TELECOM BASICS

E1
a) 256 bytes per frame
b) 8 bits Each TS in E1 Frame
c) 0.125uS time taken by one frame
d) Total 8000 frames in One Second

Erlang
Voice Theorm
a) Unit of Traffic descibes total traffic volume in one hour
a) Voice Frequency ~ 300 to 3300 Hz , bandwidth = 4000 Hz
b) Erlang = Busy time for ckts / Avl Time for measurment , Ex : 20/60 = 3Er
b) Nyquist theorm = Min 8000 sampling rate reqd ( 4000*2 )
15ckt - 8.1 Er 31ckt - 21.5 Er 3 E1 - 77 Er 10 E1 - 286 Er 20 - 592
c) One Sample = 8 bits ( Reprsntation of 256 Voice Levels , 2 pow 8 =
30ckt - 20.3 Er 02 E1 - 48 Er 5 E1 - 136 15 E1 - 439 Er 30 - 901
256)
d) 8000 samples in One Sec = 8 bits * 8000 = 64000 bits per sec required
E1 Physical Interface
CAS ( Channel Associated Signalling )
CAS Line Signalling
a) 0th TS used for synchronization ( 0011011)
a) Uses INBAND Signalling ( Voice frequencies )
a) Uses TS = 16 for indication of ckt. Status only ( I.e.
b) Modes of Operation
b) Signaliing Associated in that E1 only - TS = 16 Line Sig. And TS=All Registered Signalling FREE , SIEZ , FREE BY A/B , BUSY etc.)
1. Unframed - No TS at all
2. Framed - All 32 TS used for data
ABCD Fwd ABCD Bckwd STATUS
3.Multiframe - 0 TS for sync, rest 31 for data
10XX
10XX
IDLE
CAS Registered Signalling
c) Bit '1' - 3V , Bit '0' - 0~0.3 V
00XX
10XX
SIEZ
Grp A Bwd Sig.
Grp B Bwd Sig.
00XX
11XX
SIEZ ACK
1 Send Next Dig.
2 Changed No.
00XX
01XX
ANS
CAS Registered Signalling
2 Restart
3 Called Line Busy
00XX
11XX
B PARTY REL
a) Uses voice TS for Registered Signalling .
3 Change over grp B
4 Congestion
10XX
0/10XX
A PARTY REL
b) Types : DECADIC , DTMF , R2 Semi C , R2Fully C 4 CLI
5 Unallocated No.
c) R2MF - R2 Multi Freq Fully Compled (Ack Reqd)
5 Send Cat of A Party
6 Normal subs free
Ist Frame : TS-1 & TS-17 (4+4 bits)
d) MF - Combination of 2 Freq to represent one info
6 Switch to speech
IInd Frame : TS-2 & TS-18
7 Send last but 2 digits
....
Grp 1 Fwd Sig.
Grp II Fwd Sig.
....
8 Send last but 3 digits
1 Digit '1'
1 Ordinary Subs
15th Frame : TS-15 & TS-31
9 Send last but 1 digit
2 Digit '2'
2 Priority Subs
3 Digit '3'
5 Operator
4 Digit '4'
6 STD Coin Box

CCS Associated

CCS Quasi associated

CCS Non associated.

CCS STRUCTURE

CCS 7 Layers

Layer-2 : CRC , Retransmission ( PCR ) , Error Correction and detection Etc

Layer#2

FLAG

BSN

BIB

FSN

FIB

LI SPARE

DATA

Layer-3 :
b. Signalling Route Management - Traffic / Sharing / Overloading Routing
c. Signalling Link Management - Control / Monitor / Status of Links
e Signalling Traffic Management - Change over/ Back in case of Fail
e. Alignment - SIO , SIN , SIE , SIOS
f. Message Distribution - Distributing the MSG to ISUP , SCCP
g. Message Discrimination - Mine or Other DPC / NW
h. Message Routing - Linkset / DPC findout from Routing Table

0 FISU
1-2 LSSU
3-63 MSU

Layer#3

SIF

SIO

SubService Field

Network Indicator
NAT0/1, INAT0/1

DPC

ISUP

OPC

Service Indicator

Priority - 1,2,3
( Low to High )

SLS ( 4
Bits , Max
16
Selection )
Signalling
Link
Selection

CIC (only
ISUP)

CRC

USER PART

Message Type

Mandatory FIX

Mandatory Variable

IAM

A Party Category , Forward Call Indicator

B Party No , User service Info

Service Indicator
0 - SNM ( Signalling NW Management Message )
1 - MTN ( Mtc Regular Msg )
2 - MTNs ( Mtc Special Message )
3 - SCCP ( Carry Non-Voice Traffic Ex: SMS )
4 - TUP
5 - ISUP ( Voice related traffic )
6 - Data User Part ( Call & ckt Related )
7 - Data User part ( Facility Regn & Cancellation )
Layer-3 Timers
T1 Delay to avoid message mis-sequencing on changeover .5 to 1.2 sec.
T2 Wait for changeover Ack .7 to 2. 0 sec
T3 Delay to avoid message mis-sequencing on changeback .5 to 1.2 sec.
T4 Wait for changeback Ack (1st attempt) 5 to 1.2 sec.
T5 Wait for changeback Ack (2nd attempt) 5 to 1.2 sec.

Optional FIX

Optional Variable

CLI , Carrier , NW , HOPs

ISUP Message Type :

IAM ( Initial Address Message )
INR ( Information Request )
ACM ( Address Complete )
ANM ( Answer Message )
REL ( Release Message )
RLC ( Release Complete )
BLO ( Blocking )
UBL ( Uublocking )
BLA ( Blocking Acknowledment )
CPG ( Call Progress )

SCCP

Message Type

UDT

XUDT

UDTs

XUDTs

Mandatory FIX

Mandatory Variable

Protocol Class :
1. Called Party
Class -0 : Basic Connectionless ( Non Critical, 2. Calling Party
TCAP )
3. User Data
Class -1 : Sequenced Connectionless (Critical
, TCAP )
1. Called Party
Class -2 : Basic Connection Oriented
2. Calling Party
( BSSAP )
3. User Data
Class -3 : Flow Control Connection Oriented
(BSSAP )
1. Called Party
1.
Return
Class
-4 : Cause
Flow Control + Err Recovery
2. Calling Party
2.
Hop Counter
Connection
Ori.
3. User Data
1. Return Cause
2. Hop Counter

1. Called Party
2. Calling Party
3. User Data

Connection Oriented
- Only used in BSSAP where heavy data transfer is required for ex. Between MSC/VLR to BSC to BTS

Calling / Called party :

1. Address Indicator :
a. Routing Indicator : GT based or ( DPC + SSN )
b. GTT Indicator : No GT or GT - 1 or 2 or 3 or 4
c. SSN Indicator : Present / Not Present
d. Point Code Indicator : Present / Not Present
2. Address :
a. Point Code
b. SSN
c. GT - 1 :
i. Nature of Address Ind : Subscriber Number / National Sig. No. / International No.
ii. Odd / Even Indicator ( Spr) iii. Address Information ( 919839212499 )
d. GT - 2 :
i. Translation Type
ii. Address Information ( 919839212499 )
e. GT - 3 :
i. Translation Type
ii. Encoing Scheme - Unknown / BCD Odd / BCD Even
iv. Address Information
iii Numbering Plan - ISDN / Telephony / Data / Telex / Land Mobile / Mobile
e. GT - 4 :
i. Translation Type
ii. Encoing Scheme - Unknown / BCD Odd / BCD Even
iii. Numbering Plan
iv. Nature of Address Indicator
v. Address Information ( Contains Address for Example : 919839212499 )

Optional FIX

Optional Variable

User Data :
1. Length Indicator
2. User Data Ex: TCAP etc

1. Segmentation data

1. Segmentation data

Used for

Used to transport user data and

SCCP management messages in the
connection-less mode. It can
Segment / DeSegment data as per
its size
Used to indicate to the originating
SCCP user that a UDT message
cannot be delivered to the specified
destination. The data field of the UDT
message and the reason for the
return are included in the UDTS
message.

SCCP - Routing Protocol

SCMG Functions
- Signaling point status management : Failure, recovery, and congestion information of
signaling
points, provided by MTP
- Subsystem status management : Subsystem failure and recovery information, and SCCP
(SSN 1)
congestion received in SCCP management messages.
- Subsystem status test : SSP , SSA , SST , SOR , SOG
SSN
1 SCCP Management
3 ISDN user part
4 OMAP (Operation, Maintenance and Administration Part)
5 MAP (Mobile Application Part)
6 HLR (Home Location Register)
7 VLR (Visitor Location Register)
8 MSC (Mobile Switching center)
9 EIR (Equipment Identifier register)
10 AUC (Authentication Centre)
11 ISDN Supplementary Services (SSAP)
13 Broadband ISDN edge-to-edge applications
254 Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP)

Hop Counter ( 15 to 1 ) : Counter is decremented upon GTT

Segmentation : Max 16 Segments , each carries 246 bytes
GTT CASES
1. SPC + SSN
2. SPC + SSN + GT
3. SSN + GT
4. SPC + GT
5. GT only
GT is performed on given SPC + SSN on the basis of GT info , to find out
the final A/B Party Address

GTT
> Method of hiding the SS7 point code and sub-system number from the originator of a message
a) GT Consists of
Translation type (TT)

Numbering plan (NP)

Nature of address (NA)

Global title digits (GTDIG)

b) GT Benefits
Central administration of routing information makes it easier to restructure the network
It is possible to set up alternative routing schemes and load sharing
More compact and dyanmic routing tables
The function is required for the introduction of certain new services (such as call completion to busy subscriber, CCBS and 800 free phone)
a) The result of a global title translation can be:
the point code for a signaling destination
a subsystem service group ( this is used in the intelligent network to guarantee a fail-safe service control point (SCP). Two SCPs can be combined to form a subsystem service group that is accessed from
the relevant service switching point (SSP) via global title translation. )
a translator service group ( this consists of up to four signaling points, each of which can perform the necessary translation )
a further translation in the same network node

TRANSACTION

DIALOG TAG

COMPONENT TAG

Functions of TCAP are to control:

The transaction between both endpoints in the network
The communication to the users of TCAP.

TCAP :
1. Transaction Part : ( Deals with SCCP Message )
a. TCAP Message Type : BEGIN / UNI / END / CONTINUE / ABORT
b. Length Indicatior of Transaction Tag ( Max 2048 , SCCP takes Care of Segmenting / Breaking )
c. Transaction Info ( Not Valid for UNI )
i. Origination Transaction Id ( Mandatory for BEGIN , CONTINUE )
- Length Indicator & Value
i. Destination Transaction Id ( Mandatory for END , ABORT , CONTINUE )
- Length Indicator & Value
i. P_Abort Cause ( Mandatory for TC_P_Abort Request )
- Reason for Abort
2. Dialog Part :
a. Dialog Indicator Tag
b. Length Indicatior of Dialog Tag
c. Dialog Information - Depend on USER For Ex : MAP , INAP
3. Message Component Part : ( Deals with USERs such as MAP , INAP ...)
a. Component Indicator Tag
b. Length Indicatior of Component Tag
c.Component Type : ( Invoke / Return Result Last / Return Result Not Last / Return Error / Reject )
d. Component length
e. Component User Information by MAP , INAP , CAMEL , OMAP , SSAP Etc..........

Message type
Invoke
Return result not last
Return result last
Return error
Reject
Unidirectional
Begin
Continue
End
Abort

Function

Initiates/invokes a desired operation at the remote peer application entity.

Used to carry a segment of the result of a successfully completed operation. It is used when a success reply is physically too large to fit into a single message.
Represents the final success reply to an operation invocation. If the success reply was segmented, this component would represent the final segment of the reply
Indicates an operation invoked previously has failed due to some processing error. Error codes are supplied by TCAP users, and are passed transparently by TCAP.
Indicates that one of the Invoke, Return Result, or Return Error components received from the remote user/CSL could not be understood or was not expected.
Used to transport data in an unstructured dialogue
First message, to start a structured dialogue, sent once
Used to sustain the structured dialogue, more continue messages can be sent
Used to terminate the structured dialogue in a normal way
Used to terminate the structured dialogue in an off normal way.

SMSC

HLR

1. SMS are stored in SMSC before they can be sent to MS ( 140 bytes each SMS )
2. MAP USED is
> Forward Short Message Submit
> Send Routing Info for SM
> Forward Short Message Deliver

TCAP Begin/Invoke - SRI for SM

TCAP End / Retrun Res - SRI Ack MSISDN

3. MO Forward SM : A party MS to SMSC ( Forward Short Message Submit )

4. MT Forward SM : SMSC to B Party MS ( Forward Short Message Deliver )
GMS
C
SM_DELIVER

TCAP Begin/Invoke - Forward SM

TCAP End / Retrun Res - Forward SM Ack

MSC/VLR

BTS

BTS

VLR
D

V
L
R
C

HLR
IMSI
AUC-SIM

B
M
S
C

GSM
Overview

GMSC
IMEI
EIR

SMSC

HLR

TCAP Begin/Invoke - Provide MSRN

TCAP End / Retrun Res - MSRN Ack

TCAP Begin/Invoke - SRI

TCAP End / Retrun Res - SRI
Ack MSISDN
IAM - MSISDN

GM
SC

STP

STP

A-Access
C-Cross

Service Control Pt

SCP

BTS

Mobile Terminating Call ( MTC )

IAM MSISDN

SCP

MSC/VLR

DDiag
onal

C-Cross

STP

AAcce
ss
AAcces
s

SSP (Service Switching Pt )

B-Bridge

STP

E-Extended
C7 Network

Other STP NW

GPRS ( General Packet Radio Services )

a) Key Features
Speed immediacy
New applications
Better applications
Service access
b) Key Network Features of GPRS
Packet switching
Spectrum efficiency
Internet aware
Supports tdma and gsm
c) Limitations of GPRS
Limited cell capacity for all users
Speeds much lower in reality
Support of gprs mobile terminate by terminals is not ensured
Suboptimal modulation
Transit delays
No store and forward
d) SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
handles session management, mobility management, billing and traffic measurements
bit level encryption of data which is to be sent over the air interface.
Put GPRS data received from the BSC in IP format for sending to the GGSN and vice-versa.
Provide GPRS routing to BSCs
d) GGSN - GPRS Gateway Support Node
The GGSN is the gateway in and out of the GPRS system.
It routes packets from an external network ( "the Internet" ) to the SGSN which is currently serving the MS,
and routes packets from the SGSNs to which it is connected to the external network. This concept is called tunnelling.
d) Similar Techniques
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS)

FLAG
BSN
BIB
FIB
FSN
LI
SIO
SIF
SPARE
CRC

USER DATA
SLS

MTP - 2

LAYER 3

DPC

UDT MESSAGE
PROTOCOL CLASS =
0 /-1GT(N) /
B PARTY
SSN /- SUB
NO
A PARTY
GT(N)
/ SSN
/ SUB NO

TRANSACTION ID , BEGIN
DIALOG ID
COMPONENT TYPE = INVOKE

OPC
USER DATA
COMPONENT USER DATA ,
MSIN DIGIT
SCCP

MT Forward SM ,

TCAP

GSM Overview
IMSI : International Mobile Subs Identity [ SIM , MCC(3) + MNC(2) + MSISDN
(<10) ]
TMSI : Temporary Mobile Subs Identity [ VLR , MCC(3) + MNC(2) + MSISDN
(<10) ]
MSISDN : Mobile Stn Integrated Services Digital NW [ CC(1-3) + NDC(1-3) +
MDN(10) ]
MSRN : Mobile Subs Roaming Number [ VLR , CC(1-3) + NDC(1-3) + MDN(10) ]
IMSI :Vs
TMSI
IMEI
International
Mobile Eqpt. Identity [ By Nokia ]
One: can't
takeArea
hacking
benefits
with TMSI
as it is+dyanmically
LAI
Location
Identifier
[ MCC(3)
+ MNC(2)
LAC(<10) ] allocated by VLR ,
moreover TMSI is 4 octet shorter than IMSI .

VLR
D
IMSI

MAP D ( HLR-VLR )
Provide MSRN / MSRN Ack
Update Location / Cancel Location / Ack
Insert / Delete Subs Data / Ack
Send Param / Ack
Reset
Deregister Mobile Data
Note MS Present

MAP C ( HLR-MSC )
Send Routing info SRI /
Ack
Send Routing info for
SM / Ack
Set Message waiting
data
Alert Service Centre
Regisster charging info

MAP F ( EIR - MSC )

Check IMEI

MAP H ( SMSC - MSC ) MAP G ( VLR - VLR )

Forward Short Message Send Param

HLR

MAP E ( GMSC - MSC )

Process access sigmnalling CCS 7
Forward access Signalling CCS 7
Send End Signal CCS 7
Perform Handovers / Subsequent HO
Perform Internal Handovers
Trace subs activity

SSP
CCF - Call Control Functions ( Takes Care of all call related processing in Switch )
SSF - Service Switching functions ( Provides IN Triggering and IN Accessibility )
SRF - Specialized resource function ( Provides interactioon bw Call processing SW
in SSP)
SCP
SCF - Service Control Functions ( Executes IN service logic and interfaces witrh
SSP via SSF )
SDF - Service data function ( Maintains all customer and nw data )
SMP - Service Management Point ( Administration and Operation of IN )
SIB - Service Independ Service Blocks ( Generic purpose reusable software codes
in IN )
BCP - Basic Call Process
SCEP - Service Environment creation function ( Allows sevices in IN to be defined ,
tested ... )

VLR

AUCSIM

Intelligent Network ( IN )
Requirement / Advantages
Rapid deployment of Vendor / SSP Free Services which are centrally administered

BTS

MSC
F

GSM Overview
H
SMSC
MAP I ( Subservices - MSC )
Get Pwd / Register Pwd
Activate / Deactivate / Erase / Register SS
Interrogate / Invoke SS
Forward SS Notification

GMSC
IMEI
EIR

Erlang
a) Unit of Traffic descibes total traffic volume in one hour
b) Erlang = Busy time for ckts / Avl Time for measurment , Ex : 20/60 = 3Er
15ckt - 8.1 Er 31ckt - 21.5 Er 3 E1 - 77 Er 10 E1 - 286 Er 20 - 592
30ckt - 20.3 Er 02 E1 - 48 Er 5 E1 - 136 15 E1 - 439 Er 30 - 901
CAS Line Signalling
a) Uses TS = 16 for indication of ckt. Status only ( I.e.
FREE , SIEZ , FREE BY A/B , BUSY etc.)
ABCD Fwd ABCD Bckwd
10XX
10XX
00XX
10XX
00XX
11XX
00XX
01XX
00XX
11XX
10XX
0/10XX

STATUS
IDLE
SIEZ
SIEZ ACK
ANS
B PARTY REL
A PARTY REL

Ist Frame : TS-1 & TS-17 (4+4 bits)

IInd Frame : TS-2 & TS-18
....
....
15th Frame : TS-15 & TS-31

s (GTDIG)

usy subscriber, CCBS and 800 free phone)

e control point (SCP). Two SCPs can be combined to form a subsystem service group that is accessed from

m the necessary translation )

Functions of TCAP are to control:

The transaction between both endpoints in the network
The communication to the users of TCAP.

r application entity.
completed operation. It is used when a success reply is physically too large to fit into a single message.
ocation. If the success reply was segmented, this component would represent the final segment of the reply
ue to some processing error. Error codes are supplied by TCAP users, and are passed transparently by TCAP.
urn Error components received from the remote user/CSL could not be understood or was not expected.

e
e messages can be sent
way
mal way.

versa.

ntly serving the MS,

his concept is called tunnelling.

GMSC

MAP I ( Subservices - MSC )

Get Pwd / Register Pwd
Activate / Deactivate / Erase / Register SS
Interrogate / Invoke SS
Forward SS Notification

SMS
FLAG
BSN
BIB
FIB
FSN
LI
SIO
SIF

DPC

USER DATA

CRC
MTP - 2

LAYER 3

TRANSACTION ID ,
BEGIN
DIALOG ID
COMPONENT
TYPE = INVOKE

OPC
USER
DATA
SLS

SPARE

UDT MESSAGE
PROTOCOL CLASS = 0 / 1
B PARTY - GT(N) / SSN / SUB NO
A PARTY - GT(N) / SSN / SUB NO

SCCP

COMPONENT
USER DATA ,
MT Forward SM ,
MSIN DIGIT
TCAP

Some Useful Definitions:PROTOCOL:- It is a set of rules governing the way, the data will be Tx and Rx over the data communication network.
Protocls must provide reliable, error free transmission of user data as well as network managament functions.
PRIMITIVE:- A primitive is an interface which provides access from one level of protocol to another level of protocol.
In the case of Dbase, the Dbase is considered as an application entity and the protocol used to acccess and interface
to this application is TCAP.
CIC:- It is of 16 bits of which 4 bits are spare
MTP-2 Functionalities
1) S.U. Delimination..
Flag01111110 Correct start and end of SU If not bit insertion is used.
ie No " 1s density " violation should be there. If its there then Bit stuffig is used.
2)S.U. Alignment
SU should be received in sequence
SU must be a multiple of 8
Conditions for error free transmission
SIF of MSU should not exceed 272 octet capacity
SUERM: Signalling unit error rate monitor
Counter used to check the max number of errors on a 64Kbps SDL
Each link keeps its unique couter
When the number of errors increase the threshold limit then the link is taken out of service.
Error due to clock signals being not synchronised prperly at Tx and Rx
L-3 ( Realigns the Link, by taking the link out of service)
L-2 (Reports any error to L-3 link Mgmnt)
This phenomena is called the"Alignment Procedure" phenomena

ata communication network.

nagament functions.

o another level of protocol.

sed to acccess and interface

or free transmission

k is taken out of service.