Syllabus for Mechanical Engineering

ME-Mechanical Engineering

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.

Calculus: Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value
theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative,
Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives,
Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.

Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order
linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and
boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one dimensional heat and wave
equations and Laplace equation.

Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent
series. Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional
probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal
and Binomial distributions.

Numerical Methods: Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration
by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.

APPLIED MECHANICS AND DESIGN

Engineering Mechanics: Free body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work;
kinematics and dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion, including impulse and
momentum (linear and angular) and energy formulations; impact.

Strength of Materials: Stress and strain, stress-strain relationship and elastic constants, Mohr’s
circle for plane stress and plane strain, thin cylinders; shear force and bending moment
diagrams; bending and shear stresses; deflection of beams; torsion of circular shafts; Euler’s
theory of columns; strain energy methods; thermal stresses.

Theory of Machines: Displacement, velocity and acceleration analysis of plane mechanisms;

dynamic analysis of slider-crank mechanism; gear trains; flywheels.

Vibrations: Free and forced vibration of single degree of freedom systems; effect of damping;
vibration isolation; resonance, critical speeds of shafts.

Design: Design for static and dynamic loading; failure theories; fatigue strength and the S-N
diagram; principles of the design of machine elements such as bolted, riveted and welded joints,
shafts, spur gears, rolling and sliding contact bearings, brakes and clutches.

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL SCIENCES

Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy; control-volume analysis
of mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and
momentum; Bernoulli’s equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer;
elementary turbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends etc.

Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept,
electrical analogy, unsteady heat conduction, fins; dimensionless parameters in free and forced
convective heat transfer, various correlations for heat transfer in flow over flat plates and
through pipes; thermal boundary layer; effect of turbulence; radiative heat transfer, black and
grey surfaces, shape factors, network analysis; heat exchanger performance, LMTD and NTU
methods.

Thermodynamics: Zeroth, First and Second laws of thermodynamics; thermodynamic system

and processes; Carnot cycle. irreversibility and availability; behaviour of ideal and real gases,
properties of pure substances, calculation of work and heat in ideal processes; analysis of
thermodynamic cycles related to energy conversion.

Applications: Power Engineering: Steam Tables, Rankine, Brayton cycles with regeneration and
reheat. I.C. Engines: air-standard Otto, Diesel cycles. Refrigeration and air-conditioning: Vapour
refrigeration cycle, heat pumps, gas refrigeration, Reverse Brayton cycle; moist air:
psychrometric chart, basic psychrometric processes. Turbomachinery: Pelton-wheel, Francis and
Kaplan turbines — impulse and reaction principles, velocity diagrams.

MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Materials: Structure and properties of engineering materials, heat treatment,

stressstrain diagrams for engineering materials.

Metal Casting: Design of patterns, moulds and cores; solidification and cooling; riser and gating
design, design considerations.

Forming: Plastic deformation and yield criteria; fundamentals of hot and cold working processes;
load estimation for bulk (forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing) and sheet (shearing, deep drawing,
bending) metal forming processes; principles of powder metallurgy.

Joining: Physics of welding, brazing and soldering; adhesive bonding; design considerations in
welding.

Machining and Machine Tool Operations: Mechanics of machining, single and multi-point cutting
tools, tool geometry and materials, tool life and wear; economics of machining; principles of
non-traditional machining processes; principles of work holding, principles of design of jigs and
fixtures

Metrology and Inspection: Limits, fits and tolerances; linear and angular measurements;
comparators; gauge design; interferometry; form and finish measurement; alignment and
testing methods; tolerance analysis in manufacturing and assembly.

Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Basic concepts of CAD/CAM and their integration tools.

Production Planning and Control: Forecasting models, aggregate production planning,

scheduling, materials requirement planning.

Inventory Control: Deterministic and probabilistic models; safety stock inventory

control systems.

Operations Research: Linear programming, simplex and duplex method, transportation,

assignment, network flow models, simple queuing models, PERT and CPM.
 Notification:

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2010,Seminar and other Engineering related information.
1 Physical Principles
This chapter introduces the basic physical principles behind mechanisms as well as basic
concepts and principles required for this course.

1.1 Force and Torque

1.1.1 Force
Force: an agent or influence that, if applied to a free body results chiefly in an acceleration of
the body and sometimes in elastic deformation and other effects.

Every day we deal with forces of one kind or another. A pressure is a force. The earth exerts a
force of attraction for all bodies or objects on its surface. To study the forces acting on objects,
we must know how the forces are applied, thedirection of the forces and their value.
Graphically, forces are often represented by a vector whose end represents the point of action.

A mechanism is what is responsible for any action or reaction. Machines are based on the

idea of transmitting forces through a series of predetermined motions. These related concepts
are the basis of dynamic movement.

1.1.2 Torque
Torque:  Something that produces or tends to produce rotation and whose effectiveness is
measured by  the productof the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action of
the force to the axis of rotation.

Consider the lever shown in Figure 1-1. The lever is a bar that is free to turn about the fixed
point, A, called thefulcrum; a weight acts on the one side of the lever, and a balancing force
acts on the other side of the lever.

Figure 1-1 A lever with balanced forces

To analyze levers, we need to find the torques of the forces acting on the lever. To get
the torque of force W about point A, multiply W by l1, its distance from A. Similarly F x l2 is
thetorque of F about fulcrum A.

1.2 Motion

Motion: a change of  position  or orientation.

1.2.1 Motion Along a Straight Path
We begin our study of motion with the simplest case, motion in a straight line.

1. Position and displacement along a line 

The first step in the study of motion is to describe theposition of a moving object.
Consider a car on an east-west stretch of straight highway. We can describe
the displacement of the car by saying "the car is 5 kilometers west of the center
town". In this description, we specified two factors, the original point of measure and
the direction of the displacement.
2. Velocity 
We can define the velocity of an object moving steadily as its displacement per unit
time:

(1-1)

where t = t2 - t1 is the time interval during which the displacement occurred. When
velocity varies, we can let the time interval become infinitesimally small, thus

(1-2)

3. Acceleration 
Acceleration is the variation of the velocity in a unit time period. If the velocity
changes in a constant rate, then we can describe the acceleration by

(1-3)

More generally, acceleration is

(1-4)

1.2.2 Linear Motion in Space

The picture becomes more complicated when the motion is not merely along a straight line, but
rather extends into a plane. Here we can describe the motion with a vector which includes the
magnitude and the direction of movement.
1. Position  vector and displacement vector 
The directed segment which describes the position of an object relative to an origin is
the position vector, asd1 and d2 in Figure 1-2

Figure 1-2  Position vector and displacement vector

If we wish to describe a motion from position d1 toposition d2, for example, we can use
vector d1, the vector starts at the point described by d1 and goes tothe point described
by d2, which is called thedisplacement vector.

(1-5)

2. Velocity vector 
For a displacement  d occurring in a time interval  t, the average velocity during the
interval is

(1-6)

Clearly Vave has the direction of  d.

In the limit as delta t approaches zero, the instantaneous velocity is

(1-7)

The direction of V is the direction of  d for a very small displacement; it is therefore

along, or tangent to, the path.

3. Acceleration vector 
The instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the ratio V/ t as  t becomes very small:
 (1-8)

1.2.3 Motion of a Rigid Body in a Plane

The previous sections discuss the motion of particles. For a rigid body in a plane, its motion is
often more complex than a particle because it is comprised of a linear motion and a rotary
motion. Generally, this kind of motion can be decomposed into two motions (Figure 1-3), they
are:

1. The linear motion of the center of the mass of the rigid body. In this part of the motion,
the motion is the same as the motion of a particle on a plane.
2. The rotary motion of the rigid body relative to itscenter of mass.

Figure 1-3  Motion of a rigid body in a plane

1.3 Newton's Law of Motion

1.3.1 Newton's First Law

When no force is exerted on a body, it stays at rest or moves in a  straight line with constant
speed. This principle of inertia is also known as Newton's first law. It is from this law that
Newton was able to build up our present understanding of dynamics.

1.3.2 Newton's Second Law

From our daily life, we can can observe that:

1. When a force F is applied on an object,  V, the change of the velocity of the object,
increases with the length of time delta t increases;
2. The greater the force F, the greater  V; and
3. The larger the body (object) is, the less easily accelerated by forces.

It is convenient to write the proportionality between F t and  V in the form:

(1-9)

The proportionality constant m varies with the object. This constant m is refered to as

the inertial mass of the body. The relationship above embodies Newton's law of
motion(Newton's second law). As

(1-10)

in which a is the acceleration of the object. We have

(1-11)
If m = 1 kg and a = 1m/sec2, than F = 1 newton.

Forces and accelerations are vectors, and Newton's law can be written in vector form.

(1-12)

1.4 Momentum and Conservation of Momentum

1.4.1 Impulse
Try to make a baseball and a cannon ball roll at the same speed. As you can guess, it is harder
to get the cannon ball going. If you apply a constant force F for a time  t, the change in velocity
is given by Equation 1-9. So, to get the same  v, the product F t must be greater the greater
the mass m you are trying to accelerate.

To throw a cannon ball from rest and give it the same final velocity as a baseball (also starting
from rest), we must push either harder or longer. What counts is the product F t. This
product F t is the natural measure of how hard and how long we push to change a motion. It is
called the impulse of the force.

1.4.2 Momentum
Suppose we apply the same impulse to a baseball and a cannon ball, both initially at rest. Since
the initial value of the quantity mv is zero in each case, and since equal impulses are applied,
the final values mv will be equal for the baseball and the cannon ball. Yet, because the mass of
the cannon ball is much greater than the mass of the baseball, the velocity of the cannon ball
will be much less than the velocity of the baseball. The product mv, then, is quite a different
measure of the motion than simply v alone. We call it themomentum p of the body, and
measure it in kilogram-meters per second.

(1-13)

Velocity and momentum are quite different concepts: velocity is a kinematical quantity, whereas

momentum is a dynamicone, connected with the causes of changes in the motion of masses.

Because of its connection with the impulse which occurs naturally in Newton's law (Equation 1-
9), we expectmomentum to fit naturally into Newtonian dynamics. Newton did express his law
of motion in terms of the momentum, which he called the quantity of motion. We can express
Newton's law in terms of the change in momentum instead of change in velocity:

(1-14)

where v and v' are the velocities before and after the impulse. The right-hand side of the last
equation can be written as

(1-15)

the change in the momentum. Therefore

(1-16)
or, in other words, the impulse equals the change in the momentum.

1.4.3 Conservation of Momentum
In Figure 1-4 a moving billiard ball collides with a billiard ball at rest. The incident ball stops and
the ball it hits goes off with the same velocity with which the incident ball came in. The two
billiard balls have the same mass. Therefore, themomentum of the second ball after the collision
is the same as that of the incident ball before collision. The incident ball has lost all
its momentum, and the ball it struck has gained exactly the momentum which the incident ball
lost.

Figure 1-4  Collision of billiard balls

This phenomenon is consistent with the law of conservation of momentum which says that the
total momentum is constant when two bodies interact.

1.5 Work, Power and Energy

1.5.1 Work
Work is a force applied over a distance. If you drag an object along the floor you do work in
overcoming the friction between the object and the floor. In lifting an object you dowork against
gravity which tends to pull the object toward the earth. Steam in a locomotive cylinder
does work when it expands and moves the piston against the resisting forces.Work is the
product of the resistance overcome and the distance through which it is overcome.

1.5.2 Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.

In the British system, power is expressed in foot-pounds per second. For larger measurements,
the horsepower is used.

1horsepower = 550ft *lb/s = 33,000ft*lb/min

In SI units, power is measured in joules per second, also called the watt (W).

1hp = 746 W = 0.746kW

1.5.3 Energy
All object possess energy. This can come from having work done on it at some point in time.
Generally, there are two kinds of energy in mechanical systems, potential andkinetic.
Potential energy is due to the position of the object and kinetic energy is due to its movement.

For example, an object set in motion can overcome a certain amount of resistance before being
brought to rest, and the energy which the object has on account of its motion is used up in
overcoming the resistance, bring the object to rest. Fly wheels on engines both receive and give
up energy and thus cause the energy to return more smoothly throughout thestroke.
Elevated weights have power to do work on account of their elevated position, as in various
types of hammers, etc.

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