Narayana Swamy.

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Dept of ECE/TCE
T.John Institute Of Technology
10/26/2009
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!" # $ % & ' ! (-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

* +7 + ,, + 5 +: 2 8 G 7 .

Aim

# '70 , - #+ + =
# 6 (- # $ , -

(4 @ ;- 4( + ;-

2
(4 9 - A1

*' ' + ,-. *' ' .

.23 )
!0 0 /0
(1( 23 (
% 7. !/ ,-4) ! 7 .
' ! 5 /!0 .
! 6 /7
) .B.
/7
* * '/ !0 )

Theory

77!/ 0 0!/ !0 $ " / ! /!0 0 / ! 9 /21 N( 77!/ ;"! 00 9

! / / 1 /!: /!0 ; 9 /!0 0 / 8 ! 7 ( 1 G!/! . (
7 ) /! ! ! / 09 !0 9 /! 7 ; / !7 9 ! . 0 "/!0!
! 6 ! 09 ) ! 0 ! /!0 0 / ( C/!# 8!/0! ; 9 ! 0
"/!0! ! 6 ! 9 ) ! 0 ! 0 ! /!0 0 / ! / 7 !1
! ! 77!/ 0 " 0!7 # ! / /!0 0 /0 0 ! / ! 9 /2 7 !
"/ " # 0 "!/" 0 ! 0!71 0 ! 0 ! " 8 !
7 ! ! # " 7 !8! 0 !# 7 ;0 "; 2 !
" !8! 0 0!7 ; ! 7 " 787 ;1

Procedure: One

C!/ #; ! " ! 0 7" /70 9 ! !/ !; /!

D 7 7 1
2! ! 0 00 9 ! / 7 / 1
% D 8! 0 "" ; ! / !/ 2 1
' ? / 7 ##!/! 7 " 0 ! 0 /! ! " 8 ! 0 N ! !/
) C!/ #; 9 ! !/ ! ! /! 8 ! 0 9 "/ 8 !0 7
* 0!/8! ! " 01

!" # $ % & ' !(

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

+ + =

Vout

Design

- 0 ( 77!/ ! 9 /2 7 " "8 !# 9!/ 0

##!/ 0 ! . ( ) /! !7 " 01 7 " ; ! 9< = /
<.=1 C < = E C <.= E C E !#!/! ! 8 ! ! 0! ! !7 7!"! 7 !
> $" 8 ! /!: /!71 # ! 7 " 0 /! !7 #/ 7
/ !/ ! C E B C 0 E 0 $ /!#!/! ! 8 !1

! " 8 !C # / - 6 0 9 8! ! 9/ ! 0A

* " C E < () )B (( ( B (. . B( =C

C E <C $( =
- <( $) =

C E< )B - ( B( . B = <C $ (-=

C E C $ (-

C E <C $ (-= <( $) = E 0 !0 /! ! ! ! " 8 ! C*1

- M

Z !0 E <0 !" 0 H! $ # 0 != > .

$ - M

!" 0 H! E ? 0 ! $ & 1 # !"0

Z !0 E <0 !" 0 H! $ # 0 != > .

!" # $ % & ' !(

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

, # M '0 + +

& !/ # 0 !"0 E ( N . E (- N . E . 0 !"0

C E< )B - ( B( . B = <C $ (-=

C* E C > & 1 # 0 !"0 $(- C E !#!/! !8 !E C

C* E O .$(- E 1( C 0 !" 0 H!
C E O . $(- E )1.( C > 0 !" 0 H!

Tabular Column

, ( ,# 8 4- # - 4- 9 #
;-
,% , , , $ 9 - 9 -

. . .C E 1( .C E 1(
( . (C E 1-. (C E 1-.
) . . )C E 1 ( )C E 1 (
- . -C E 1 )) -C E 1 ))
. . C E 1. - C E 1. -
. . C E .1( C E .1(
, . . . ,C E .1- ,C E .1-
. C E .1 C E .1
4 . . 4C E .1 , 4C E .1 ,
. . . . C E (1 . C E (1
.. . . . ..C E (1(4 ..C E (1(4
.( . . .(C E (1 .(C E (1
.) . . . .)C E (1, .)C E (1,
.- . . . .-C E (14. .-C E (14.
. . . . . . C E )1.( . C E )1.(

Procedure: Two

! / 0 N( 77!/ ! 9 /2 7 *" N " 8 !? 9!/1

0/ 7 N . <. = !/ 0 0 ! 2! ,-4)1
% "" ; 2 " 0!0 ; " 0 <.-= 7 /! /7 ! 0!: ! ! # 1
' "" ; <0 ; . RGH= 2 7 0!/8! ! 0 / 0! *$' 9 8!# / ! *1
) 2! ! $' 7 *$' 9 8!# / D/ " 0 !!

!" # $ % & ' ! (,

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

G - M

Staircase out to CRO

D0 D1 D2

D3

12 9 8 11

1 7493N

14 10 5 2 3

CLK vcc
1 KHz

Output

Specimen graph
Analog
o/p
voltage

Staircase O/P

0000 0001 0010 Digital

inputs

" 2 #/!: ! ; E # 0 !" 9 7 E E .$#

Result

$ # # # $ #

!" # $ % & ' !(

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

/ & .2 898&+ + 2 8 G 8 ))) 8. +

, # 0 (- 0 - # 8 ))) ( # = #
6M

;- 1 :"> $ ) -1 1 1((
;- 1 :"> $ /) - 1 1 1((

(4 ;- 4( + ;-

(4 9 - A1
!/ .
" /0 1. +# 1 .+# .B.
1 23 .
% !0 0 /0
)1)23 .
' 7! .&- , .

) ! 5 /!0 .

* ! 6 /7 (
/ * '/ !0 )

$ 1

0 ! 8 / / #! !7 #/!! / 8 / / 0 /! /
5 8! ! !/ / 2! ! 0 ! 8 / / 0 / 7 !0
/!: /! !> !/ / !/ ! !0 ! # ! " ! ! ! ! #/!!
/ 1 G 9!8!/ ! ! 7 / 9 ! " 0 ! !/ / 9 0
7! !/ !7 ; ! 9 /!0 0 /0 7 " /0 9 /! ! !7 !> !/ ;1

- 4

? 90 ! 0 !/ ! !7 0 0 ! 8 /
/1 ;9 !
! " 0 " / 0 / 0 9 /70 C / 7 61 G 9!8!/ 0
0 08 ! / 00 ! " / !: 0 ($) C " / /N . / !/0 ! # "
# " 7 ! " 09 !0 91 & 9 " / 0 /070 / / 6
7 / 0 0 / @.1 5 ! !8 ! / 00 !: 0 .$) C " / /I0 "
/ !/0 ! # " # " 7 " !0 1 ! ! ; ! /!"! 0 ! "
8 ! 7 " /8 ! 9 8!# / 00 9 # 1

! !7 / 9 ! " / / !0 #/ .$) C 0 !: ! ! !
" 0 7 0 8! ;A
E 1 4< B 6= 1

!" # $ % & ' ! (4

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

/; ! !7 / 9 ! " / 7 0 / !0 #/ ($) C .$) C

0 !: ! ! ! " 0 9 7 0 8! ;A
7 E 1 4 < 6= 1

0 ! "!/ 7 # ! " 9 8!# / 0

E B 7E 1 4< B( 6=

! #/!: ! ; # *0 0 8! ;A

? E .1-- $ < B ( 6=1

5 !/! 7 6 0 * 0 7 ? / 70 7 0 7!"! 7! #
"" ; 8 !C 1

44 M
.1 D! !/ 0: /! 9 8! 0 /
(1 ?/!! / / " ! !/ /1

C!/ #; ! " ! 0 7 9 /!0 9 ! !/ !; /! 7 7 1

! ! 0 ! 8 / / / 0 !/ 0 0 9 # 1
% 9 ! " 9!/ 0 "" ; C E B .( C
' * 0!/8! ! " 9 8!# / " ) *1
) ! 0 /! ! " " 0! " 7!1
* * 0!/8! ! " / 8 ! 9 8!# / " 7 ! 0 /! !
> 7 8 ! !8! 01 C!/ #; CM E ($) C 7C E
.$) C 1
/ " /! ! " / 8 ! C 9 *$' 9 8!# / C* 7 !
" / / !0 7 C / 0!0 !>" ! ; 9 ! " 0 1 !
" / 7 0 / !0 / 6 7 7 0 / !0 ! / 0 0 / 7 C # 0
!>" ! ;9 ! " 0 91
3 ! ! ; ; ! [7I " #/!: ! ; [#I 7 8!/ #;1

M 0 ! N8 / / 0 !/ " 9 8!# /
9 G Q / E 0 " 7 ; ; ! Z1

7 / 0 ! 8! ! !7 0 2! 0 9 # (1
? /0 E E 61 /
% !8 ! 0 ! 0! ! !7 # / 1
' ; ; ! [7I E Z / [7I E 1
C!/ #; 9 ! !/ ! ! /! 8 !0 /! 9 "/ 8 !0 7
0!/8! ! " 01

, #

!" # $ % & ' !)

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

1((

86 + < +& < +! $ "< < * %+

< :">! ,- 1 1 ! < )

E .$# E .$ . 2GH E . 0E< G B =

; ; ! E G$ E 1
"E 1 E 1 X. 0E 1 0
"E 1 0
E < N G= E . N 1
E 1 0
" E 1 4)
E. ?
+ E " $ * % E 1 0 $ < 1 4) > 1. #=

0! + < * 3 =C

2 1((

< :">! ,- 1 1 ! < /)

E .$# E.$ . 2GH E . 0 E < G B =

; ; ! E G$ E 1,
" E 1, E 1, X . 0 E 1, 0
" E 1, 0
E < N G= E . N 1,
E 1( 0
E 1 4) 6

E. ?
+& E $ 1 4) E 1( 0$ < 1 4)> 1. #= E % * =C
" E 1 4) < B 6= E 1, 0
< B 6= E 1, 0 $ < 1 4) > 1. #= E . 1 ( 23
+ E . 1 ( 23 N )1 23 E / :C

+ < * 3 :C +& < % % :C

Schematic Symbol of 555 Timers

!" # $ % & ' ! ).

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- , # (

1((

6.8k

6.8k

2 1((

!" # $ % & ' ! )(

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- 4-

1((

+ -

$ 0 (- 0 - $ 0 6 6 0 $ 1(( -
1(( #

!" # $ % & ' ! ))

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

3 . &

, # ( 0 (- 0 - # 8 ))) ( 6 # 4-
$ 5

(4 ;- 4( + ;-

(4 9 - A1
!/ .
" /0 1 . +# 1 .+# .B.
- 1- 23 .
% !0 0 /0
. 3 .

' ! 5 /!0 .

) ! 6 /7 (
* * '/ !0 )

$ 1

0 ! 8 / /< C= # ! !7 !0 8 / / 0 " 0!
! !/ / / 9 ! 7 / # ! " 0! 0 7! !/ !7 ; !
! 9 /2 ! !7 !> !/ ; ! !/1 0 8 / / ! 0 ! #
" 00 !9 ! ! !/ 0 : 0 0 !< 0 !=1 ? / / !/ #
" #/ : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! ! !/ ; 0 0 /!7 ; !> !/ ;
! !7 " / /!#!/! ! !8! 1 ! ! 2! 0 / ! 7! !/ !0 !
" 0! 9 7 1 ! / 0 # " #/ 0 ! 0 ! : 0 0 ! 0 ! 0
" 0 !7 ; !> !/ / !/ 1

. 0 .- 0 -

' . 0 / 7!71 / !/ " 0 "" !7 " (1 : !0 ! 7 # " 0

" 0 2!" BC 1 / 0 # " #/ 0 !0 ! : 0 0 !0 !
! 8! " 0! # // 9 9 7 < 9 7 0 !/ !>"! !7 " 0! 9 7 #
" 9 8!# / = 7 " 7! # /! !/ B ($) C 0 "" !7 " (1 * " 0
2! #/ " )1 ' - 0 0 ; ! !7 BC 8 7 7! /!0! 1 ' 0
/ 7!7 / 1 . ? " / 8 7 0! "/ ! 1 ' < /!0 7= 0 0 / !7
" ,1 /!0 0 / 0 ! !7 ! 9!! " 0 7 1 " 0, 70 / ! " / 0
! !7 9 ! " 0 ! !7 0 "" ; C 1

!" # $ % & ' ! )-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

))) 8 . 0 .- 0 4

? / !>" ! "!/ # !/ 0 0 ! 8 / / ! !00 /; !/

/ /; 9 !> !/ ! 0 /! 0 9 # /!1

$ 4 6 $ - ?4 0 M

; 9 ! ! " " ) 0 9 1!1 ! / 0 0 !0 ! ! / 00 / 0

7 " / 0 0 / !7 / 71 5 ! ! 8! " 0! 0 "" !7 " ( ! / !/
" # 0 ! 9 B.$) C ! " # " / / !0 9 /!0! 0 ! # " # " 7
0!: ! ; ! / 0 0 / / 0 ## 7 ! " " ) !0 1 0 0 ! / 0
# ! " #/ 0 ! : 0 0 !0 ! 00 9 # /!1 0 ! 7 0 / ! / 0 0 /
0 ## ! " / ! 0 / 9 /7 BC / /!0 0 ! 9 !
0 !: 15 ! ! /! 0 " /8 ! ! !0 0 ; /! !/
B($) C ! " # " / / . !0 9 0! 0 ! # " # "1 ! / 0 0 / !0
0 / !/! ; 7 0 / ! " / 7 ! " # ! !/ !0 9 0
0 / !7 # /!1 0 ! " /! / 0 2 0 ! 0 ! #/ : 0 0 ! 0 !1 !
" # ! 0 ! 8 / / /! 0 9 / !/ " 0! 0 "" !71
! ! ; ! /!"! 01 / !/ " " 8 ! 7 " /8 ! 9 8!# / 0 /!
0 9 # /!1

. 0 .- 0 , # 2 # ))) ( 8

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance RA. The larger the time constant RAC, the longer
it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC. In other words, the RC time constant controls
the width of the output pulse. The time during which the timer output remains high is given as

tp = 1.0986 RAC

Where RA is in ohms and C is in farads.

So pulse width, tP = 1.1 RAC

The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many seconds.

!" # $ % & ' !)

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

- , # (

- 4-

+ -

0 ( 0 - 4- $ 4- $ < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

!" # $ % & ' !)

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

+ . ,2 8

Aim

- ?4 ( # . # - # ( - 6
6 < ')) ="> 6( < ="> $ 6 ( - #
(4 - - ( - ?

Components And Equipments Required

? ? ? ! !/ /0 . $6? .4- / 00 / !0 0 /0 " /0

" 9!/ 0 "" ; 7 *1

Theory

? 1< = 0 90 ! 0 / # / 6% 7 /1 0 " 9!/ 00 " # !/

9 !8! 7 /01 ! 7 / 0 ! / " 9!/ " # !/ 2!0 !
9 !8! 7 0 7 " # !0 " 9!/ !8! 1 ! 7
" 0 0 " !7 / 7 / 0# / !/ . ! 00 " # !/1
! 0! 7 /; 9 7 # ! 7 / 0# / !/ 0 ! !7 0!/ !0 9 !
! / 0 "" ; 8 ! C # ! 00 " # !/1 0 ! 0 7
0 0 "" !7 0!/ !0 9 ! ! / " 9!/ 0 "" ; 8 ! # ! 00
" # !/ "" ; ! / 7 1 ! 0! ! # 7 " 0
!/! 9 ! H!/ 7 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; # .1 !/!# /! !
! / 0 "" ; 8 !9 ! "" !7 7 /! ; ! 00 " # !/ ! !/
//! " 0!0 # !: " 7! 7 ! " # ! !7 / 9 ! 0 ! 7;
0 ! 9 8!1 5 ! ! 7 0 /0 ! 1 1 8 ! / 00 ! 0! 7 /; #
! 7 / 0# / !/ 9 ! 77!7 7 0 / !7 #/ ! ! / 0 "" ;
8 !1 0 8 /; 0 "" ; 8 ! 0 ! "" !7 ! 00 " # !/ /!0
8 / 0 ! " 7! # ! // !/ 0 ! 9 8! /7 ! 9 !
7 !7 0 1 ! 0 " 7! # ! //! " 0!0 0 8 /; /7 !
9 ! 7 0 1 ! !7 / ! 8!/ 0 ! //! " 0!0
" 7! 7 !7 9 8! 0 0 9 ? 1 < =1

!" # $ % & ' ! ),

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

0- -(

9( # . -
(4 - ! 9( ? 9( ?
( P
.1 -1 .1( 1
1- )1( (1- 1.-(
)1 .1- 14)

!" # $ % & ' !)

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Procedure

! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1
? 0 !7 ; ! ! 9!! 0 ! !/ / 7 * 9 C.E(C<" "=
8 /; #/!: ! ; # 0 ! !/ / 0 > $" 0 !71
% 6 0 / 00 ! 0 00 "!/ 1
' 2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / < =1
) 9 ## ! ? < 7 " = # 7 0 1 ? / // !/ #/!: ! ;
[# I <#/ !0 0 0= # 7 0 1 7J 0 ! // !/ #/!: ! ; !
> *$'1 <G!/! # ! ! !0 =1
* 9 ! 7 0 7 7J 0 " 7! C ' 'V ?/!: ! ; .
( 2GH 7 7 0 / !7 " 7! 7 !7 $"1
/ ?!!7 " P " !0 7 7 0 O " !0 # *1 *
/ "!H 7 " !/ 0 0 0 9 1
3 R!!" // !/ " 7! 0 1 C /; 7 8 ! < " 7!= 0 !"0
7 ! 0 /! C > 7 C 7 ! 7 7!>1
' ! / " 7 0 8!/0 0 7 7!>1

- 4- 5 6 (

Modulation Index (µ) = (Vmax – Vmin ) / (Vmax + Vmin)

Vm = (Vmax – Vmin ) / 2

Vmin Vmax

Trapezoidal Waveform

Result

0 . 6 66 ( - ?

!" # $ % & ' ! )4

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

2 . 8 2, . ,2 8
Aim

- ?4 ( # . # # -
( - $ . # $ 6 (
Components and Equipments Required

(4 9 - 2 A1
. $
/ 00 /
6? .4- . .
. 23 . .
(( 23 ( .
!0 0 /0
3 - .
-1,23 ) .
% " /0 1.+# . )
' 7! * ,4 . .
' ! 5 /!0 .
) ! 6 /7 .
* * '/ !0 )

Theory

4- (4 - ( - . ! " 7! # ! " 0! 0 " ! 0

"/ " / ! " 7! # ! !00 !0 ! ! #0 " 1 !
' 0 / !/ ! !00 !0 0 / 0 !7 /! ! 8!/1
!' /! ! 8!/ 7! 7 !0 </! 0/ 0 / /! 8!/0= ! ' 0 !
/ !00 ! 0 1

9 78 !0 # / 0 ' 0 0 / !/ "!! 0 0
/!A
• # !7 / # !' " 0! 0 0 ! ! !/ ; /!: /!7 / 0 !
" 0!0 0 !00 ! ! !/ ; /!: /!7 / 0 ! 0 1
• ! ! !/8 ! 9!! ! ' " 0!0 ; ! # !7 9 0 " !0 #
!/ !00 !0 9 90 0!8!/ !00 !0 ! / 0 !7
0 ! 0; ! !V 0 ! : ! 0 !7 (
(- 4 ? # ,. 1

7! 7 ! !' 0 ! / !00 ! 0 !' 0

0 ! # / !7 ; 0 " ! " 0! #/!: ! ; <#0= 0 ! /! !/ ! &;: 0
/ !1 #0 S ( > #

!" # $ % & ' !-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

. - , ( -

, #

, ( - M
6 SS B + # /# E. 2 H 7 E 1.+# + E .$ <. R H > 1.+#= E *3 C
Procedure

6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 20 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / 1
% ! ! // !/ " 7! / 7 (C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ; !/ ! # 2GH
. 2GH1
' ! !0 " 7! / 7 . C <" "= 7 #/!: ! ; ( 2GH1
) ! ! * !! !/ # ! / 0 0 / 7 0!/8! ! ' 9 8!# / 1
* & 9 8!/ #; 0 " ! /! 2!!" ! 7 0 #/!: ! ; 0 ;(
2GH 7 ! // !/ #/!: ! ; 9 ! # 7 0 #/!: ! ; 7
0!/8! ! $" 9 8!# / 1 ! 0 $" ! 7! 7 / / 7
0!/8! ! 0 # !0 9 ! 7 0 ! 0 " ! /!
0 8!/ # !71
/ ! 2 ! 7! 7 !7 $" # / 7 ##!/! #/!: ! !0 # // !/ 9 8!1
Output

. -

, ( -

Result

$ - (4 - ( - ( - - 6- 1
-
!" # $ % & ' ! -.
 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

2 58, " . ,2 8 , 2 8 8 . ,2 8

Aim

- ?4 ( # . # 6 4- $ P
6 # ( - # #

Components and Equipments Required

(4 9 - 2 A1
,-. *" " (
!/ .
. 23 . ( ) -
!0 0 /0
. 23 - .
% " /0 . # . ( ) )
' 7! .&- , . .
) ! 5 /!0 .
* ! 6 /7 .
/ * '/ !0 )

Theory

' 0! 9 7 7 0 0 2 9 0 " 0! 7 / 7 ' 1

5. 0 0 /; " 7! < 0 ; 9 !8! 0=1 ! 9 7 /7 /
# ! " 0!0 8 / !0 /7 ! " 7! # ! 0 A 9
8 !0 ! " 0!0 /! // 9V ! !/ " 7!0 ! " 0!0 ! 9 7!/ 0
0 9 # 1 1 ! 0 ! 0 " 9!/ # ! / 0 !/ 8 / !0 9 9 7 #
" 0!01 ? 70 "" / / 9 !/! ! 0"!!7 # ! / 0
"/ " / ! " 0! 9 7 1

. ! " 0!0 ! " 0 /7 ! " 7! # !

0 1 ! " 0!0 /! 8!/; // 9 0 0 9 # 1 1 ! 0 ! 0 " 9!/ #
/ 0 !/ /! 0 0 9 97 # " 0!01 0 7 0 78 ! 0 ! !!7
# / / 0 !/ /! ! 8!/ 0; / H # / "/ "!/ "!/ 1

!" # $ % & ' ! -(

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Output

!" # $ % & ' ! -)

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Design

- $< P
4 < +
E ( +0 $ .1.

< P6
E( +0 $ < 1 .+# > .1.=

+ < 3 =C

Procedure

6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 / 1
% ! ! // !/ " 7! / 7 - C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; S . 2GH1
' ! !0 " 7! / 7 ( C <' '= 7 #/!: ! ; Q. 2GH1
) * 0!/8! ! " 0 " 1 # 0! 7 " " 7 0 0!/8! !
8 / " 0! 9 7 ; 8 /; ! 7 0 " 7!1
* / 9 '5 9 8!# / 1
/ # !/ 0!/8 '5 " ! '5 $" ! '' / 0 " 7
0!/8! ! '' $" " !/ [)I # !/ 1
3 * 0!/8! ! 8 / #/!: ! ; 7 0 " 0! 9 7 1
/ 9 '' 9 8!# / 01

Result

0 5. 6 ( 6

- $ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\ 6 ;- 1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

0 . 6 ( 6

- $ E \\\\\\\\\\\\\ 6 ;- 1A\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

!" # $ % & ' ! --

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

;- 1. -

Aim

, # - - 0 ?4 ( # . - #8
3 %3 $ ( - ? TUV $ 0 $ 6 4 T& V
4 1 $ 6 (

Components and Equipments Required

(4 9 - 2 A1
5 8!# / D! !/ / ) .
. 23 . - )
((23 ) .
!0 0 /0
-,23 ( .
(23 .
. # . .
% " /0
. # ( .
' ! 5 /!0 .
) ! 6 /7 .
* * '/ !0 )

Theory

!" # $ % & ' !-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

6!# /! 9 / ! / 0 ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 0 00 9 / 7 /
% "" ; B 8! <B .(C= 7 N 8! < .( C= 8 !0 ! 0 C < < = *??=1
' 7 0!/8! ! 9 8!# / " 14 ) 7 ( * 0 0: /! / /
7 0 ! 9 8! /!0"! 8! ;1
) ! 0 /! 0 ! 9 8! " 7! 7 #/!: ! ;1 9 ! ! #/!: ! ; # // !/
9 8!1
* 9 !# ! !/ / 7 "" ; 7 0 # C <" "= E ( C
<' '= 7 #/!: ! ; !/ ! # . 2GH . 2GH / / 00 9 1
/ * 0!/8! ? 9 8! " " (1 / 9 " 9 8!# / 7 ! 7 9
# > 7# 1
3 ! 7 7!> ] 7 / 0 00 79 7 6 1

!" # $ % & ' !-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Design

For RA = RB = R,

1. The circuit operates at a frequency given by = 0.3 / RC

2. The pk-pk amplitude of symmetrical triangular wave = 0.33 x ( Vcc on pin3)
3. The pk-pk amplitude of square wave = Vcc on pin 9
4. The pk-pk amplitude of sine wave = 0.22 x (Vcc on pin2)

Let R = 10 K and F = 30 KHz

C = 0.3 / (F x R)
= 0.3 / (30 K X 10 K)
C = 1nf

FM is called narrow band if NN 0 6 U SS

To calculate modulation index ]

f = (fmax – fmin ) / 2 = _______________Hz

For fm = 5 KHz
] = f / fm = _____________

Transmission Bandwidth
BT = 2 ( f + fm) = ______________

Output

Am
Message
Signal

Ac
Carrier
Signal

FM Ac
Signal

Fmin Fmax

Result

0 .5 - ]E\\\\\\\\\\\\ & < QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ">

!" # $ % & ' ! -,

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

% " 65 + 6
Aim

# 0 $ 6 4 6 - # 2 /' 4
(4 0 $ 6 $
Components & Equipments Required

(4 9 - 2 A1
*" " + ,-. *" " .
!0 0 /0 . 23 # . (
% 7! .&- , . ( (
% ! 5 /!0

' ! 6 /7 .
) * '/ !0 )

Theory

+ 6 /! # ! !7 ! 0 /! 0 0 /! 1 /! # !/ 0
!! / 7!8 ! !/ //! /! //!
, "/ !00 2 9 0 6 ! 0!/ !0 7 7! 0 ! 00
/! # !/ Y /! #; 0 0 0 !/ 0 9 # /9 /7 8 ! 1,C
/!0 7< 8 ! # 7 7!= 9 0 ! 8!/ ! !# /! ""/! !
7 /01 !/!# /! 8! 0 /!0 7 9! 8!
9 < 9 7 9, 6 9 W 9,
9 < 9 6 9 X 9,
! 0 " # 8! /! # !/ 0 7 0 / !7 0 0 9 !#
! 9

6 9 # ; / !>"! !7 " 7! ! 0 9 0. C^ *" "0 !

/!0 !1 $ -4 4 6 ( #
6 0 # / !7 9 "!/ " # !/ /7!/
8! / ! 8 2! 7! 7 7! / /! # !/1 '/! 0 /! # !/ 0
" ! ! !7 0 " " 7 7!0 ! $ 6 0 = 4
! /!0 7 8 ! 0 7 8 7!7 ; ! "! " # ! " # !/1 5 !
/!0 7 8 / ;! !7 0 " 00 ! /! #; 8 0 01

!" # $ % & ' !-

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

# M

! 0!# # / "/! 0 0 "/ !00 1 0 / 0 !

! !# ! " " !8!/ !0 0 / 0 ! ; ##!
0 #/!: ! ; /!0" 0! 0 ! " # 7 ! 79 7
"/ 7 1
! 78 ! # " " / 0 !0 !/ ; "! 0 ! # /
! / 7!8 !0 ! #!!7 2 "1 ! /! #; #
7 7! 9 ! / ; # " " 0 / /! !0 "/! 0
/! # !/1
'/! 0 /! # !/0 /! /! 9 !/! !/! 0 0 ! 7! /!! # " 0
"/ !00 !!7!7 #!!7 ! 0 7! # "/!00 /0 7 !/0 /
7/ 8! 7 ! !/01

( M

! ! 0 0"!!7 9 9 /2 9! 9 #/!: ! ; 0 01

" ( ( M

! !0 #/!: ! ; "!/# / ! <. RGH /!= /!: /!0

8!/; # 0 " " 7 /!7 !0 ! /!0 0 / 8 !01 5 ! ! 0! # 2;
< / !/ = 7 7!0 9 "/ 8! 9 !8! 7$ / #/!: ! ;
"!/# / ! 0 /! 0 ! !>"! "!/#! ! / ; #/ ;
/! # !/ / !> /! ! ; 9 !8! 01

Circuit Diagram

R1

RF

Note:

If you want to keep the positive-going portion of the input signal instead of the negative-
going portion, simply reverse the two diodes. The result will be a negative-going copy of the
positive part of the input signal.

!" # $ % & ' ! -4

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Working

/ ! ! 8! # ; ! # 0 ! 9 8! " ! " 0 7 !
" 0 8!1 / ! " 0 8! # ; ! ! " 0 7 ! H!/ 1 ! /
" 0 !0 0 H #! 20 2! ! 8!/ " # !/ 9
" ! # 7 7!0 77!71 5 ; 9 ^ * ; ! ; 7 !0 ! /! #; 1
! !/ 0 " ; 2!!"0 ! " " / 9 ! !0 " 70
H!/ 1 ? / ! ! 8! # ; ! " ! " " " !0 " 0 8! # /
. / *& 7 ( 0 *??1

D1 OFF

D2

20 7 0 J 0 2! ! 8!/ " # !/ !> !" # / 7 7! 0!/ !0

9 ! " "Y0 " " 16 !!7 9 //; ! " " 7J 0 0 0! #
!/ < ; ! 7 7!Y0 # /9 /7 8 ! 1 C= ! !/ 8 !
! C 1 ! 00 8!/ !: "" !01

9 < + B+ Y9

? / .E (E. 2 7C E .C ! " 0 C E . 2 $ . 2 > . E B. C1 !

//! / / . 7 ( 0 E C $ . E . $. 2 E 1. 1 7
2! ! 00 8!/ " # !/ ! " " 70 ! ! 8! " C C
<8 / / 7=1 ? / ! " 0 8! # ; ! " ! " " " !0
! 8! # / ( / *& 7 . 0 *??1

D1

D2 OFF

! # /0 : !0 02 0 9 0 ! " 8 !C ^ ! /
20 !0 / ! ! " ;0 0 C1 0 0 ! 0! ! " "
0 7 !0 0 J # 7 C C1 7 ! 0! !/!Y0 //! / (
; ! C EC E C1 ! ; !# /! 2 9 0 ! //! /
/ . EC $ . E B. $ . 2 E 1. 1 / 0 # ; ! ! "
"Y0 " 09 0 ! 8! / .! " 1. / !
7 7!1

!" # $ % & ' !

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Procedure

1. Before wiring the circuit, check all the components using multimeter.
2. Make the connection as shown in the diagram.
3. Set the signal generator (input voltage) amplitude 0.5V peak to peak sine wave.
4. Observe the input and rectified output signal waveform on the CRO.
5. Plot the waveform.
Design

$ +6 <+ < =C 4 <

# C E 1 C"2 "2

C E # $ . <C =
C E 1 C"2 "2
Output

Transfer Characteristics

Result

" 6 4 6 # - # 4 (4 $ 6
$ 4

!" # $ % & ' ! .

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

' - 5 + 6

Aim

# 0 6- 4 6 - # 2 /' 4
(4 0 $ 6 $

Components & Equipments Required

(4 9 - 2 A1
*' ' + ,-. *' ' (
!0 0 /0 . 23 . ( ) - -
% 7! .&- , . ( (
% ! 5 /!0

' ! 6 /7 .
) * '/ !0 )

Theory

! # 9 8! /! # !/ 2!" ; 0! " / 0 # ! / " 0

9!/! " 0 8! < / ! 8!=1 0 !/! 9 ; 2!!" 8!0 # ! "
0 7 ;! /! 7!/ ! 9 !0 ! " " / ;^ 0 0 !
! 8 / # # 9 8! /! # !/ ! 0! ! " 8 ! 0 9 ;0 " 0 8!
/! /7 !00 # 9 ! !/ ! " 0 0 " 0 8! / ! 8! ! # 9 8!
/! # !/ 0 0 !7 0 - - - 1 ! " 8 ! 9 !
! !/A
9 < : F9 F
9 < : F9 F
!"! 7 ! 7 /! # 7 7!0 9 ! / 1

! # 9 8! /! # !/ 7!"! 70 !# ! # 9 8! /! # !/ 7
! 0 " # !/ /! "/! 0 / 01 "!/ !0 ; "/ 7
8!/ !7 # 9 8! /! # !7 0 7 ! 77 0 7 !
" 7! ! / 0 !0 " # !/1
9 < 9 K 9 < 9
! /!0 0 /!8!/0 # ! 0! ! !7 " / ; # ! " 0 1 ! /!0 0 /
8 !0 0 9 /! /! 0 !V ! /!0 0 /0 ! 0! 8!0 0 ! #
"/! 0 /7!/ 2!!" ! /! # "/ !00 / !1 # # / 0 ! /! 0
; 0 70 / 9 7 ##!/! 0! # /!0 0 ! 8 !0 ; 0
! 7 !7 (A. /!0 0 !/ 7; 0 0 0! "/! 0
/!0 0 /0 /7!/ / ! /!0 01

!" # $ % & ' ! (

 Analog Communication & LIC Lab [06ECL-58]

Circuit Diagram

Design

0! + < + <+%<+'< =C 9 < F9 F

Procedure

6!# /! 9 / ! / ! 2 ! " ! 0 0 ! !/1

2! ! ! 00 9 !7 / 1
% ! !0 ! !/ / < " 8 != " 7! 1 C"2 "2 0 ! 9 8!1
' * 0!/8! ! " 7 /! # !7 " 0 9 8!# / ! *1
) ' ! 9 8!# / 1

Output

vout

vin

Result

- 4 6 # - # 4 (4 $ 6
$ 4

!" # $ % & ' ! )