i execu ti rice particles in a bucket of rice? It is difficult to Filomtom eset ws te rtaitc (ican oe IPeUte Prrrrerrege a Cees ECG STE gen euan Pie mes aoe ute Ne coe ed Pree Giese ee site etcetera ae ic PEAR ee ome ie en OMe Icom COLL Cone oun nee otc i Rot tg Pa etme CMM cols Mem Pome Re tau aieni ns koae Coenhem-Aid ‘The carbon-12 atom has six protons, six neutrons and Six electrons. Mee Recall what you have learnt about 'sotopes in chapter 5. 9.1| Relative Atomic Mass How can we measure the mass of an atom? You learnt in chapter 4 that atoms are very small particles. Atoms also have very small masses, so it is not practical to use the actual masses of atoms in calculations. To overcome this problem, chemists often compare masses of different atoms with the carbon-12 atom (an isotope of carbon). Scientists all over the world agreed to give the carbon-12 atom a relative atomic mass of 12. The masses of all other atoms are compared with one-twelith the mass of one carbon-12 atom. The relative atomic mass of any atom is the number of times the ‘mass of one atom of an element is greater than 7; of the mass of one carbon-12 atom. tears mass of one atom of the element Relative atomic mass = “es of «of an atom of carbon-12 For example, one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 75 of an atom of carbor-12. Thus, oxygen has a relative atomic mass of 16. The symbol for relative atomic mass is A,. Relative atomic mass is a ratio and therefore has no unit. The relative atomic masses of elements are given in the Periodic Table. hydrogen carbon 2 oxygen 16 chlorine 355 ‘Table 9.1 Relative atomic masses of some common elements Why are some A, values not whole numbers? As you can see from Table 9.1, the relative atomic mass of an element is usually a whole number. However, the relative atomic masses of some elements, such as chlorine, are not whole numbers. This is because such elements occur as mixtures of isotopes. For example, chlorine exists in two isotopic forms: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, A sample of chlorine is made up of 75% of chlorine-35 atoms and 25% of chlorine-37 atoms. Hence, relative atomic mass of chlorine = (Bx 35 + Bx ao 100 100 = 26.25 + 9.25 = 3559.2| Relative Molecular Mass Many elements and compounds exist as molecules, For example, chlorine exists as molecules, Each molecule of chlorine consists. of two chlorine atoms, One molecule of nitrogen dioxide consists of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms (Fig. 9.1). ee & (One molecule of chlorine One molecule of nitrogen dioxide Fig. 9.4 Chlorine and nitrogen diane exist 0 molecules. The mass of a molecule is measured im terms of its relative molecular mass. The relative molecular mass (M,) of an element ‘or compound Is tie mass of a molecule, compared to 7p the mass of one atom of carbon-12. Relative molecular mass (M,) mass of one molecule of an-element of compound * ‘mass of f, of an atom of carbon-t2 How do we calculate the relative molecular mass of a molecule? The relative molecular mass of a molecule is calculated by adding together the relative atomic masses of each atom in its chemical formula (Table 92). Like relative atomic mass, it is.a ratio and therefore has no unit, eon nitrogen 2N Qe) 228 ammonia 1Ne3H et) + Gx t)=17 ‘carbon dioxide 1620 (12) + (Pa thee water 2H; 10 Qt) + (1016) 0 18 athanot 266%10 B12) + (Gxt) + (Ve 16) = 46 ‘ale 9.2 Caleulating the relative malecular mastes of some molecules Relative Formula Mass ‘You learnt in chapter 7 that substances like water are covalent and exist as molecules. However, substances like sodium chloride are ic and do not exist as molecules, The relative molecular mass of an ionic compound is more accurately known as the relative formula mass. Like relative molecular mass, relative formula mass Is given the symbol M, and has no: units, For example, the relative formula mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 23 + 35.5 = 58.5.magnesium sulphate ‘calcium carbonate MgSO, Caco 1G 24) + (ixdO) « (12) + Bx 16) = 100 32) 4 (8 16) 120 calcium nitrate: Catton | 1ca2M6O | (HMO) + BIH 44GH 16) = 168 coppertlt sulphate crystals CuSO4 SHO | 1Gu 15:9; 10H | (1 64) + (1232) + (x 16) + (10% 1) = 250 “ats 9:3 Calculating the relative formula masses of some ionic substances hem-Aid “The dot () In Cus SHO means that shere-are five HiO molecules bonded ta ‘each CuSO. itdoes nox mean rut Worked Example 25 and “7 are-two elements that react together to form an ionic compound V, What is the relative formula mass (4) of V? A 20 B 28 © 3 D 40 Thought Process The electronic configuration of $ is (2; 8, 2). Shas a valency of 2. ‘The electronic configuration of Tis (2, €). Talso has.a valency of 2. Hence, the formula of this compound is ST. Accordingly, the M, of Vis24 + 16 = 40. Answer D Questions. 1. Calculate the relative molecular masstrelative formula mass of each of the following ah CalOH), b) (NHQ)sPO, } GHsCOOCH, d} PRYNO), @)N2,CO,-10H,0 2. Four nitrogen atoms have the same mass as one formula unit of XO. What is X?oF 9.3 |The Mole Atoms are teo small and numerous to be counted one at a time. Instead, the quantity of atoms s measured by mass. The unit of measurement foratoms and moteculesis the mole, Themoleis also the $I unit for chemical quantity. The symbol for the mole is mol. Armole of substance:contains the same umber of pavticles as the number of atoms in 12 g.of carbon-12, How many particles are there in a mole? There are appraximaiely6 x 10" particles inone mole of substance. hem-Aid 6 x 10° is called the Avogadro's constant, One mole ol particles contains 6 x 10" particles. The partictescould beatoms, molecules, §* 1p!’ tnawn a opacres: '35 Avogadro's number. fons or electrons, ‘One mole of particles contal 6 « 10" es. ‘How do we convert between number of moles and number of particles? Since one mole of substance contains 6 x 1particles, Number of moles = ——— Equal numbers of moles contain equal numbers of particles. The reverse is also true. ni youre counting nae te Example 1 Frctcfit betenp ec cdmingeee hh Convert | x 10” of neon atoms to moles of neon atoms. ‘up to Avagedee’s number? cree ELL ot Li. ‘number of neon atoms Number of moles of neon atoms = "ETE east Hl WP eL feso2 FT / 6x1 if 5 O67 mol Example 2 How many iron atoms are there in 0,5 mol of iron? Baa Number of iron atoms = number of mgles = & * 10 2 05 x 6x 10% r = 3x 10" cream 10 kon tomothe K OS mot of open “mele a. otirom ators: ‘Are the mumber of particles in 0.5 mol of exygen gas ‘maiecules and 0.5 mol-ofiron momsthe tame? J hem-Aid “The unit for molar mags may be some Example 3 How many hydrogen atoms are there in three moles of hydrogen gas? Sotation: Hydrogen gas is made up of hydrogen molecules (H,). In one mole of H, molecules, there are two moles of H atoms. In three moles of Hy molecules, there are six moles of H atoms. ‘Therelore, the number of hydrogen atoms = 6x 6x10 = 36 x10 ‘How is the mole related to chemical equations? Consider the following chemical equation: 2Nats) + cra) —+ — 2Nacis) wo particles react with one particle to for two units of {atoms} of sodium [> (molecule) of chlerine -————* soddiuen chloride: two moles of eact with, one mole to form (wo moles of sodium atoms [> of chlorine molecules [sodium chloride Understanding that equal numbers of moles contain equal numbers of particles is important when we perform chemical calculations, You will learn more about this ia the next chapter. 9.4, Mole and Molar Mass What is the mass of one mole of atoms of an element? The molar mass of an element is the mass of one mole af atoms of the element. Look at Table 9.4. Do you notice a relationship between the value of A, and the molar mass of a substance? atuminium | 27 29 ‘carbon 2 12g neon » “oxygen 6 ‘Table 5.4 The molar masses of some elements ‘The molar mass is equal to the relative atomic mass (A,) of the element in grams. For example, the relative atomic mass of sodium 1s-23. The mass of one mole of sodium atoms is 23 g, We can also say that the molar mass of sodium is 23 g.What is the relationship between mole and molar mass? The number of moles of an element can be calculated using the formula: Number of moles _ ___ mass of element in grams ofanelement —_~ Telative atomic mass of the element Example 1 Determine the number of moles in 0.196 kg of iron. (A,: Fe = 56) Solution: pl Number of moles of iron = 388 of iron in.grams ‘A, of iron = 9.196 x 1000 36 = 35mol Example 2 a) How many moles of lead are therg in 1.204 x 10” atoms of lead? b) What is the mass of 1.204 x 10” atoms of lead? (As: Pb = 207) Solution: @) Number of moles oftead = umber of atoms of lead ~ Avogadro's constant 1.204 x 107 6 x 10% 0.02 mol b) Mass oflead = number of moles x A, of lead = 0.02 x 207 44g What is the mass of one mole of molecules or one mole of a compound? In the previous section, you learnt that the mass of one mole of atoms is the same as its A, in grams. The same idea can be extended to molecules and compounds. Table 9.5 shows the molar | Masses of some common elements and compounds. One mole of a substance will have a mass equal to the relative molecular mass or relative formula mass in grams. 2x16 = 32 onygen a 32g iodine [2x tar = 160 2549 magnesium oxide | MgO | 24 + 16 = 40 409 water Ho [@xn+6= 8 189 Table 9.5 The molar masses of common substances wnveufl hem-Aid ‘Convert the unit of mass to ‘gram, in this example, the ‘mass s given in kg, therefore ‘thas to be multiplied by 1000 to.convert it to grams. Check Which has the greater mass, 10g f gold or 0.5 mol of sm? Show your working, (One mole of iodine 1) weighs 254 9‘The number of moles of a substance can be calculated using the formula: mass of substance (g) Number of moles = pass otsupstance (a) oR _ mass of substance (g) = Felative formula mass Remember, we have also learnt that = Dumber of particles Number of males = svogadra’s constant Example 1 A conical flask contains G84 g of octane (CyH,,). How many molecules of octane are there in the flask? Solution: Number of moles ol octane = Mass olactane M, of octane “Ta = 0.6 mol Number of molecules of octane = mumber of moles x Avogadro's constant = 0.6 x 6 x10 = 36 x 10” Example 2 How many fons are there In 20 g.of magnesium oxide (MgO)? Solution: Number of moles of magnesium oxide __ Mass of magnesium oxide M, of magnesium oxide oo 40 = 0.5 mol MgO —+ Mg"*+ o* From the 1, we can see that 1 mol of MgO contains 1 mol of jons and 1 mol of O* ions, 0,5 mol of MgO will contain 0.5 mol of Mg” tons and 0.5 mol of O ions. Hence, 0.5 mal of MgO contains 1 mol af ions. Number ofions = 1x 6 x 10" = 6 x 107is ere mn ‘ cee iati re one Worked Example ‘A metal compound has the formula XC/, and a relative formula mass. of 261. What is a) the relative atomic mass of X? ‘b) metal x? Thought Process a) Let M be the A, of metal X. M, of XCh, = M+ 4 x 35.5 = M +142 Therefore, M + 142 = 261 M = 261- 142 = 119 b)_ Using the Periodic Table, the metal with an A, of 119 is tin (Sn). Answer a) 119 b) Tin Questions 1. Acrucible contains 254 g of iodine Ip. How many moles of a) iodine molecules and b) iodine atoms are there in the crucible? 2. What is the mass of a) 0.25 mol of oxygen gas? b) 0.25 mol of nitrate ions (NOs)? 3. Caleulate a) the number of moles in 36 g of carbon. b)_ the mass of 0.4 mol of hydrogen sulphide (H,). ‘the number of atoms in 6 g of magnesium. ~-f9.5| Percentage Composition of Compounds Look at the pies in the picture. How can you tell which pie has more filling? You would need to examine each pie, for example, by breaking it into two, This is a form of analysi Chemists need to conduct analysis too, in order to find out how much of each element there is in a new compound. They do so by finding out the mass of each element in the compound. In this way, chemists know the percentage composition of a compound. Let us analyse the percentage composition of the compound hydrogen peroxide (H.02). How do we find the percentage composition of hydrogen peroxide? In general, the percentage by mass of an element in a compound can be found using the formula: Percentage by mass of an element in a compound = Arofelement x number of atoms in formula, 1999 = “relative molecular mass (M,) of compound The percentages (by mass) of hydrogen and oxygen present in hydrogen peroxide can be calculated from its chemical formula, H,02. Relative molecular mass of hydrogen peroxide (H,O,) @x)+@x 16) 4 Percentage of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide Avot hydrogen x number of hydrogen atoms yy. relative molecular mass of H,O, 1x2 34 = 5.9% x 100% Percentage of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide . Acof oxygen x number of oxygen atoms = = 100% Telative molecular mass of HO, Wx2 100%Example 1 Calculate the percentage of water in copper(II) sulphate crystals (CuS0,.5H,0). M, of copper(it) sulphate crystals aera 1s Ox 1) M,otwater = (1x2) 416 = 18 ". Percentage of water M, of water x number of water molecules "Shr of copper) suphatecrysts —* * 100% x5, > % 100% = 3% Question Calculate the following: a) The percentage of nitrogen in potassium nitrate, KNOs. b) The percentage of chlorine in ammonium chloride, NHC). ©) The percentages of calcium and oxygen in calcium carbonate, CaCO). --F~k ‘magnesium ribbon clay triangle tripod stand Fig. 92 Finding the formula of magnesium oxide 9.6 Finding the Formula of a Compound Do you remember reading about the discovery of aniline in chapter 2? Chemists often discover useful new compounds while carrying out different tasks. In order to produce these useful products on a large scale, chemists need to know the chemical formulae of these compounds. How can we work out the formula of a compound? In the previous section, we saw that it was relatively easy to determine the percentage composition of a substance. This is because we already knew the formula of the compound, What if we did not know the formula of the compound? We can conduct experiments to find out the formula of a ‘compound. 1, First, we find out the mass of the reactants taking part in the reaction. 2, Next, we work out the relative numbers of moles of the reactants used. We are then able to find the formula of the compound, Experiment 1 ‘To work out the formula of magnesium oxide produced by the combustion of magnesium Procedure 1. Weigh a crucible together with the lid, Put a coil of magnesium ribbon in it and weigh again. Put the lid on the crucible and heat the crucible gently (Fig. 9.2). When the magnesium catches fire (you will see a white glow through the crucible), heat it more strongly. 3. Use a pair of tongs to lift the lid slightly from time to time to allow air in. Quickly replace the lid to make sure that magnesium oxide formed does not escape. 4, When the burning is complete, allow the crucible to cool. Then weigh the crucible together with the lid and the magnesium oxide in it. y ‘Sample results Mass of crucible + lid = 26.52 Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium = 27.72g Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = 2852 g Catculations Mass of magnesium = 27.72 - 2652 = 120g Mass of magnesium oxide produced ~ 28:52 - 2652 - 200g Mass of oxygen reacted = 2.00 - 1.20 = 080gTable 9.6 shows the masses of magnesium and oxygen that reacted in the experiment. cg Molar ratio (divid aa Table 9.6 Finding the number of moles of magnesium and oxygen that reacted The simplest formula of magnesium oxide is thus MgO. Empirical Formula In experiment 1, we found that the formula MgO is the simplest formula that fits the experimental results. Other formulae such as MgO, or Mg,O, also fit the results since the ratios of magnesium to oxygen are the same. The formula MgO is called the simplest formula or the empirical formula of magnesitim oxide. The empirical formula of a compound shows © the types of elements present in it, * the simplest ratio of the different types of atoms in it. Experiment 2 ‘To determine the empirical formula of copper(Il) oxide Procedure 1. Weigh a porcelain boat. Put one spatula of copper(I!) oxide (a black powder) in the boat and weigh again. 2. Put the porcelain boat containing copper(II) oxide into the iniddle of a Pyrex test tube with a small jet hole at its end. 3. Set up the apparatus that is shown in Fig. 9.3. Allow methane gas (from the gas tap) to pass through the apparatus for about 30 seconds to remove air. 4, Light the gas that escapes through the hole in the test tube. Then heat the copper(il) oxide until no further colour change is observed. The following reaction occurs during heating: copper(ti) oxide + methane —» copper + carbon + water dioxide Copper will remain as a brown residue in the porcelain boat. 5. Turn off the Bunsen burner but allow the methane gas to flow through the apparatus while the apparatus is cooling. 6. Turn off the gas supply when the apparatus is cool. Weigh the porcelain boat and its contents. oom 1. Remember: umber of moles a 2, Notice that itis relative atomic mass, not relative ‘molecular mass, that is used in deriving empirical formula, ‘excess methane burned off methan copperttt oxide porcelain || Doat Fig. 9.3 Finding the formula of coppert oxide science xis) 2) Why ist necessary to remove all the air from the apparatus inFig 9.37 1) Why ist necessary to allow the methane gas to flow while the apparatusis cooling?is Sample results Mass of porcelain boat = 18.40 g Mass of porcelain boat + copper(II) oxide = 35.89 g Mass of porcelain boat + copper = 32.37 g Catcutations Mass of copper 32.37 - 18.40 = 1397g Mass of oxygen = 35.89 - 3237 = 352g Coen Cras Molar ratio (divide by smallest number) ‘Table 9.7 Finding the number of moles of copper and oxygen that reacted The empirical formula of copper(II) oxide is thus CuO. Molecular Formula The empirical formula of phosphorus(V) oxide as determined by experiment is P,Os, Its actual formula is PO, (Fig. 9.4). We call this the molecular formula. The molecular formula is the formula that shows the exact number of atoms of each element in © amolecute. What is the relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula? For many compounds, such as water and ammonia. the empirical formula and molecular formula are the same. However, there are patient also many compounds (especially organic compounds) whose phosphorus) oxide, P,0,, molecular formulae differ from their empirical formulae. The empirical formulae and molecular formulae of some common compounds are shown in Table 9.8. oheck en 4 water 0 me ue = 7 au ammonia My wy oY magnesium oxide Mao game enptomis ——egen sere i a phosphorus) oxide Padre 710s ethane Ge Oy ¥ F | emer mu acngondia maemo ‘able 9.8 Empirical formulae and molecular formulae of some common substancesNove it It is possible for different compounds to have the same ‘empirical formula. For example, ethene (C3H,) and propene (GH are two compounds with the same empirical formula, CHe, 2. Where the empirical formula and molecular formula are different, the molecular formula is always a multiple of the empirical formula. For example, the molecular formula and empirical formula of phosphorus(V) oxide are P,Ojo and P20; respectively. The multiple is 2. ‘We can find the molecular formula of a substance if we know two things: the empirical formula and the relative molecular mass of the substance. They are related as follows: empirical fofmula = A,B,, molecular formula = (A,By)q (where n = 1, 2,3, ete). To find n, relative molecular mass n= formula 1M, from empiri Example 2 Compound X contains 40.0% carbon, 6.6% hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen. Its relative molecular mass is 180. What is the molecular formula of X?iS The empirical formula of X is thus CH,0. M, of CH,O = 12 +. @x1) +16 = 30 relative molecularmass_ _ 180 _ ¢ M, from empirical formula ~ 30 Therefore, the molecular formula of X = (CH;O)s = CeHi:05 Worked Example Glycerol contains 39.1% carbon, 52.2% oxygen and the remainder is hydrogen. What is the molecular formula of glycerol? (1 mole of lycerol weighs 92.0 9.) Answer ot c 100 - 39.1 - 522 ar) a7 Coe ena at eae Therefore, the empirical formula of glycerol is C3H403, The relative molecular mass from empirical formula = Gx 1)+8x 1+ x 16) = 92 " _telative molecular mass_ _ 1 1M, from empirical formula ‘Therefore, the molecular formula of glycerol = (C3H,O3) = Calg_-f Questions 1. Caffeine is a compound found in coffee and tea. The percentage ‘composition of caffeine is 49.5% carbon, 5.1% hydrogen, 16.5% ‘oxygen and 28.9% nitrogen. The relative molecular mass of caffeine is 195. Determine a) the empirical formula and b) the molecular formula of caffeine. 2. The following results were obtained in an experiment to determine the formula of an oxide of silicon. Mass of crucible 15.209 Mass of crucible + silicon 15.48 g Mass of crucible + oxide of silicon = 15.809 2) Find the empirical formula of the oxide of silicon. b) If the M, of the oxide of silicon is 60, what is its molecular formula? 3. A sample of hydrated copper(il) sulphate weighs 124.8 9. The sample has been determined to contain 31.8 g of copperill) ions and 48,0 9 of sulphate ions. 2) How many molecules of water of crystallisation are present in the sample? b) Deduce the actual formula of hydrated copper(l) sulphate. 9.7| Molar Gas Volume You have learnt that the mass of one mole of a substance has a numerical value equal to its relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass. This property is applicable to solids, liquids and gases. However, it is easier to measure the volume of a gas than its mass, since gases weigh very little. Is there a way to relate moles to the volumes of gases? Avogadro's Law states that equal volumes of all gases, under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules. In fact, chemists have found by experiment that one mole of any gas occupies 24 dm’ (24 000 cm’) at room temperature and hem-Aid pressure (r4.p.). This volume is called the molar volume of a gas. 1p. or room temperature ‘This means that at rtp. Seem or ee * 1 mol of oxygen occupies 24 dm*, tatm, * 1 mol of carbon dioxide occupies 24 dm’, * 2mol of oxygen occupy 2 x 24 = 48dm', ‘* 2 mol of carbon dioxide occupy 2 x 24 = 48dm*,How can we calculate the number of moles of a gas? ‘The number of moles of a gas can be measured in two ways. \d the mass of the gas. Then use the following formula to calculate the number of moles of the gas. Number of moles of gas = Mast of gas ingame 2. Find the volume of the gas. Then use this formula: volume of gas in cm’ at rt.p. Number of moles of gas = = 24.000 cm? This formula can be rearranged to give Volume of gas (in cm’) = number of moles x 24000 Volume of gas (in dm’) = number of moles x 24 Example 1 ‘What is the volume, in dm’, of 8 g of oxygen gas (O,) at rt.p.? Does one mole of gasina hot airballoon occupy 26 dr? ‘Solution: Relative molecular mass of oxygen = 2 x 16 = 32 Volume of oxygen = number of moles of oxygen x 24 _ Mass of oxygen ,. 94 M, of oxygen 8 S xm = 6dm* rubber rubber tubing Example 2 bung —__phe BEB} «nan experiment, hydrochloric acid was reacted with calcium Mie carbonate at room temperature and pressure (Fig. 9.5). 80.em’ of cabo dine carbon dioxide was produced. Calculate the number of molecules vy of carbon dioxide given off. \ Solution: ——hydrochloricacid Number of moles of carbon dioxide given off Cos ee) mabe chip Ag Fig, 95. Measuring the volume of * 000 ikon sla gen of an = 333 x 10% mol , Number of molecules of carbon dioxide given off = number of moles x Avogadro's constant = 3.33 x 103 > 6 x 108 = 2.00 x 10Example 3 Calculate the mass of oxygen gas (O,) in a room that measures 4 m high, 8 m wide and 10 m long. Assume that air contains 20% oxygen, (im? = 10cm?) Sotution: ‘Volume of air in the room 4x8x 10 320 m* = 320 x 10° cm’ Volume of oxygen in the room = (320 x 10°) x 20% = 64x 10°cm® Mass of oxygen = number of moles of oxygen x M, volume of oxygen molar volume * ° 64 x 10° cm’ 24.000 cm? = 853 x 10'g x 32 Do the balloons of the same volume contain the same number of particles? Look at the balloons on the right. They are of the same volume but do they contain the same number of particles? Yes, they do! According to Avogadro's Law, each of these balloons contains the same number of gaseous particles since they have the same volume. Do the balloons of the same mass contain the same nirmber of particles? If the balloons each contained 0.18 g of a different gas (instead of having the same volume), they would not contain the same number of gaseous particles. The following calculation explains why. retumie) | ore | O18 «045 hydrogen (Hi) | 0.18 2 938 = 0.090 meane(cry | o18 | 16 808 = oon Table 9.9 Calculating the number of moles of diferent gases with equal mass 2.70 « 102 5.40 x 10" 6.60 x 10" Number of helium atoms 0.045 x 6 x 10" Number of hydrogen molecules = 0.090 x 6 x 10% Number of methane molecules= 0.011 x 6 x 10" Therefore, equal masses of different gases do not contain the same number of particles, Balloons containing identical volumes of gas“6 Worked Example ‘Which substance contains 6 = 10” atoms at room temperature and pressure? (A: N= 14: = 16; Ne = 20; Mg = 24, Al = 27; = 355) ‘A 12000.cm? of neon B41. of aluminium nitride (IN) © 12cm ofenygtn — 40g of magnesium oxide (MgO) Thought Process Oxygen exists as diatomic molecules (0,). 12 dm! of oxygen contain % = 0.5 mol of oxygen molecules (03). Each molecule of oxygen. contains twa atoms of axygen. Therefore, 0.5 mol of oxygen contains ‘mol of oxygen atoms. Hence, there are 6 = 10” oxygen atoms. Answer « Questions. 1. Coleulate the number of .a)_ sulphur atoms in 64 g of sulphur b) magnesium atoms in 0.01 mol of magnesium. -¢) methane molecules in 112 cm? of methane at 1.9. G) atoms in.adrop of water weighing 0.5 g. 2. How many moles are present in the follawing volumes of gases fot rtp}? 3) 12dm' of sulphur dioxide, 50, b) 0.24 dm* of methane, CMs @ 120.em’ of carbon dioxide, CO} 3. 0.52.gof a metal (A, = 65) reacts with 192 cm’ of chlatine under room conditions to form a compound. What is the formula of the ‘compound?Concept map TL Tome oc} Romer 24 dmi(at rtp.) mass (9) rare ne clad Teed OMA ed INTE RLS of substance has a ‘mass called contains of anionic compound r a of particles of ve gas occupies (gts CES aa of an atom of amolecule LO 7 nears i paieoaritta Corn ora 5 ee Ecru esters See mass (A,) mass (M,) the atoms in a Ce ea tei formula unit is I adding the A, of all the atoms in a given molecule is multiply byn n= M, divided by M, of A,B, vonExercise 9 Foundation 1. Which step shows the correct way of calculating the relative formula mass of sodium carbonate crystals, NajCO3.10H0? A Gx) +64 Gx 8) + 10%9 8 x 2) + GB x 16) + 10x 16 © QxB)+ 12+ Gx 16) + (10% 2) + 10x 16) D @x 2) + 12+ 3x 16) + 10 + 160 2. How many chlorine molecules are there in 71 g of gaseous chlorine? A 05 x6 x 10" © 355 x6 x 10" 3, What amount, in moles, of calcium oxide Is formed when 10.0 g of calcium is burnt in a plentiful supply of oxygen? A 0.125 8 025 c4 Dé 4. Find the empirical formula of a compound which ‘contains 40% sulphur and 60% oxygen by mass. a 5,0 8 so c SO; D S05 5. Anionic compound of the element X and chlorine has the formula XCI. The M, of XCLis 748, What is the M, of the oxide of X? A 85, e7 c 87 DM 6, Asample of gas weighs 2.0 g and has a volume of 3 dm' at room conditions, What Is the relative molecular mass of the gas? 7. Titanium(It) chloride, TIC, is used to speed up ‘chemical reactions in the plastics industry. a) Achemist has 386 g of titanium( Ii) chloride, i) How many moles of titanium( ttt chloride does the chemist have? i) What is the mass of titanium in this sample? b) How many chlorine atoms are there in (0.5 mol of titanium(t}) chloride? 8. a) Calculate the percentage by mass of tin in tin(ID chloride (SnCh). b) Tin reacts with chlorine to form another chloride containing 45.6% of tin, i) What is the empirical formula of this chloride? ii) Ifthe M, of this chloride of tn is 261, ‘what is the molecular formula of the chloride? Challenge ‘A compound of copper and bromine was produced ina fume cupboard using the apparatus shown, Bromine has a melting point of -7 °C and a bolling point of 58°C. = water out condenser waterin =: flask, bromine = orner heat 4) Suggest why j) the experiment was performed in a fume ‘cupboard, i) the above apparatus was used. b) The flask was weighed empty. In order to work ‘out the masses of copper and bromine that had reacted together, what two other readings need tobe taken? ©) Inone of the experiments, it was found that 64 g, ‘of copper reacted with 160 g of bromine, 1) Calculate the empirical formula of the ‘compound formed between copper and bromine. 1) What further information is required to find the molecular formula of the compound?Chemistry Did you know that cars are often fitted with air bags? The air bag is an extremely important device in protecting the life of a driver in case of a traffic accident. airbag Under normal conditions, the air bag is deflated and stored in the steering wheel. In the event of a crash, it inflates to cushion the driver against the impact of the crash. This happens because of a chemical reaction that takes place in the air bag. The chemical equation is shown below. 2NaN,—> 2Na + 3N, This reaction occurs very rapidly (which is crucial for saving lives) and only requires a very small amount of sodium azide (NaN). How big does an air bag become if there is 100.9 of sodium azide (NaN) in it?