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CD Ma

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a technique that allows multiple users to access a communication channel simultaneously using pseudo-random codes. It spreads signals across a wide bandwidth and uses codes to distinguish different signals, providing extra security and preventing interference. CDMA became widely adopted for mobile networks due to its increased capacity compared to analog systems and its ability to use the same frequency across sectors. While it can support many users, limitations like synchronization errors and power level differences reduce its practical capacity.

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8 views

CD Ma

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a technique that allows multiple users to access a communication channel simultaneously using pseudo-random codes. It spreads signals across a wide bandwidth and uses codes to distinguish different signals, providing extra security and preventing interference. CDMA became widely adopted for mobile networks due to its increased capacity compared to analog systems and its ability to use the same frequency across sectors. While it can support many users, limitations like synchronization errors and power level differences reduce its practical capacity.

Uploaded by

shashwat2010
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CDMA

Shashwat Shriparv
[email protected]
InfinitySoft
Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) is a spread
spectrum technique in which we have to use a wide
bandwidth for different applications. But at the same
time more than one users can use the same frequency
is all done by using a code called pseudo random code
(PN) . In addition it can provide an extra data security
and it can prevent interference and jamming of
signals
Multiple Access is a technique where by many subscribers
or local stations can share the use of communication
channel at the same time or nearly so ,despite the fact that
there individual transmissions may originate from widely
different locations . Stated in other way a multiple access
technique permit the communication resources of the
channel to be shared by a large number of users seeking to
communicate with each other. There are subtle difference
between multiple access and multiplexing
Multiple Access refers to the remote sharing of a
communication channel such a satellite or radio channel
by users in highly dispersed locations. On the other hand
multiplexing refers to sharing of a channel such as a
telephone channel by users confined to a local site
FDMA

TDMA

CDMA
In Frequency Division Multiple Access disjoined sub
bands of frequency are allocated to the different users on a
continuous time basis. In order to reduce interference
between users allocated adjacent channel bands, guard
bands are used to act as buffer zones. These guard bands
are necessary because of the impossibility of achieving
ideal filtering for separating the different users
In Time Division Multiple Access each users is allocated
the full spectral occupancy of the channel but only for a
short duration of time called time slot. Buffer zones in the
form of guard times are inserted between the assigned
time slots. This is done to reduce interference between
users by allowing for time uncertainty that arises due to
system in perfections, especially in synchronizations
schemes
In CDMA there is no limitations in the use of frequencies
that is we have to use any frequencies allowed at any time
that we need. And the same time so many users can also
use this same frequency. But it is free from interference
and jamming and it can provide an extra data security.
CDMA is derived from direct sequence spread spectrum.
When CDMA was first proposed, the industry gave it
approximately the same reaction that Columbus first got
from Queen Isabella when he proposed reaching India by
sailing in wrong direction. However, through the
persistence of a single company , Qualcomm, CDMA has
matured to the point where it is not only acceptable , it is
now viewed as the best technical solution around and the
basis for the third-generation mobile system. It is also
widely used in the U.S
An airport lounge with many pairs of people conversing.
TDM is comparable to all the people being in the middle
of the room but talking turns speaking. FDM is
comparable to the people being in widely separated
clumps, each clump holding its own conversation at the
same time as, but still independent of the others. CDMA
is comparable to everybody being in the middle of the
room talking at once , but with each pair in a different
language. The French-speaking couple just hones in on
the French, rejecting everything that is not French as
noise. Thus, the key to CDMA is to be able to extract the
desired signal while rejecting everything else as random
noise
In CDMA, each bit time is subdivided into m short
intervals called chips. Typically, there are 64 or 128 chips
per bit, but in the example given below we will use 8
chips/bit for simplicity.
Each station is assigned a unique m-bit code called a chip
sequence. To transmit a 1 bit, a station sends its chip
sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the one’s
complement of its chip sequence. No other patterns are
permitted.
Consider there are 4 stations A,B,C and D. The chip
sequences are given below

A: 00011011
B: 00101110
C: 01011100
D: 01000010
it is more convenient to use a bipolar notation, with binary
0 being -1 and binary 1 being +1 . So the chip sequence
will like this

A: (-1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 +1)
B: (-1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1)
C: (-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1)
D: (-1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1)

Each station has its own unique chip sequence. Let us


use the symbol S to indicate the m-chip vector for station
S, and S for its negation
All chip sequences are pairwise orthogonal , by which
we mean that the normalized inner product of any two
distinct chip sequences, S and T (written as S T ) is 0 .

 And we know that


S S=1
S S = -1

During each bit time , a station can transmit a 1 by


sending its chip sequence , it can transmit a 0 by sending
the negative of its chip sequence or it can be silent and
transmit nothing
For the moment we assume that all stations are
synchronized in time, so all chip sequence begin at the
same instant.
When two or more stations transmit simultaneously their
bipolar signals add linearly. For example if one chip
period three stations output +1 and one station output -1 ,
the result is +2 . One can think of this as adding voltages:
three stations outputting +1 volts and one station
outputting -1 volts gives 2 volts
To recover the bit stream of an individual station, the
receiver must know that station’s chip sequence in
advance. It does the recovery by computing the
normalized inner product of the received chip sequence
(the linear sum of all the stations that transmitted ) and the
chip sequence of the station whose bit stream it is trying to
recover. If the received chip sequence is S and the receiver
is trying to listen to a station whose chip sequence is C , it
just computes the normalized inner product , S C
Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS
analog system and 4 to 5 times of an GSM system
Improved call quality, with better and more consistent
sound as compared to AMPS systems
Simplified system planning through the use of the same
frequency in every sector of every cell
Enhanced privacy
Improved coverage characteristics
Increased talk time for portables
Bandwidth on demand
In an ideal, noiseless CDMA systems the capacity(i.e. ,
number of stations) can be made arbitrary large, in
practice , physical limitations reduce the capacity
considerably. First we have assumed that all chips are
synchronized in time. In reality such synchronization is
not possible
An implicit assumption in our discussion is that the power
levels of all stations are the same as perceived by the
receiver . CDMA is typically used for wireless systems
with a fixed base stations at varying distance from it . The
power levels received at the base station depend on how
far away the transmitter are
We have also assumed that the receiver knows who the
sender is . In principle, given enough computing capacity,
the receiver can listen to all the senders at once by running
the decoding algorithm for each of them in parallel. In
real life suffice it to say that this is easier said than done
The main application of CDMA is in the field of mobile
phone communications. Due to the increased needs and
limitations of frequencies. Due to the high availability of
bandwidth CDMA can use for application like internet
accessing in mobile phones. So many protocols have been
developing in CDMA the currently used CDMA is called
CDMA ONE. We have to expect so many improvements
in communication by the use of CDMA
Shashwat Shriparv
[email protected]
InfinitySoft

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