TYPES OF NETWORKING

There are many types of networking which are as follows:

WAN MAN LAN

1. WAN:
Its full form is Wide Area Network. It is a geographically dispersed
communication network with many owner linking many computer. for the purpose of
communicating with each other. The setting up cost for WANs is the highest.
WANs also operate at speeds much higher than the 19200-bps limit of
normal voice-grade telephone lines.
WANs are typically created using specially conditioned telephone
lines, microwaves or satellite data transmission. Some of the functions that can be
performed on WANs are given below:
• REMOTE DATA & JOB ENTRY
• CENTRALISING INFORMATION
• FACILITATING COMMUNICATIONS
• HIERARCHICAL NETWORKS
• DISTRIBUTED DATA-PROCESSING NETWORKS

2. MAN:
Its full form is Metropolitan Area Network. This is a network of computer
that are restricted to a larger area that a LAN.
E.g. a network of computer covering a city.
MANs are larger than the LANs. Setting up a cost for MANs is higher
than that LANs.

3. LAN:
Its full form is Local Area Network. This is a system of interconnected
computer and other hardware like printer that are link to each other within a small area
such as a building ,campus, etc.. The cost of setting LANs is low.
Local Area Networking is a form of computer communications
generally used for the internal transfer of data and information within an
organization.
LANs are designed to work in a restricted geographical area. LANs
operate at relatively high speeds when compared to the typical wide area networks
currently in use. LAN data transfer speed may be as high as 80 million bits per second
(80 Mbps), or slightly less than 10 million character per second (10 Mcps).
LANs are private networks, not subject to tariffs or other regulatory
controls, from the government.
 DIFFERENT TOPOLOGIES USED IN NETWORKING

Various ways in which computers may be connected physically together (i.e. topology)
are described in the following subsections. These topologies are named as:

1. LINEAR /BUS TOPOLOGY: This topology has the advantage of not

requiring that every computer be up and cable is dedicated to all the information
traffic, performance can be slow at times.
In linear bus topology, all computers are
connected by a single length of cabling with a terminator of each end. The Bus
topology is the simplest and most widely used network design.

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 2. CIRCULAR TOPOLOGY: This layout is similar to the Linear Bus,
except that the nodes are connected in a circle using cable segments. Performance is
faster on this system because each portion of the cabling system is handling only the
data flow between two machines. This type of topology can be found in Peer-to-
Peer networks.
In Ring topology, computers are arranged in a circle. Data travels around
the ring in one direction, with each device on the ring acting as a repeater. Ring
networks typically use a token passing protocol.

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CLIEN CLIEN
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A TOPOLOGY C

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 3. STAR TOPOLOGY: In Star topology, all the cables run from the
computers to central location, where they are connected by a Hub. Each node is
connected to a single, centrally located file server, using its own dedicated segment
of cables. This topology has the advantage of minimum data traffic along the
cables, thus providing optimum performance.

CLIENT
A

SERVER CLIENT
CLIENT B
D

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 4. TREE TOPOLOGY: This is a network topology containing zero or more
nodes that are linked together in a hierarchical fashion. The top most nodes are
called the root. The root may have zero or more child nodes, connected by edges;
the root is the parent node to its children. Each child node can in turn have zero or
more children of its own. Nodes sharing the same parent are called siblings. Every
node in a tree has exactly one parent node, and all node in a tree are descendants of
the root node.

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5. GRAPH
CLIENT /MESH TOPOLOGY:
CLIENT
CLIENT
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CLIENT
CLIENT
CLIENT
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CLIENT
In this method of connection, zero
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G nodes are linked together in an arbitrary
or more IF fashion. Any two nodes inH
a graph may be connected by a link. Not all the node in a graph needs to be
connected, but if a path can be traced between any two nodes, the graph is a
connected one.

TYPES OF LAN MODEL

 BASICALLY, THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF LAN MODELS:

1. PEER-TO-PEER:
• Here, all computers on the network are equal in term of authority and usage
i.e. their is no central authority that determined the network’s resources sharing
policies.
• This network slows down with heavy use.
• Keeping track of the information on each computer can be difficult therefore it
is used in small network only.

CLIENT CLIENT
A B

2. CLIENT- SERVER MODEL:

• Here, there is a set of many clients which interact with the server.
• The client and the server both work together for the computation and
processing and presentation of result which are distributed.

CLIENT:
• They interact with the user, providing an interface to allow the user to request
services of the server and to display the result returned by the server.
• They usually do some translation, formulating commands entered by the users into
format required by the server.
• They may provide system security by verifying identity and authorization of the
user before forwarding their commands.
• They may also check the validity and integrity of the user commands.

SERVER:
• They are passive element i.e. they never initiate communication but wait for
result/request to arrive from the client.
• They are usually more powerful machine than the client.
• In this model, the client are made available on individual PCs, while the server are
located else where on the network.
• It contains network operating system i.e. the software required to the run the
network.
• The client send the request to the server such as:
* storing and retrieving files on the hard disk of the server.
* running programs that are stored on the hard disk of the server.
* printing to the network printer.
 SERVER

CLIENT CLIENT CLIENT

A B C

3. HYBRID LANs:
They are mixture of more than one model. (It is a mixture of Peer-to-Peer and
Client Server model).

DATA TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Data communication channel: It is a path through a medium that data can take
to complete a communication task. Therefore, channels are data highway carry
signals from sending station or source to receiving station or destination along
predefined routes.

CLIENT Communication CLIENT

A B
Channel

Types of communication channel/media: There are many

communication channels used for data communication.

1. TWISTED PAIR CABLES: Twisted pair wire is commonly used in

local telephone communication and short distance digital data transmission. They
are usually made of copper and a pair of wires is twisted together. Data bus
contain twisted wires, data transmission speed of twisted wires is up to 9600 bps,
when distance is not more than 100 meters. In long distances, telephone wires are
used. In such case transmission speed is 1200 bps. There are three types of
twisted pair wire used in the networking:
• Type 1- two wires, each 22 gauge shielded.
• Type 2- four wire in metallic shield with plastic cover.
• Type 3- telephone type cable with 24 gauges.

2. COAXIAL CABLES: Coaxial cables are group of specially wrapped

and insulated wires lines that are able to transmit data at high rates. They consist
of a central copper surrounded by a PVC insulation over which a sleeve of
copper mesh is placed. The signal is transmitted by the inner copper wire and is
electrically shielded by outer metal sleeve. Coax cables are capable to carry
digital signals at rate of 10 mega bit per second. Coax cables have much higher
noise immunity and can transfer signals without losing signal strength.

3. MICROWAVES & RADIOWAVES: Microwave system use very

high frequency radio signals to transmit data through space. It is line-of-sight
method
for communication, means receiver and sender should be in a line-of-sight.
Microwaves communication requires amplification of signals after traveling a
long distance, signals become weak. To over come this problem, microwaves
communication system uses repeaters at interval of 25-30km. Two consecutive
repeaters are placed in a line-of-sight. Microwaves systems permit data
transmission rates of about 16Giga bits per second. The link can support 250000
voice channels at the same time. This communication system is generally used in
metropolitan cities.

4. FIBRE OPTICS: Fibre-optics cables transmit data as light pulses

through glass cables. The significant advantage of this type of cabling over others
is, that it provides the fastest transmission speed and is more reliable. In fibre
optics, signals of data in the form of light along hair-thin glass fibres, travels at
186,000 miles per second, and the electrical signals are converted in light wave,
these light waves are transmitted over the fibre. Another converter placed near
the sink converts the light waves back to electrical signals by photoelectric
diodes. It provides high quality (low error rate) transmission of signals at very
high speeds. It may be used to communicate over analog or digital signals.

5. SATELLITE: A communication satellite is basically a microwaves relay

station placed in outer space. These satellites are launched either by rockets or by
space shuttles at 36000km above the equator where its orbits speed exactly
matches the earth’s rotational speed.
In satellite communication, microwaves signals at 6 Giga Hz
are transmitted in the space to a satellite position. The signal become weak due to
it’s traveling a long distance of 36000km. Satellite amplifies the weak signals and
send them back to the earth. Satellite transmission systems are very much costly.
Dozens of satellite are now in orbit to handle international and domestic data,
voice and video communication needs. The Indian satellite, INSAT-1B, is
positioned in such away that it is accessible from any place in India.

ROLE OF ISO-OSI MODEL/ARCHITECHTURE

The networks refer to the OSI model. The OSI reference model is a set of
communications standard and protocols that is used to move data between
devices. LAN is the method for data exchange. The steps involves in data
exchange is very complex. It is very difficult to manage successful data
communication instead of using entire data communication as a single module,
the task is broken into sub tasks and each sub task operate separately by different
layer of communication architecture.
System that alter to the OSI (Open System Interconnecting). The OSI model for
networking was developed in 1983 by ISO (International Standard organization).
Most vendors have agreed to support OSI model. The seven layers in OSI model
are:-
1. PHYSICAL LAYER: As the name suggest provides all the physical
necessities required to establish a physical connection between two terminals.
The physical layer provides the electrical, mechanical and other functional
characteristics. The layer sequences the bit of information in the form of 0’s and
1’s, controls the channel for connection. The physical layer determines that how
much voltage will be used to represent 0 and 1.

2. DATA LINK LAYER: This layer defines the format in which the
data will be transmitted from one terminal to another terminal. It detects the
errors in physical layers and corrects them. This layer is responsible for the
establishment and release of connections between to network terminals. MAC
protocol is used.

3. NETWORK LAYER: This layer is next to the data link layer. This
layer monitors the connection between the computer systems. This layer is
responsible for the termination of the data session when the required data is
transmitted.

4. TRANSPORT LAYER: This layer is next to the network layer. This

layer is responsible for the transmission of data. The transport layer ensures that
data sent is received completely and without any error. It performs the job of
error detection and also receives the error in transmission of data.

5. SESSION LAYER: This layer is responsible for the co-ordination of

data session. The data session establishment, maintenance and termination of data
session, all function is to be performed by the session layer.

6. PRESENTATION LAYER: This layer is responsible for

formatting and sequencing the data into standard message form. It encrypts the
data transferred so that data transferred should not be intruded.

7. APPLICATION LAYER: The application layer converts message

from various system to network standard form. It synchronizes the application
process, so they are ready to exchange data.
 OS
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APPLICATION
LAYER

PRESENTATION
LAYER

SESSION
LAYER

TRANSPORT
LAYER

NETWORK
LAYER

DATA LINK
LAYER

PHYSICAL
LAYER

FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF LAN NETWORK WE NEED

FOLLOWING DEVICES

 A SETS OF COMPUTERS: A computer can, not only store and process data
but also retrieve data i.e. take out data from its memory or storage as and when
desired. Thus, computer is a general term that refers to an electronic data
processing machine used for a wide range of activities.
A computer may have following configuration:
• Processor P4,Pd and Motherboard
• Ram 32MB
• Combo Drive
• High Capacity Hard disk
• Monitor and Keyboard
 LAN / ETHERNET CARD: LAN card also known as NIC (Network
Interface Card). It is a printed circuit board which has clips and electronic path
drawn on it. This is used in the computer to connect the PC with the network.

 NETWORK SOFTWARE: The special operating system is required to

support the LAN. These operating system are called Network Operating System.
Some of these are NOVELL NETWARE, WIN-NT, UNIX, etc.
The NOS is needed to use the facilities of networking. The various protocol
supporting LAN are used to communicate between the system on the network.
Novell Netware at first was not the GUI based network operating system.
Windows-NT network operating system is a Graphical based network operating
system. It is a powerful and secure NOS. Novell Netware supports a large
number of computers nodes as workstation.

 ACCESS POINTS / DEVICES:

• HUB: It is the physical devices. The cable of the network is connected through
hub device. It is used to send or receive the data.
• SWITCH: Like a hub, a switch connects multiple segments of a network
together, with one important difference. Whereas a hub sends out anything it
receives on one port to all the others, a switch recognizes frame boundaries and
pays attention to the destination MAC address of the incoming frame as well as
the port on which it was received.
• BRIDGE: Bridges are used to connect two LANs that use identical protocols
over a wide area. It acts as an address filter, which pickup data packets from
one LAN and passes on other identical network.
• ROUTER: Routers are similar to Bridges but it is used to connect two LANs
Or two WANs over a large geographical distances.
• GATEWAY: It is also used to connect two dissimilar LANs. The term
gateways and routers are used interchangeable; through there is a subtle
difference between the two. A gateway is required to convert data packets from
one protocol format to another before processing it.
• NETWORK INTERFACE CARD: A network card, network adapter or NIC
is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate
over a computer network. It provides physical access to a networking medium
and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.
It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly. In
most cases, a NIC connects to the computer through expansion slots, which are
special slots located on a computer’s motherboard that allow peripherals to be
plugged directly into it.