CDMA

CALL PROCESSING
 0 1 2 16 31

We have 32 Time slots for E1

I,e TS 0 to TS 31
Each slot having data rate of 64 Kbps.
 5ESS SWITCH
ECP
COMPLEX
SS7
AM

CM
D.L

PSTN E1 D.L

SM-2000 E1
 ECP
AM COMPLEX
PSTN

PSTN
CM

SM-2000 SM-2000 SM-2000 CELL

IBC

ATM
SVC
IWF IFRPH CELL
PSTN
SM

PSU 2
PHV
0

D
L DFI 0 1
T 16
U
PP CELL SITE
2 ECSU 5 TSI
0 5
TSI 5
30 64

16 FRPH DLTU 2
PHV
 CDMA PACKET

P
A
C
DATA K
E
FANOUT T
VOCODER
PCM VOICE
B
U
S
100Mbps

PHV

PACKET HANDLER FOR VOICE

PHV 1: 8Kbps (9.6Kbps) PHV 3: Both 8Kbps & 13Kbps
PHV 2: 13Kbps(14.4Kbps)
A Data channel employs Radio Link Protocol(RLP), which enhances delivery of user data
across air link by detecting missing user data and retransmitting it.

Mobile originated calls(Ckt-mode) : The mobile down loads its stored modem
configuration in to the IWF.(Ex: Tel No. of PSTN-connected modem etc.)
AM CM ATM
SM X

SM Y

FRAME PHA
FRPH PHA
SH SELECTOR

PHV

PSTN DFI TSI DFI SITE

DATA LINKS

SS7 CDN CSN

RPCN IMS RING

SS7 CDN CSN
RPCN :RING PERIPHERAL CONTROL NODE
Interconnects the ECP and IMS Ring.

CSN : Cell site Node

Terminates up to 8 Cell site data links.

CDN : Call processing/data base node

Performs many of the call processing functions.
 FOR DATA
FRAME
SELECTOR
CELL PSTN TO IWF : ANALOG TONES
IWF TO MOBILE : DIGITAL DATA
DATA
CHANNEL

PHV FRPH IFRPH

PSTN
DFI

VSC

ISDN
ISDN
FRAME
PRI
RELAY
IWF
PSTN TO MOBILE STATION

PSTN
ECP CELL SITE

DCS
DLTU

TSI DFI

DFI

DFI
PSU-2

DATA FAN OUT

DFI

PHV PHV FRPH FRPH DFI

PACKET BUS
PCM VOICE(64kBPS)

SIGNALLING(DL-0 & DL 1)

VOICE PACKETS (In the form of DS0)

DS0 s One P.P One P.P
(64Kbps) with PHV 1 with PHV 2

2 6 4

3 10 7

4 14 10

5 18 13

6 22 16

7 26 19

8 30 22
MOBILE STATION TO MOBILE STATION
CALL IN THE SAME SM
ECP CELL SITE

CELL SITE
DCS
DLTU
DFI
TSI LAT
DFI

DFI

DFI
PSU-2

DATA FAN OUT

DFI

PHV PHV FRPH FRPH DFI

PACKET BUS
 SWITCH SIDE CELL SIDE
E1 MAPPING FOR 1st E1.

TSI 1 DFI
2 In
. CCC
. D 8
8 L
PSU 2 9 T
8 . U
. 2
P F 16
D 10
H R Chanl 17
F CCC
V P Groups .
I 12 DFI 10
3 H .
22
PP 24
25

23
1 1 1

CSN DL -0
E1 DFI CCC
8
IMS
24
12
32
Acculink
LN 00
 SWITCH SIDE CELL SIDE
E1 MAPPING FOR 2nd E1.

TSI 1 DFI
2 In
. CCC
. D 14
8 L
PSU 2 T
14 U
2
P F
D
H R Chanl
F
V P Groups
I DFI
3 H

PP

23
1 1 1

CSN DL -1
E1 DFI
8
24
IMS
32
LN 32 Acculink
 SWITCH SIDE CELL SIDE
E1 MAPPING FOR 3rd E1.

TSI 1 DFI
2 In CCC
. 20
. D
8 L
PSU 2 9 T
20 . U
. 2
P F 16 CCC
D 22 22
H R Chanl 17
F
V P Groups .
I 24
3 H . DFI
24
PP 16
25
CCC
24

31
CCC
16
 SWITCH SIDE CELL SIDE
E1 MAPPING FOR 4th E1.

TSI 1 DFI
2 In CCC
. 26
. D
8 L
PSU 2 9 T
26 . U
. 2
P F 16 CCC
D 28 28
H R Chanl 17
F
V P Groups .
I 30
3 H . DFI
24
PP 18
25
CCC
30

31
CCC
18
 DCS
PSTN AM

CM CELL SITE

SM SM SM

AUTO PACE
ACCULINK
DACS
OMP

Dual X.25
SS 7 CSN

DLN IMS RPCN ECP

ACDN CDN
CELL SITE P.Ps
CELL SITE DATA LINKS(BX.25)
 P.P POSITION IN E1

DS1 0 or DL-0 or Ist E1

DS0 0 1-8 9-16 17-22 23 24-25 26-31

P.P SYNC 8 10 12 DL 0 12 NOT USED

No. DS0s 1 8 8 6 1 2 6

DS1 1 or DL-1 or 2nd E1

DS0 0 1-8 9-22 23 24-31

P.P SYNC 14 NOT USED DL 1 NOT USED

No. DS0s 1 8 14 1 8
 DS1 2 or 3rd E1
8DS 0s : 30 Calls
7DS 0s : 26 Calls
DS0 0 1-8 9-16 17-24 25-31
P.P SYNC 20 22 24 16
No. DS0s 1 8 8 8 7

DS1 3 or 4th E1

DS0 0 1-8 9-16 17-24 25-31

P.P SYNC 26 28 30 18
No. DS0s 1 8 8 8 7
GPS ANTENNA
15MHZ,1PPS
RCC
19.66MHZ,2PPS GPS TIME
RFTG GPS TIME

Tx
CCC CCU1 ACU BCR Rx0
SCT
Rx1

CCU2
DFI CBUS BIU
BBA
CCU3
CDMA CLUSTER

E1

TDM BUS CELL SITE

 CCU : Performs the digital base band signal functions

BIU : Controls ACU,BCR and provides TDM bus to RCC

ACU : Converts the signals from one or two CCCs to Analog Base band signals.

BCR : Converts Analog base band signals from up to 3 ACUs to RF Signals.

To antenna faces.
 TDM
BUS BIU

CCC
ACU BCR
8
BIU

CCC
ACU BCR
10
BIU

CCC
ACU BCR
12

GPS
SCT RFTG
RECEIVER
E1 GPS ANTENNA
E1 DFI
 CALL PROCESSING IN CELL SITE

8Kbps Vocoded
1.23Mbps
Speech data
(20msec block) Power control I-Chl Pilot
Encoder & Bits(800bps)
1.2Kbps Code repetition PN offset
2.4Kbps 1/2
4.8Kbps Rate 19.2Kbps
Scrambling
9.9Kbps 1.23Mbps
Interleaver MUX
1.8Kbps
800bps
3.6Kbps 3/4 19.2Kbps
7.2Kbps Rate Pwr control
bit position Q-Chl Pilot
14.4Kbps PN offset
13Kbps Vocoded 1.23Mbps
Speech data 19.2Kbps 64 Bits
(20msec block)
Long Code Decimator Walsh code
Generator Generator

1.23Mbps
 CDMA FRAME FORMATS
20ms FRAMES

9.6Kbps Frame 1 171 12 8 Total Bits 1+171+12+8=192 Bits in 20ms Block

4.8Kbps Frame 1 79 8 8 Total Bits 1+79+8+8=96 Bits in 20ms Block

2.4Kbps Frame 1 39 8 Total Bits 1+39+8=48 Bits in 20ms Block

1.2Kbps Frame 1 15 8 Total Bits 1+15+8=24 Bits in 20ms Block

: Mixed mode bit : CRC(Cyclic redundancy check)

: Information bits : Encoder tail bits.

 WALSH CODES REPRESENTATION IN CDMA BAND

23 54 49 28
8 60 59 56 41 24 20 2 25 16 40 30 16
46 9 15 13 32 14 48
21 6
4 7

1.25MHz

Walsh Code 0 : Pilot Channel

Walsh Code 1-7: Paging Channel

Walsh Code 32 : Sync Channel

Walsh Code 8-63: Forward Traffic channel

except 32
 CDMA Carrier

PILOT PN PILOT PN PILOT PN PILOT PN PILOT PN

Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence
Offset 0 Offset 1 Offset X Offset 510 Offset 512

FORWARD CDMA Chal

TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
PILOT Chal PAGING Chal SYNC Chal
Chal Chal
We have 4 channels

160 Chl No. 4

201 Chl No. 3
242 Chl No. 2
283 Chl No. 1

Concerned Down link Frequencies for the above channels are

160 X 0.03 MHz + 870 MHz = 874.8 MHz

201 X 0.03 MHz + 870 MHz = 876.03 MHz

242 X 0.03 MHz + 870 MHz = 877.26 MHz

283 X 0.03 MHz + 870 MHz = 878.49 MHz

Each Band contains 41 Channel

Each Channel is 30 KHz or 0.03 MHz
So channel separation is 41 X 0.03 MHz = 1.23 MHz

Note: Down link is Base station to Mobile.

Concerned Up link Frequencies for the above channels are

160 X 0.03 MHz + 825 MHz = 829.8 MHz

201 X 0.03 MHz + 825 MHz = 831.03 MHz

242 X 0.03 MHz + 825 MHz = 832.26 MHz

283 X 0.03 MHz + 825 MHz = 833.49 MHz

Up link down link separation is 45 MHz.

Total down link bandwidth is 870 - 885 MHz

and Up link bandwidth is 825 - 840 MHz

Note : Up link is Mobile to Base station.

 Guard Guard
Chl 4 Chl 3 Chl 2 Chl 1
Band Band

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
3 3 4 6 8 8 0 2 2 4 6 6 8 0 0 1
1 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 2
9 Chls 41 FDMA Chls 41 FDMA Chls 41 FDMA Chls 41 FDMA Chls 9 Chls
(0.27MHz) (1.23MHz) (1.23MHz) (1.23MHz) (1.23MHz) (0.27MHz)

U.L: 829.8MHz U.L: 831.03MHz U.L: 832.26MHz U.L: 833.49MHz

D.L: 874.8MHz D.L: 876.03MHz D.L: 877.26MHz D.L: 878.49MHz

NOTE : U.L :Up Link

D.L : Down Link

Total B.W required for 4 Chals is 1.23 MHz x 4 = 4.92 MHz

Guard Band 0.27 MHz x 2 = 0.54 MHz
= 5.46 MHz
 FORWARD LINK CHANNEL FORMAT
Walsh code 0
I Data
PILOT Chal 1.23Mbps
PN Spreading D/A Convert
All 0’s
Q Data
Walsh code 32 I
SYNC Chal I Data
1.23Mbps
PN Spreading D/A Convert
4.8Kbps
Q Data
Walsh code 1 to 7
PAGING Chals 1.23Mbps I Data
1 up to 7 Chals PN Spreading D/A Convert
19.2Kbps Q Data Q
Walsh code 8-31,33-63
TRAFFIC Chals 1.23Mbps I Data
1 up to 55 Chals PN Spreading D/A Convert
19.2Kbps Q Data
 CDMA REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL
I
1.23Mbps
PN offset 0

64-Ary Mod I
8Kbps Vocoded
Speech data
(20msec block)
Encoder & Code 63 D/A
1.2Kbps Code repetition Convert
2.4Kbps
Code 62
1/3
4.8Kbps Rate 28.8Kbps Code 61 Q
9.9Kbps 307.2Kbps
Interleaver
1.8Kbps Code 2 D/A
3.6Kbps 1/2 28.8Kbps T/2
Code 1 Convert
7.2Kbps Rate
14.4Kbps Code 0
Q
13Kbps Vocoded 1.23Mbps
PN offset 0
Speech data
(20msec block)
Long Code
Generator

1.23Mbps
 64-ary Modulation

W 63=……………………..

64 Bits
101100110100111000010

W 2 =……………………..
W 1 =……………………..
W 0 =……………………..

Decimal value of Last 6 bits is 2. This will mapp in to Walsh code 2(Consistes 64 bits)

I/p Data rate is 28.8 Kbps

O/p Data rate is 28.8 Kbps x 64 bits

= 307 Kbps
6 Bits
ADVANTAGES :
Different ratings of Coders.
(When users assigned to CDMA carrier are not talking, all other
on the same carrier benefit with less interference.)

Frequency reusage factor : 1

Low RF Power.

Multipath fading can avoid using rake receiver.

Soft hand off: A call to be carried by the two or six cells or sectors
at the same time.

Security : It is spread spectrum Technology.

Each OMNI Cell /Cell sector operating on CDMA carrier is identified by PN sequence
offset. There are 512 Pilot PN sequences offsets (0 to 511) Forward chals on one CDMA
carriers.

Primary CDMA carrier is 283.

Each PN consists 64 Chips

PILOT PN sequence is Quadrature pair of identical PN binary codes operating at 1.23Mbps

for F.W and Reverse CDMA Chals.

Each PN sequence is Maximum length binary sequence of :

512 Offsets X 64 Chips = 32768 in 26.7 msec.

Note: Forward CDMA Chal always contains one PILOT

may be one SYNC
may be seven PAGING
up to 63 TRAFFIC Chanals
Number of Walsh codes : 64 (0 to 63)
Each Walsh code contains 64 Bits. Long and operating 1.23Mbps

Walsh functions are orthonagal

0 : PILOT
1 to 7 : Paging or Traffic
32 : SYNC
Remains Traffic.

All codes are Information Bearing Chals Except PILOT Chal consists 64 Zeros.

A Mobile initially acquires the CDMA system by searching and locking on to

strongest PILOT Chal.
 REVERSE CDMA CHANNEL

REVERSE CDMA Chal is sum of

CDMA CARRIER all MS transmission on a CDMA
Carrier.

PN Sequence
Offset 0
N : Number of Mobiles currently
accessing the CDMA system on
the CDMA Carrier.

REVERSR CDMA Chal

ACCESS ACCESS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC

Chal 1 Chal N Chal 1 Chal N
Common CDMA carrier(283) has its own PILOT,SYNC,PAGING and
TRAFFIC channels.

FORWARD

Non common CDMA carriers(160,201,242) has own PILOT& TRAFFIC

Channels. It may or may not have sync and paging Chals.

For every paging Chal in Forward atleast on Access chal in reverse.

42 Bit Long code is for 1) Identify the traffic (Reverse)

2) Paging and Traffic chal scrambling.

Each code binary sequence of 4.4 Trillion (42 days)

REVERSRE
Common carrier has its own Paging & Traffic Chals
Bit other carriers has its own Traffic chals but may or may not have own
Access Chals.
 Global Positioning System
The start of CDMA system time coincides with GPS time.(Jan 6,1980 00:00:00)
The present CDMA time is Number of seconds elapsed from the above time.

5micro Sec/mile 5micro Sec/mile

Cell Site

MS

MS

Cell Site
 CDMA Call is processed by different stages
Stage 1 : MSC : It is combination of DCS and ECP Complex
Stage II: Cell site

Here ECP complex consists ECP,IMS token ring and OMP

ECP is heart of heart of Call processing. It controls call processing in DCS via SS7 link
and Cell site via Data links.

Each SM-2000 consists 1) Packet handler for Voice(PHV)

Each Packet Handler can have of 16 Vocoders(or Speech handlers(SH))
Each Vocoder process one call and it converts PCM 64Kbps to 9.6/14.4Kbps
packets or vice versa.
Each SH will also have function of Frame selector, which selects best
frame(by CRC)in Softhandoff reverse call process.

2) PH4(FRPH)
Each FRPH can handle 64 calls or 32 DS0s. Since our network Packet
Pipe(PP) consists 8DS0s(equal to 30 calls), each FRPH may handle two PPs

3) Packet Bus(100Mbps)

4) PHA(Packet handler for ATM) for SM to SM call processing.

 In forward call processing E1 lands on SM/DLTU, which consists of DFI cards(up to 20)and ECSU.
During data compression(By Vocoders) there will be some time delay. Because of this ECHO may
raise. To avoid ECHO, we have ECSU(Echo cancelled and signaling unit). The signaling information
from E1 goes to ECP complex via DCS.

Now each Vocoder(SH) takes one 64Kbps PCM line and compress the data rate to PHV1(9.6Kbps) or
PHV2(14.4Kbps) or PHV3(both 9.6 (EVRC)& 14.4Kbps) Packets, depends upon the rate set of
Vocoder

The vocoded data can be Full rate(9.6Kbps),Half rate(4.8Kbps),quarter rate(2.4Kbps) or 1/8th rate
(1.2Kbps), depends upon the voice rate.

This CDMA packets from different Vocoders go to FRPH via Packet Bus(100Mbps). CDMA packets
from PHVs to FRPH (& from FRPH to PHVs) is Dynamic.

FRPH converts these packets in to Packet pipe.(We have 12 Packet pipes for each cell site. I.e. 8,10,
12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28 and 30)

These Packet pipes are going to DLTU, where DFI mux the Packet pipes and Datalink(it is
coming from Cell site node of IMS ring) and forms E1. For each cell site 4E1s are allotted.
Only Ist and 2nd E1 for each cell site requires Data links. D.L(Data link)-0 will go along with
Ist E1 and D.L-1 go along with 2nd E1. 3rd and 4th E1s consists only PPs.

In the reverse link DFI extracts the D.Ls coming from Ist and 2nd E1s and sent to CSNs.
and sends PPs to concerned FRPHs. Here PPs from FRPH to DFI is static. The particular
FRPH,DFI at SM in DCS is constant for particular cell site.
 FRPH converts PPs to Packets and sends to PHV via packet bus, in case the call is to PSTN. The
Frame selector selects good frame(20msec) in case the call is from more than one cell sites or sectors.
The Vocoder now decodes CDMA packets to 64Kbps PCM line.

In case the call is within DCS and with in same SM, then first CDMA packet from FRPH goes to PHV
converts to 64Kbps data, goes to DFI and loop back to again DFI(Called loop around trunk:LAT) and
goes to PHV and converts to CDMA packet and goes to FRPH , and from there to concerned cell site.

In case the call is within DCS and different SM, then concerned CDMA packet to PHA and lands on
different PHA,which is located in different SM. The SM to SM connection is trough ATM.

ECP complex consists ECP,IMS Token ring and OMP. IMS ring nodes having protection by
Link node 00(LN00) and and Link node 32(LN 32).
Each Link Node consists 1) CSNs(Cell site Nodes)
2) CDNs(Call Processing & data base node)
3) SS7 node
4) RPCN(Ring peripheral and control node)

CSNs controls the cell site by Data links. Each cell CSN can have up to 8 D.Ls. LN00 CSN have
eight D.L-0s and LN32 CSN have eight D.L-1s. So one pair of CSNs will manage eight cell sites.
If sites are more than eight then we have to go for one more pair of CSNs.
SS7 Node in IMS ring control call process in DCS. The signaling information from PSTN will come
to IMS ring via this SS7 link. Both Link nodes in IMS ring has SS7 nodes for protection.
CDNs in IMS ring will do call processing.

RFCN will connect IMS ring to ECP. Even RFCN is duplicated for protection.

Now CSN will have eight D.Ls. These Data links are connected to ACCULINK, where it forms
E1. Acculink even gets D.Ls from other CSN. This E1 is connected to DFI, which is available
in DLTU of SM.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN DATA & VOICE CHANNELS

PHV PHV
FRAME FRAME
SELECTOR SELECTOR

DATA CHAL
VOCODER

PACKET SWITCHING N.W

CKT MODE DATA
(VOICE)
(DATA)

For Voice PHV contains VOCODER with Frame selector

For Data PHV contains DATA Channel with Frame selector.
 One PHV can support three Data channels with reducing its any of its voice processing capacity.
Service option 3 uses for EVRC(Bot rate sets)
Service option 4 : Asynchronous data service for Computer at CDMA NIU with rate set 1(9.6Kbps)
This can connects with existing asynchronous modem in the PSTN. This requires IWF

A Data channel can support any circuit-mode data.

Service option 5: Asynchronous data access to fax for rate set-1. It can connect with Group-3
Fax in PSTN.

It requires IWF(Inter Working Function) & down loading radio link protocol(RLP) on to
existing PHV boards.

Service option 6 : It is for sending “SHORT MESSAGE SWITCH(SMS)” to NIU.

Service option 12 : Asynchronous data service for Computer at CDMA NIU with rate set2(14.4Kbps)

Service option 13 : Asynchronous data access to fax for rate set-2. It can connect with Group-3
Fax in PSTN.
IWF provides protocol conversion between protocols carried over air interface and modem
protocols required for voice-band data in the PSTN path.

TIA STANDARDS

IS-95A : For Air-Interface Packet-switched service.(@ 800Mhz)

IS-95B : For Air-Interface Packet-switched service.(@ 800Mhz & 1900Mhz)
IS-99 : CDMA Air interface for Ckt-mode data service with rate set-1
IS-707 : CDMA Air interface for Ckt-mode data service with rate set-2
IS-658 : Defines interface between IWF & MSC

CSN to DFI uses BX.25

Mobile data path : Mobile to/from IWF

Analog Modem tones IWF to/from PSTN.

IWF supplied by 3-com communication corporation.

In case of Data channel the CDMA packet which is coming from P.P goes to
PHV, it sends to IFRPH(ISDN FRPH), where it can handle 40 simultaneous Ckt-mode
Data calls. Each Ckt-mode data call requires one SVC(Switched Virtual circuit) for on
an IFRPH for sending Data call to IWF. It converts to ISDN B Chal(IBC)
and enters PSTN environment.
A Data channel employs Radio Link Protocol(RLP), which enhances delivery of user data
across air link by detecting missing user data and retransmitting it.

Mobile originated calls(Ckt-mode) : The mobile down loads its stored modem
configuration in to the IWF.(Ex: Tel No. of PSTN-connected modem etc.)
 Each cell site caters 4 E1s. These E1s lands on DFI card in cell site and from there to
BUS 0 and BUS 1(These two bus are connected to RCC(Radio control complex). Now
all the 12 CCC(In CDMA Cluster complex) are connected to BUS 0 and/or Bus 1. TDM
Bus supplies Clock,frequency and data to the each CCC. Now CCC extracts one Packet
pipe from E1. So One packet pipe from FRPH in DCS will serve on one CCC in cell site.

We have three ECU's(Enhanced channel unit) for each CCC. CCC demux the Packet
pipe and disassemble packets and sends to ECU. Now each ECU consists 10 Channel
elements. So one CCC can handle 30 Channel elements.(CE s)

CCC = 3 ECU's = 10 X 10 CE = 30 CE s

One CE in cell site is equal to one trunk(connects on vocoder/SH) in DCS.

In reverse Call processing packets coming from different CE s assemble and become
Packet pipe(P.P) at CCC and mux in to E1 and goes to DCS via ADM.

CCU performs the Digital base band signal functions.

CE performs the Digital band signal processing for a single CDMA channel.
In CE the packet which contains 9.6Kbps Data(Can be full rate,half rate,quarter
rate,1/8 rate depends upon vocoder data rating) will be doubled i ,e 19.2Kbps
and scramble with 42Bit register Long code. This PN code is users algorithm
 A long code sequence is a PN sequence, operating at 1.23Mbps used to spread the access and
reverse traffic channels and to scramble the paging and forward traffic channels. The long
code uniquely identifies access channels on the same CDMA carrier and uniquely identifies a
mobile station on both reverse and forward traffic channels.

Each Long code sequence is maximum length binary sequence repeats every 4.4 Trillion(Approx........
42 days), this also called as long PN code. Where PN is pseudo Noise on CDMA carrier.

This 1.23Mbps long code decimated by 64 and gives 19.2Kbps and this will scramble the original
data, so that the resultant data becomes coded data at the rate of 19.2Kbps. From the same Long
code for every 800 or for every 1.25msec bits one bit will be inserted( I ,e 1/800=1.25msec) in
to the data for increasing and decreasing the power depends upon the NIU requirement.

Tx power + Rx power = -75 dBm.

NIU will extract this bit from data for every 1.28msec and increases/decreases the power by
one d B depends upon the bit one or zero.

The narrow band signals are associated with code channel are spread by specialized binary sequence
called Walsh functions and then spread by the Pilot PN sequence operating at an signed time
offset. There are 64 different Walsh functions, 0 to 63, each 64 bits long and operating at1.2288Mbps.
Code Channel 0 is spread by Walsh function zero, code channel 1 is spread by Walsh function 1,…
and code channel 63 is for Walsh function 63.
Code channel zero is assigned to the pilot channel. Code channels 1 through
7 may be assigned to either the paging channels or the traffic channels. Code
Channel 32 may be assigned to either a sync channel or a traffic channel.
The Remaining code channels may be assigned to traffic channels.All code
channels are information-bearing channels except the pilot channel. The
pilot channel is un modulated by information and is assigned Walsh
function zero, which consists of 64 zeros. Thus, the pilot channel signal
consists only of the pilot PN sequence operating at an assigned time offset.A
mobile initially acquires the CDMA system by searching and locking onto
the strongest pilot channel, which
typically corresponds to the nearest cell site. During a call, the mobile
distinguishes its particular signal by despreading the received data with a
synchronized representation of the same Walsh function used to spread
the signal at the cell.

The primary carrier(Carrier 283 consists sync) and noncommon(160,201

242)carriers may or may not have sync and paging channels. The Walsh
functions, themselves, are aligned to the locally generated Pilot PN sequence.
 Now this 1.23Mbps(19.2Kbps X 64 = 1.23Mbps wide spread) is divided in to
I(Inphase) and Q(Quadrature phase) digital channels.
From GPS antenna We are getting GPS Clock one PPS(1 Hz)and GPS timing
to GPS Antenna and it is generating 15 Mhz and 1PPS. This is going to RFTG
(Reference Frequency and Timing Generator). We have two Reference generators
RG-0 and RG-1(Protection). This will give clock and frequency to SCT(Synchronised
clock and tone), where it gives 19.6608MHz and clock 2PPS(one pulse for two
seconds:0.5Hz) to TDM Bus. We have duplicated SCTs for protection for each Growth
Frame. Each Frame caters for six CCCs. This SCT output goes to CCC complex for
call processing. The start of CDMA system time coincides with of GPS time, Jan 6th,
1980 00(Hr):00(Min):00(Sec)UTC(Universal time code). The present CDMA time is
number of seconds elapsed from the above time.
Mobile receives time with SYNC Chal from the Base station.

Pilot PN sequence is getting time from GPS. We have time difference from place
to place. By creating time offset one sector carrier to another sector carrier and from
one cell site to another cell site, even we use same carrier in all the three sectors
carrier interference will not happen. That is the reason why CDMA carrier reusage
factor is 1. We are maintaing sector to sector same carrie offset is 168.
 Pilot PN sequence, which is Quadrature pair of identical PN binary
codes operating at 1.23Mbps for Forward and Reverse CDMA channels.
Each sector(Alpha,Beta and gamma) transmits same PN sequence but
with different time offset.

We have 512 offset 0 to 511, each offset having 64 chips. So Maximum

length of binary sequence is 32768 (512 offsets X 64 Chips) and repeats
every 26.7msec.

I I
10 00
Q Q

11 01

PN Sequence
Offset
Example for one C.E Pilot PN offset coding
The Forward (Base station to Mobile) CDMA channel contains Pilot channel and
may carry up to one Sync and up to seven paging and up to 63 traffic channels.
All code channel are information bearing channels except Pilot channel(Un
modulated by information) consists all 64 Zeros. A mobile initially acquires the
CDMA system by searching the strongest the PILOT channel.

Now In Radio Unit contains BBA trio(Base Band) which includes BIU(Bus
Interface Unit),ACU(Analog conversion unit) and BCR(Base band combiner &
Radio).

CE 0

CE 1

CCU
CE 9
ACU
CCC CCU

CCU
 ACU converts all CE digital base band signals to single Analog Base band signal.
BIU controls both ACU and BCR and also connected to TDM bus.

In BCR the Analog base band signal which is coming from particular ACU
cup converts to required Radio Frequency(RF) and goes to concerned Sector.

Since each carrier serves 3 CCCs, BCR of a Alpha sector even connected to ACU of
another BBA
Here for 283 carrier CCC 8,10,12 is connected. Like for carrier 160 CCC14,16,18
and for carrier 242 CCC 20,22,24 and for carrier 201 CCC 26,28,30 are connected.

Example on 283 Carrier

CCC 8 ACU BCR Alpha

CCC 10 ACU BCR Beta

CCC 12 ACU BCR Gamma

 CDMA Overhead Channels and Overhead CEs
CDMA overhead channels are the control channels used by a CDMA system to establish call
setup prior to assigning the call to a traffic channel. There are four types of CDMA overhead
channels:1)Pilot channel The pilot channel is an unmodulated, direct-sequence spread-spectrum
signal transmitted continuously by each sector of a CDMA cell. It allows the mobile to acquire
the timing of the forward control channels and provides a coherent carrier phase reference for
demodulating the sync and paging channels.
2)Sync channel The sync channel provides time-of-day and frame synchronization
to the mobile. The mobile uses this channel to acquire cell and sector-specific information.
3)Paging channel The paging channel transmits control information to idle mobiles
during mobile power-up and when a mobile is acquiring a new cell site. It conveys
pages to the mobiles.
4)Access channel The access channel is a CDMA reverse channel used for short
signaling message exchange such as mobile registration, mobile call origination,
and response to pages..In the Lucent Technologies CDMA system, a CE can be
configured as an overhead channel or a traffic channel. There are three types
of overhead CEs: an overhead CE configured as the pilot/sync/access channel,
known as the P/S/A CE, an overhead CE configured as a pilot only channel, known
as the pilot CE, and an overhead CE configured as the paging channel, known as the page CE.
 In the reverse CDMA call, vocoded 20msec data(May be 9.6Kbps for Rate set-1) becomes
28.8Kbps by one third rate by code repetition & encoder. We have 64 Ary modulator, where
it 64 codes, and each code contains 64 bits. Ex W1,W2….W63. The decimal value of last 6
bits in the Data, will decide which W code represents this data. For example the decimal
value of lst 6 bits for a frame is 000011, it is equivalent of decimal 3. So W 3 converts this bits
its coded 64 bits. So for 28.8Kbps data 28.8Kbps X 64 Bits
6 Bits
Equal to 307.8Kbps. With this data the users mask(Long code )which at the rate 1.23Mbps
will be mixing. The resultant data i.e. 1.23Mbps. This Data is again dividing in to I & Q
channels. Here with zero offset of Pilot PN sequence it will modulate the data. Unlike in
forward channel, here the Q channel will be delayed by T/2 for OQPSK modulation.