1.

Introduction
Leased line is a permanent telephone connection between two points
set up by a telecommunications common carrier. Typically, leased lines
are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices.
Charges are fixed and are not dependent on usage frequency. This will
be very cost effective for constant bulk transmission of data and
information. This guideline document will help the NOC engineers to
understand to configure and trouble shoot Leased lines. It also gives
details on the process to be followed for commissioning and de-
commissioning leased lines.

1.1 PURPOSE OF LEASED LINE

Unlike dial-up connections, a leased line is always active (i.e., a end to
end dedicated connection). As the connection is a dedicated one, it will
not carry anybody else's traffic. This will assure security and a given
level of quality.

1.2 TYPES OF CIRCUITS

1.2.1 2-WIRE Circuit

As the name implies, this type of Leased lines will be built on a single
pair of wire (i.e., 2 wires). It works in half duplex mode (at any point
of time the traffic will be flowing in a single direction). It supports up
to a maximum of 2Mbps.

1.2.2 4-WIRE Circuit

As the name implies, this type of Leased lines will be built on a two
pairs of wires (i.e., 4 wires). It works in full duplex mode in which one
pair is used for transmission and remaining pair is used for reception
(at any point of time the traffic will be flowing in both directions). It
supports up to a maximum of 2Mbps.

1.2.3 MLLN (Managed Leased Line Network)

Managed Leased Line Network (MLLN) is the data network concept that
provides fully secure data communication services over Managed
Leased Lines which will be managed by the Basic Service Operators
(BSO). It is a system by which corporate offices and business
establishments can establish a truly private communication network
for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information from one
location to another. The media available for use by MLLN are fiber-
optic lines, microwave transmission systems, satellite transmission
systems, coaxial cable systems and copper lines. The specialty of
MLLN is given below.

ü MLLN has greater quality and intensity.

ü Need based bandwidth
ü Time based bandwidth
ü Confidentiality is assured

1.3 COMPONENTS INVOLVED

1.3.1 Modem
A hardware device, which allows a computer to transmit and receive
information over telephone lines. It converts digital signals into analog
signals and vise versa. It is Data Communication Equipment (DCE).

There are three types of DCE’s available in leased lines

ü V.35 modem
ü G703 modem
ü Converter

1.3.1.1 V.35
This modem will directly connect to the router’s interface, as it is
having V.35 connector in it. It is also back-to-back connected to G703
modem. The pin out / signal description of V.35 is given below.
 Name Pin Description Type
FG A Frame/Chassis Ground -
SG B Signal Ground -
SDA P Send Data A Differential
SDB S Send Data B Differential
RDA R Receive Data A Differential
RDB T Receive Data B Differential
RTS C Request To Send Unbalanced
CTS D Clear To Send Unbalanced
DSR E Data Set Ready Unbalanced
DTR H Data Terminal Ready Unbalanced
RLSD F Received Line Signal Detect Unbalanced
TCEA U Transmit Clock Ext A Differential
TCEB W Transmit Clock Ext B Differential
TCA Y Transmit Clock A Differential
TCB AA Transmit Clock B Differential
RCA V Receive Clock A Differential
RCB X Receive Clock B Differential
LL J Local Loop back Unbalanced
RLB BB Remote Loop back Unbalanced
TM K Test Mode Unbalanced
- L Test Pattern Unbalanced

1.3.1.2 G703
G.703 is a CCITT standard for transmitting voice over digital carriers
such as T1 and E1. G.703 provides the specifications for pulse code
modulation (PCM) at data rates from 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps. G.703
service is typically used for interconnecting data communications
equipment such as bridges, routers, and multiplexers. G.703 is
transported over balanced (120 ohm twisted pair) or unbalanced (dual
75 ohm coax) cable. Whether the G.703 is balanced or unbalanced
depends on your geographic location and the carrier that supplies the
service.

At data rates of 64 kbps over balanced wire, there are three ways of
transmission:
co-directional
central directional
contra-directional
Co-directional uses four twisted wires, two to transmit and two to
receive. The data and timing are sent in the same direction over the
same wires. Central directional is rarely used. Here the clock signals
are supplied on different wires from a centralized clock such as an
atomic clock. Central directional can use six or eight wires to send a
clock signal in both directions or in separate directions. The six-wire
version uses two for the clock signals and four for the data signals,
and the eight-wire version uses four for clock signals and the other
four for data. The contra-directional is an eight-wire version that uses
two wires each for transmitting and receiving and two pairs for the
clock signals. (Clock signals originate at the Data Communications
Equipment (DCE) and are sent to the Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE).)

In the concept of leased line, there must be always even number of

G703 modems. G703 modems not only transmit data to a large
distance compared to V.35 but also encrypt data.

1.3.1.3 Converter
It will do both functions of V.35 and G.703 in the same equipment.
This will be used in places where the local loop is less than 50 meters.

1.4 Router
In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router is a device
or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next
network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its
destination. The router is connected to at least two networks and
decides which way to send each information packet based on its
current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A
router is located at any gateway (where one network meets another),
including each point-of-presence on the Internet.

A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and

their conditions and use this information along with distance and cost
algorithms to determine the best route for a given packet. Typically, a
packet may travel through a number of network points with routers
before arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with
the Network layer (layer 3) in the standard model of network
programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

A router connects networks together, controlling the routing of packets

from source to destination and providing alternate paths when
necessary.
The symbol of router as used in network diagrams is given below.

1.5 MUX
In communication transmission systems, mux (pronounce muks,
sometimes spelled "MUX") is an abbreviation for multiplexing, a device
that sends multiple signals on a carrier channel at the same time in
the form of a single, complex signal to another device that recovers
the separate signals at the receiving end. The receiver is sometimes
called a demux (or "DEMUX").

1.6 Basic Service Operators (BSO)

At Sify, there are four Basic Service Operators who provide
connectivity services. They are,

ü Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)

ü Bharti Telecom Nigam Limited (BTNL)
ü Bharti Telesonic Limited (BTSOL)
ü Tata

1.7 Sample Connectivity of Leased Line

1.8 FEATURES OF LEASED LINES
ü Works in Synchronous mode
ü Available in multiples of 64 Kbps.
ü Uses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
2. MODEM CONFIGURATION
To configure a modem, there are five major components to be
configured in it. They are,

ü Framing
ü Clock Source
ü Mapping of timeslot
ü Speed
ü Timeslot start position

2.1 Framing
There are 2 modes of framing available to configure the modem. They
are,

ü Framed
ü Unframed

2.1.1 Framed

When the modem is set to FRAMED, the user can select the required
time slots and the speed. You can get a maximum of 1984 Kbps
because; only 30x64 Kbps channels will be used for data transfer. Rest
of 128 kbps will be used for signaling.

2.1.2 Unframed

When the modem is set to UNFRAMED, all the 32x64 Kbps channels
are used for transmitting and receiving data. Hence you will get the
entire 2.048 Mbps

2.2 Clock Source

Clock is a reference signal to synchronize both ends of a leased line.
There are three ways to provide clock to a leased circuit. They are,

ü Generating the clock internal to the DCE and sending it to DTE.

ü Getting clock from the service provider equipment.
ü Both ends of the Leased line will synchronies with an external
clock such as atomic clock.
Getting clock from the service provider equipment is the most
preferred way of getting clock source. Based on the above, there are
three types of settings. They are,
ü Internal
ü Line
ü External

If a modem is set to Internal clock, it will produce the clock signals

and will send it to the DTE.

If it is set to Line, the DCE equipment will receive the clock from the
service provider end.

If it is set to External, the DCE equipment will receive the clock either
from Service provider equipment or from an external clock source like
atomic clocks.

2.3 Mapping of timeslot

When a modem is set to frame, it is required that the time slots need
to be configured as per the required bandwidth. Bandwidth of each
time slot is 64 Kbps. So if 256 Kbps of bandwidth is required, then you
need to select 4 time slots.

Important thing to remember here is, if your selecting certain time

slots, the same time slot has to be set in all the modems in the circuit.

For example, you are selecting TS1 to TS3 and TS5 for a 256 Kbps
circuit, and then the same time slots have to be selected in all the
modems in that circuit.

For selecting the time slot, there are two methods available. They are,

ü USER
ü SEQ

If User option is selected, the engineer who configures the modem has
to select the time slots manually.

If SEQ option (short for sequential) is selected, then the sequence of

time slots will be assigned starting from the time slot selected by the
user.
2.4 Speed
Speed is the bandwidth requirement of the user. Starting from 64
Kbps to 2048 Kbps can be configured.

If a modem is set to unframe, then all the time slots of the circuit will
be used. So, you will get a bandwidth of 2048 Kbps.

If it is set to Framed, the maximum bandwidth it can scale is based on

the number of time slots selected. It can be a maximum of 1984 Kbps.

2.5 Timeslot start position

Time slot start position is a configuration, which tell the user from
which time slot, the modem has to take for bandwidth calculations.
This option is available only for frame option.
3. TROUBLESHOOTING

3.1 LOOP TEST

Loop test is performed to check the physical connectivity of the link.
Two types of loop test are available they are
ü Hard loop
ü Soft loop

3.1.1 Hard Loop

This loop is given using physical media. This can be classified into two
types
ü 2 Wire Loop
ü 4 Wire Loop

3.1.1.1 2 WIRE LOOP

This loop is used to test a single pair of wire.

Wire 1

Wire 2

This test can be performed to check both towards router end as well as
near end exchange. When given towards router end the interface will
in looped status.

Figure 1
 4 WIRE LOOP
This loop is used to test a four-wire circuit.

Wire 1 – TX +

Wire 1 – TX -

Wire 1 – RX +

Wire 1 – RX -

This test can be performed to check both towards router end as well as
far end exchange till customer end router. When given towards router
end the interface will in looped status, Refer Figure 1.

SOFT LOOP
This loop is given using active equipments namely V.35 modem and
G703 modems.

V.35 MODEM LOOP

There are three types

ü Local
ü Remote
ü Digital

LOCAL LOOP
Used to check the connectivity between local DTE interface and local
V.35 Modem

TX TX TX TX
TX TX

RX RX RX RX RX RX

LOCAL DTE LOCAL V.35 LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE

G.703 G.703 V.35 DTE
 REMOTE LOOP
Used to check the circuitry till near end G703

TX TX TX TX
TX TX

RX RX RX RX RX RX

LOCAL DTE LOCAL V.35 LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE

G.703 G.703 V.35 DTE

DIGITAL LOOP
Used to check end-to-end connectivity till far end router interface.

TX TX TX TX TX TX

RX RX RX RX RX RX
LOCAL LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE
LOCAL DTE
V.35 G.703 G.703 V.35 DTE
 G703 MODEM LOOP
There are two loops

ü Local
ü Remote

LOCAL LOOP
To check the connectivity towards far end router interface.

TX TX TX TX
TX TX

RX RX RX RX RX RX

LOCAL DTE LOCAL V.35 LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE REMOTE

G.703 G.703 V.35 DTE

REMOTE LOOP
To check the connectivity between local G703 and near end router
interface

TX TX TX TX TX TX

RX RX RX RX RX RX
LOCAL LOCAL LOCAL REMOTE REMOTE
DTE V.35 G.703 G.703 V.35
TROUBLESHOOTING
There are many parameters that need to be considered when
troubleshooting a leased line. They are
ü CRC Error Check
ü Reliability
ü Collision
ü Interface Reset
ü Other parameters

CRC ERROR CHECK

The CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a very powerful but easily
implemented technique to obtain data reliability. The CRC technique is
used to protect blocks of data called Frames. Using this technique, the
transmitter appends an extra n- bit sequence to every frame called
Frame Check Sequence (FCS). At the receiving end, validity of data is
checked using the same n- bit sequence
CRC combines three advantages:
• Extreme error detection capabilities.
• Little overhead.
• Ease of implementation.

In a router interface, CRC errors denote the number of invalid bits

being transferred. CRC errors occur when CRC calculation does not
pass-indicating the data has been corrupted due to one of these
following reasons:
Ø Noisy serial line.
Ø Serial cable is too long.
Ø CSU line clock is incorrectly configured.

The solution to CRC error problem can be any one of the following:
Ø Ensure that the line is clean enough for transmission
requirements. Shield the cable if necessary.
Ø Make sure that the cable is within the recommended
length.
Ø Ensure that all the devices are properly configured for a
common line clock
CRC will be 0 in a link that is up and working well. If there is a
problem in a link, CRC will have a positive value.
RELIABILITY
Reliability is the probability that a link will perform its prescribed duty
without failure for a given time when operated correctly in a specified
environment.
Reliability means
Ø Maximum availability - works first time, every time
Ø Predictable performance any time of the day

In a router interface, it is calculated as an exponential average over 5

minutes
COLLISION
Collision is the result of two network nodes transmitting on the same
channel at the same time. The transmitted data is not usable. Collision
value will be 0 when the line is up and working fine. When collision has
a positive value, it implies there is some problem in the link.

INTERFACE RESET
It is the number of times an interface has been completely reset. This
can happen if packets queued for transmission were not sent within
several seconds time. On a serial line, this can be caused by a
malfunctioning modem that is not supplying a transmit clock signal, or
by a cable problem. If the system notices that the carrier detect line of
a serial interface is up but the line protocol is down, it periodically
resets the interface in an effort to restart it. Interface resets can also
occur when an interface is looped back or shut down. This parameter
is used to indicate the fluctuations in the leased line link. It has a
positive value set in it in case of any fluctuations, else has a value zero
when the link is working fine.
OTHER PARAMETERS
The other parameters that can be looked for when solving a problem in
a leased line are:
v RTS and CTS
v DCD
v DSR
v DTR
 RTS AND CTS
When two stations need to communicate with each other, the sender
of the message sends a Request To Send (RTS) message. Only when
the receiver sends a Clear To Send (CTS) message back to the sender,
actual communication starts.
For eg: If a station, say A wants to send a data frame to station B,
station A first sends a request-to-send (RTS) frame. If station B
receives the RTS frame, then B issues a clear-to-send (CTS) frame.
All stations within range of B receive the CTS frame and are aware
that A has been given permission to send, so they remain quiet while
station A proceeds with its data frame transmission. If the data frame
arrives without error, station B responds with an ACK. This is
illustrated in the following diagram

a)
Station A RTS Station B Station C

A requests to
send

b)
Station A CTS Station B CTS Station C

B announces A
OK to send

c)
Station A Data Station B Station C
Frame
A sends C remains quiet
DATA CARRIER DETECT (DCD)
Data Carrier detect (DCD) refers to the number of times the carrier
detect signal of a serial interface has changed state. For example, if
data carrier detect (DCD) goes down and comes up, the carrier
transition counter will increment two times. It also indicates modem or
line problems if the carrier detect line is changing state often.
Process for COMMISSIONING AND
DECOMMISSIONING OF LINKS

Objective

To understand the process for commissioning of backbone,

Gateway and customer leased Circuits.

Inputs

Advice Note from BSO

Equipments (Modem, Power card, box)
Equipment installation form (only applicable for customer equipment)
Outputs

Commissioned links

Procedure

Backbone/Gateway Links:
 ü The SIFYIIC will get the advice note for commissioning of new
link from BSO and intimate SIFYNOE. SIFYNOE will start
commissioning of the link as mentioned below.
ü SIFYNOE will get the modem from SIFY stores as per link
requirement.
ü SIFYNOE will configure the modem as per Link requirement.
ü SIFYNOE will get the serial interface IP address from SIFYCPE by
raising an IP request in SIFY info desk.
ü SIFYNOE will raise Change management request with the
following details
ü Originating and terminating location, IP address details, Router
Port
ü Details.
ü Once the CM is approved, the Configured modem will be placed
in the Communication Room Rack.
ü SIFYNOE will do the Local wiring and test the same.
ü Once the link is wired and tested, it will be terminated to the
corresponding Router interface.
ü SIFYNOE will raise an info desk TAC to SIFYNETOPS for
configuring the router interface.
ü SIFYNOE will coordinate with BSO for Channel allocation and
wiring (All BSO contact details are available in dcinfo.sify.net)
ü SIFYNOE will test the end-to-end link using loop test.
ü Once loop test is completed, the remote router serial interface ip
reach ability will be tested using ping.
ü SIFYNOE will check the reliability, CRC, collision of the link.
ü SIFYNOE will label the modem.
ü SIFYNOE will send a mail to configure the link in NMS.

Customer Links:

ü The SIFYPMG will get the advice note for commissioning of new
link from BSO and intimate SIFYNOE. SIFYNOE will start
commissioning of the link as mentioned below.
ü SIFYNOE will get the modem from SIFY stores as per link
requirement.
ü SIFYNOE will configure the modem as per Link requirement.
ü SIFYNOE will get the serial interface IP address from SIFYCPE by
raising an IP request in SIFY info desk.
ü SIFYNOE will raise Change management request with the
following details
§ Originating and terminating location.
 § IP address details.
§ Router Port Details.
ü Once the CM is approved, the Configured modem will be placed
in the Communication Room Rack.
ü SIFYNOE will do the Local wiring and test the same.
ü Once the link is wired and tested, it will be terminated to the
corresponding Router interface.
ü SIFYNOE will raise an info desk TAC to SIFYNETOPS for
configuring the router interface.
ü SIFYNOE will coordinate with BSO for Channel allocation and
wiring (All BSO contact details are available in dcinfo.sify.net)
ü SIFYNOE will test the end-to-end link using loop test.
ü Once loop test is completed, the remote router serial interface ip
reach ability will be tested using ping.
ü SIFYNOE will check the reliability, CRC, collision of the link.
ü SIFYNOE will label the modem.
ü SIFYNOE will send a mail to configure the link in NMS.