =W power −W compr
v ¿=
√ ρ∞ C L, max S
advance ratio: J=
nD
Internal Combustion Engine: d=
4
sN

Thrust Equation: T =( ṁ ¿ ¿ air+ ṁ fuel ) v e − ṁ air v ∞+( Pe −P∞ ) A e ¿

η η mech ( rpm) d Pe
P A =η ηmech ( n2 ) NW = 120
1 /2
(γ −1)/ γ
Turbojet: ṁ fuel is negligible, Rocket Engine: T =ṁ+( P e−P ∞) Ae , v e=
{ [
2 γR T 0
γ−1
P
1− e
P0 ]}
Mi T T ṁ v e v e P0 A ¿ γ 2 (γ +1)/(γ−1)
Rocket Equation:

Drag Summary:
v b=g0 I sp ln ⁡(
Mf
)

Thermo:
I sp = = = =
Ẇ g 0 ṁ g0 ṁ g0
ṁ=
√
√T 0 R γ +1 ( )
c d =c d ,f + c d , p + c d ,w δq +δw =de , ¿−pdv , δq =dh−vdp ,if v=ς , δq=c v dT , if p=ς , δq=c p dT
de=c v dT , dh=c p dT

Sea Level Values

5 lb kg slugs
T =288.16 K=518.69 ̊ R , P=1.01325 ×10 Pa=2.1162 2 ,
ρ=1.225 3 =2.3769 3
ft m ft
−5
10 kg −7
10 slug J ft .lb
μ=1.7894 × =3.7373 × Air R=287 =1716 γ =1.4
(m) (s ) ( ft )( s ) kgK slug̊ R
J 6006 ( ft . lb )
c p=1008 =
kgK slug. R
9 5 lb
Helpful: 0 ˚ F=273 K , 0 ˚ F=460 ˚ R , ˚ F= ˚ C +32 , 1 atm=1.101 ×10 Pa=2116 2 ,
5 ft
1 ft =0.3048 m
γR CP J ft . lb
C P= , C P −C V =R , =γ R=8314 =4.97 ×10 4
γ−1 CV kg . mole . K slug. mole . ̊ R
J 4290 ( ft . lb )
c v =720 =
kgK slug . R
(lb¿¿ m. ft )
1 hp=550 ft .lb/s=746 W , 1 slug=32.2lb m , 1 lb f =32.2 1 lb=4.448 N ¿
s2