EXPERT SYSTEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
Cell: 9952749533
www.researchprojects.info
PAIYANOOR, OMR, CHENNAI
Call For Research Projects Final
year students of B.E in EEE, ECE,
EI, M.E (Power Systems), M.E
(Applied Electronics), M.E (Power
Electronics)
Ph.D Electrical and Electronics.
Students can assemble their hardware in our
Research labs. Experts will be guiding the
projects.
Electrical Transients in Power System

January 2009
Mehdi Vakilian
Text Books:

 1-Transients in Power Systems

by: Lou van der Slius, 2001

 2- Electrical Transients in Power System

by: Allan Greenwood, 1991

COURSE OUTLINE
 Fundamental Notions About Electrical Transients

 Basic Concepts and Simple Switching Transients

 Damping Effect on Switching Transients

 Abnormal Switching Transients

 Testing of Circuit Breakers

 Transient Analysis of 3Ph Power Systems

Course Outline …..continued

 Transient Analysis of 3Ph Power Systems

 Traveling Waves and Other Transients on
Transmission Line
 Modeling Power Equipments for Transients
 Numerical Simulation of Elec. Transients
 Lightning and its Induced Transients
 Insulation Coordination
 Protection Against Over Voltages
Evaluation System

 Assignments : 10%
 Mid Term One (items 1 to 4) : 10%
 Mid Term Two (items 5 to 7) : 10%
 Final : 60%
 Class Project : 10%
Chapter One : Fundemental Notions
about Electrical Transients
 Time Scale in Power System Studies:
planning, Load Flow, Dynamic Stability
Switching, external disturbances
Frequency Content
Differential Equations Solution
Distributed and Lumped Parameters
Calculatable,Controllable, Preventable
Tools for Study
CCT Parameters
 In Steady State and
Transient

 Mathematical
Presentation & Physical
Interpretation
Simple RC Circuit, Closing Ideal Sw.
Equations of RC Circuit

1 dQ dV 1
V  IR   Idt I  C
C dt dt
dV 1
V  RC V1
dt
dV 1 dt

V  V 1 RC
RC Circuit Response

t
ln(V  V1 )    Cons.
RC

 t / RC
V 1  V  Ae
 t / RC
V 1  V  [V  V 1(0)]e
RC Circuit Discharge

dV 1
RC V1  0
dt

 t / RC
V 1  V 1(0)e
Capacitor Voltage of RC CCT
Simple Circuits Characteristic
(thumbprint)
RC , RL , LC Circuits
Thumbprints:

 RC CCT: Time
Constant ; RC
 RL CCT : Time
Constant ; L/R
 LC CCT : Period of
Oscillation ;

2 LC
Principle of Superposition

 If stimulus s1 produces R1
& s2 produces R2
applying s1+ s2 simultaneously
responds R1+R2 in Linear System

Linear System: response

proportional to :
stimulus
S.P. Application in Switching
CCT Detail I1: Pre-opening current
I2: Superposed current
to simulate current cease
S.P. application in Closing switch

 V1 : voltage across contacts pre-closing

 Therefore:
-V1 fictitious stimulus superposed
simulating the closing action
The LaplaceTransform Method


 F (t )   F (t )  e  st
 dt
0

lim  ,a 0  F (t )  e  st
 dt
Laplace Transform Continued

s    j
 F (t )  f ( s )
 I (t )  i ( s )
 V (t )  v( s )
 [ F 1(t )  F 2(t )]   F 1(t )   F 2(t )
Transform of Simple Functions

cons.V
   st 
e V
 V   V  e dt  V  e dt  V
 st  st

0 0
s 0 s
I (t )  I 't
  '
I
 I t   I t  e dt  I  te dt  2
' '  st '  st

0 0
s
Laplace Transform continued
e jt  e jt
sin t 
2j
1 1 1 
 sin t  (  ) 2 2
2 j s  j s  j s  
s
 cos t  2
s  2
 Laplace Transform Application
 F (t )  s F (t )  F (0)
'

 F (t )  s  F (t )  sF (0)  F (0)
'' 2 '

n 1 n2 n 1
 F (t )  s  F (t )  s F (0)  s F (0)  ...  F (0)
(n) n '
Laplace Transform Continued
t 0
1 1
 [  F (t )dt ]   F (t )   F ( )d

s s 

t 0
1 1
 [  I (t )dt ]   I (t )   I (t )dt   Q(t )

s s 

t
i ( s) Q(0)
 [  I (t )dt ]    q( s)

s s
Solving RC problem with Lap.
Trans.
 In terms of I in the
CCT:
dI I
  0
dt RC

Applying L.P. :
i( s)
si ( s )  I (0)  0
RC
V  Vc (0)
I (0) 
R
Continuing RC CCT solution
 The L.T. solution:
V  Vc (0) 1
i( s)  
R s 1
RC

 The time solution:

V  Vc (0)  t RC
I (t )  [ ]e
R
RL CCT excited by Battery V
 Solving for I in CCT dI
RI  L  V
dt
 The L.T. of Eq.:
V
Ri ( s )  Lsi ( s )  LI (0) 
s
 The response:
V 1
i(s)  ........I (0)  0
L s[ s  R ]
L
RL Time solution
1 1 1 1
 [  ]
s(s   )  s s  

1 1
 1
 [1  e  t ]
s(s   ) 

V  Rt
I (t )  [1  e L ]
R

R t
I (0)  0, add : I (0)e L
Example: 377 MVA Gen field winding
L=0.638H, Exciter noload:1.2
MW(480V)
 Energy stored in F.W.:

1.2 106
I  2500 A
480

1 2 1
E  LI   0.638  2.52  106  1.994MJ
2 2
How must the exciter voltage be changed
to reduce the field current to zero in 5
Sec 480
R f .W .   0.192
2500
L 0.638
   3.323s
R 0.192
V 5
I (5)  2500  (1  e 3.323 )  0(Vexciter  V )
0.192
V  617......Volts
Example on LC CCT Transient
Two energy stored elements
Second order O.D.E.
dI
L  Vc  V
dt
dI 1
L 
dt C  Idt  V

i ( s ) Qc (0) V
Lsi ( s )  LI (0)   
sC sC s
Qc (0)
where :  Vc (0)
C
LC CCT solution Ass. I(0)=0
V  Vc (0) 1 s
i(s)   I (0) 2
L s2  ( 1 ) s ( 1
LC LC )

C 1 2 0
Vc (0)  0, 1    i(s)  V ( )
2
LC 0
L s 2  02

C 12
I (t )  V ( ) sin 0t
L
LC CCT cont. solving for Vc
 Surge Imp. L 12
Z0  ( )
C
2
d Vc
2
 0 Vc  0 V
2 2

dt
V 2
( s   )vc ( s ) 
2 2
0  sVc (0)  Vc (0)
0 '

s
 If I(0)=0 then: V`c(0)=0 and Vc(0)
02
 1
 1  cos 0t
s ( s  0 )
2 2

V 2
sVc (0)
vc ( s )  0
 2
s ( s  0 ) s  0
2 2 2

Vc (t )  V (1  cos 0t )  Vc (0) cos 0t  V  [V  Vc (0)]cos 0t

Vc characteristic

 Vc Osc. Amp depend on V-Vc(0)

 Vc starts at Vc(0) as expected

 Response for :

1-Vc(0)=-V
2-Vc(0)=0
3-Vc(0)=+V/2
Voltage and Current Relation
Solution of an RL CCT Stimulated
by an Exp. Drive (Ass. I(0)=0)

U (t )  V  e  t
V
R  i ( s)  Lsi ( s )  LI (0) 
s 
V
i(s) 
( R  Ls )( s   )
Exp. Stimulated RL CCT, Cont.
 If   R/L

V 1 1
i( s)  (  )
L(   ) s   s  
V  t  t
I (t )  (e  e )
L(   )