638 F.

2d 270
7 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 859

James A. McKINNON, Plaintiff, Appellant,

v.
SKIL CORPORATION, Defendant, Appellee.
No. 80-1298.

United States Court of Appeals,

First Circuit.
Argued Oct. 9, 1980.
Decided Jan. 14, 1981.
Rehearing Denied March 20, 1981.

Edmund M. Pitts, Boston, Mass., with whom Pitts & Pitts, Boston, Mass.,
was on brief, for appellant.
David A. Barry, Boston, Mass., with whom Kenneth L. Carson, Regina
Roman, and Sugarman, Rogers, Barshak & Cohen, Boston, Mass., were
on brief, for appellee.
Before ALDRICH, PELL* and CAMPBELL, Circuit Judges.
PELL, Circuit Judge.

The appellant, James McKinnon, sued Skil Corporation on negligence and

breach of warranty theories for injuries he incurred while operating a portable
electric saw manufactured by the defendant. The jury returned a verdict for Skil
on April 4, 1980. McKinnon alleges that the trial judge committed numerous
prejudicial errors by giving misleading or erroneous instructions, refusing to
give an instruction requested by the plaintiff, and by the exclusion from
evidence of certain documents and testimony offered by the plaintiff. The
appellant also contests the admission of other evidence offered by the
defendant. Federal jurisdiction is based upon diversity of citizenship.

I.
2

McKinnon is a professional floor re-finisher and installer. He purchased a new

McKinnon is a professional floor re-finisher and installer. He purchased a new

Model 559 Type 5 circular saw manufactured by the defendant on October 31,
1975. On each of the several occasions that he used the saw prior to the date of
his accident, he observed that the lower blade guard was sticking so that it did
not return to cover the blade at all or returned slowly. He knew that the blade
guard should be kept in good working order and also knew he could return the
saw to the retailer if there was any problem with it. He, however, decided
against taking the latter course, and made no complaint about the saw either to
the retailer or the defendant prior to the accident.

On January 16, 1976, McKinnon was using the saw to cut boards laid out on a
workbench. After making a cut, and without looking to see whether the lower
blade guard had returned to cover the blade, he set the saw down on the floor
and it cut his right foot, partially amputating a toe and lacerating another toe.
His teenage son testified that the saw was set down about two feet from his
father's right foot, and that the saw traveled in a semi-circle when the lower
blade guard did not return to the safe position, and the momentum of the saw
carried it against his father's right foot. There was also testimony that the saw
blade will continue to rotate approximately ten seconds after the release of the
trigger.

McKinnon was taken to a hospital after the accident and according to the
entries in the hospital record, he told the clerk in the emergency room and the
doctor who treated him that he had dropped the saw on his foot. Several months
after the accident the plaintiff returned to work on a full-time basis.

II.
5

The plaintiff first contends that the trial judge's instructions regarding the
implied warranty of merchantability gave rise to the inappropriate implication
that McKinnon had misused the saw.1 Because this objection is raised for the
first time on appeal, Rule 51 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure precludes
consideration of this issue. Roy v. Star Chopper Co., 584 F.2d 1124, 1132 (1st
Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 916, 99 S.Ct. 1234, 59 L.Ed.2d 466 (1979);
Morris v. Travisono, 528 F.2d 856, 859 (1st Cir. 1976); Nimrod v. Sylvester,
369 F.2d 870, 872 (1st Cir. 1966).

The plaintiff's second objection to the trial judge's instructions contests the
application of comparative negligence to the warranty claim. The judge
instructed the jury that the plaintiff's negligence; if any, diminishes his right to
recover on either negligence or warranty theories in proportion to his degree of
fault unless he is found to be more than fifty percent negligent, in which case
recovery is barred. The plaintiff contends that his objection on this ground was

subsumed in his objection to the trial judge's failure to give the plaintiff's
requested breach of warranty instruction, and therefore is not barred from
review by Rule 51.
7

The plaintiff's objection to the trial judge's failure to give the requested
instruction, however, concerned a different aspect of the warranty instruction,
which will be discussed separately hereinafter. Even assuming it well-founded,
but cf. Murray v. Fairbanks Morse, 610 F.2d 149 (3d Cir. 1979), the plaintiff
never made an objection on the ground alleged here. Rule 51 requires that the
subject matter and ground for objection to jury instructions be stated distinctly.
Under Rule 51, "(o)bjection to one part of the charge does not permit ... (a
party) to assert error as to a different part; nor may objection on one ground
serve as a predicate to a challenge on another." Gillentine v. McKeand, 426
F.2d 717, 723 n.19 (1st Cir. 1970).

Rule 51 promotes judicial economy and integrity by serving a dual purpose.

Compliance with the Rule provides an opportunity for the trial judge to correct
errors while it eases the burden on appellate courts by reducing the potential
number of reviewable court rulings. Harrington v. United States, 504 F.2d
1306, 1316-17 (1st Cir. 1974); Marshall v. Nugent, 222 F.2d 604, 615 (1st Cir.
1955). Consequently the Rule bars review of objections not presented to the
trial court in all but the most exceptional cases.2

The only objection to the jury instructions which was preserved for appeal
contested the court's refusal to give a proposed instruction tendered by the
plaintiff which related to the breach of warranty claim. The instruction directed
that "(t)he Skil Corporation has a duty under the law to anticipate the
environment in which its product will be used, and it must design against the
reasonably foreseeable risks attending the product's use in that setting."3

10

Where the foreseeability of the plaintiff's particular use of a product is in

dispute, an explicit instruction on foreseeability of use is appropriate. This case,
however, is unlike Back v. Wickes Corp., 375 Mass. 633, 378 N.E.2d 964
(Mass.1978), upon which the plaintiff relies. A crucial disputed issue in Back
was whether the manufacturer had a duty to minimize risks inherent in
vehicular collisions. The court reasoned that although an accident is not a
normal or ordinary function of a vehicle, nonetheless it is foreseeable.

11

In the instant case, the judge advised the jury at length on the aspects of
warranty law and concluded that "the law implies a warranty ... that the article
which has been purchased is reasonably fit for the purposes, the ordinary

purposes for which such goods are used." The instruction adequately covered
the law as applied to the facts of this case. The evidence at trial established, and
the defendant did not contest, that the plaintiff was a foreseeable user and that
cutting wood flooring was a normal use.
12

A special instruction on the duty to design in light of all "anticipated" or

"reasonably foreseeable" uses would be mere surplusage in a case where the
trial judge had already instructed the jury on the manufacturer's duty to make a
product fit for ordinary use and where there is no claim that the plaintiff's use
was other than "normal," "ordinary," "proper," or "intended" by the
manufacturer. Such an instruction, given after the conclusion of the charge as a
whole, might have wrongly suggested to the jury that there was in fact some
dispute as to whether the plaintiff's use of the saw for cutting hardwood floors
was ordinary, proper, or even reasonably foreseeable.4

13

Although all parties are entitled to adequate jury charges upon the controlling
issues in the case, the court need not employ the precise language urged. Wolff
v. Puerto Rico, 341 F.2d 945, 946 n.1 (1st Cir. 1965). As long as the judge's
instruction properly apprises the jury of the applicable law, failure to give the
exact instruction requested does not prejudice the objecting party. Sears,
Roebuck & Co. v. Penn Central Co., 420 F.2d 560, 564 (1st Cir. 1970).
Because the foreseeability of the particular use was not a disputed issue in the
instant case, the court's refusal to give the instruction was appropriate.

III.
14

The plaintiff contests numerous trial court rulings excluding evidence. The
plaintiff sought to admit into evidence an Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) safety regulation requiring circular saws to have properly functioning
lower blade guards.5 This regulation was offered on the issue of Skil
Corporation's negligence to show that the saw did not comply with minimum
safety requirements.

15

Massachusetts permits, in the sound discretion of the trial court, the admission
of safety standards for consumer products promulgated by government
organizations to prove negligence in product liability cases. Torre v. HarrisSeybold Co., --- Mass.App. ---, 404 N.E.2d 96, 105 (Mass.App.1980).
However, the standards must meet the threshold evidentiary showings of
trustworthiness, relevancy, materiality, and necessity. 404 N.E.2d at 106 n.10.
The trial court is accorded considerable discretion in determinations relating to
the admissibility of evidence. Gilliam v. Omaha, 524 F.2d 1013, 1016 n.4 (8th
Cir. 1975). In this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to

admit the OSHA regulation when it ruled that OSHA workplace standards were
not relevant in this consumer product liability action against a manufacturer.6
16

The plaintiff contends that OSHA standards are relevant as evidence of whether
or not the defendant acted as would a reasonably prudent person under these
circumstances. He contends that the regulation provides evidence of industry
practice and standard of care.

17

The employment and consumer contexts are not that fungible. OSHA was
enacted to assure safety in the workplace, 29 U.S.C. 651(b), and therefore its
terms apply only to employers. Id. at 654. OSHA safety regulations are
promulgated to ensure workplace, not consumer, safety. The law may not
always require the same standard of care in the consumer context as it does in
the employment context because each situation gives rise to its own peculiar set
of problems.7

18

While compliance with OSHA safety regulations is judged by a "reasonably

prudent man familiar with the circumstances of the industry" test, Cape and
Vineyard Div. of New Bedford Gas v. OSHRC, 512 F.2d 1148, 1152 (1st Cir.
1975), "OSHA is not precluded from promulgating, after notice and comment,
new and specific regulations requiring safety precautions beyond those
considered reasonable in the industry." American Airlines, Inc. v. Secretary of
Labor, 578 F.2d 38, 41 (2d Cir. 1978). An OSHA safety regulation, therefore,
may impose a standard of conduct upon employers greater than that which
would be considered reasonable in the industry. This comports with the intent
of the Act. "The purpose of the Act is to require all employers to take all
feasible steps to avoid industrial accidents." General Dynamics Corp. v.
OSHRC, 599 F.2d 453, 464 (1st Cir. 1979) (emphasis added). Consequently,
OSHA regulations cannot automatically be used as evidence of industry
practice or of the standard of care to be exercised by a reasonable person in a
consumer product liability case.8

19

While we uphold the lower court's exclusion of the safety regulation on

relevance grounds, we note that even had the ruling been erroneous, the error
would have been harmless. Error in excluding evidence is harmless if exclusion
of the evidence did not affect the complainant's substantial rights. Fed.R.Civ.P.
61; Fed.R.Evid. 103. See, e. g., Collins v. Wayne Corp., 621 F.2d 777, 782 (5th
Cir. 1980); International Merger & Acquisition Consultants, Inc. v. Armac
Enterprises, 531 F.2d 821, 823 (7th Cir. 1976). Whether or not a party's
substantial rights have been affected is determined from the context of the
individual case. International Merger, supra, 531 F.2d at 823. "Where it
appears that error in no way influenced the jurors, or had only a slight effect on

them, the verdict and the judgment are to be affirmed." Id.

20

In this case, the safety regulation, even if arguably relevant, provided, at most,
cumulative evidence. Prior to the exclusion of the regulation, the defendant had
already admitted that "the defendant had knowledge of the fact that the lower
guard must operate freely...." The Underwriter's Laboratory (UL) standard,
which was subsequently admitted, contained a requirement similar to the
excluded regulation; it stated that the guard must close in less than three-tenths
of a second.

21

In reality, the speed at which the guard should return was not in dispute. The
plaintiff did not contend that the lower blade guard was designed to operate too
slowly in contravention of any industry standard. Rather, the plaintiff theorized
that the saw was "improperly designed or manufactured because there was
interference between the saw blade guard and the stop which prevented the
guard from coming down as it should have at all times" and/or because the saw
was not equipped with a brake which would have stopped the blade revolutions
instantly. The plaintiff's assertion that the lower blade guard should close
instantly was not disputed by Skil Corporation.

22

The plaintiff contends that, because the trial court excluded the OSHA
regulation, the court's admission of a UL standard was erroneous.9 We know of
no evidentiary rule which would preclude the admission of one party's relevant
evidence on the basis that the opponent's inadmissible evidence, although it
contained some similar material, was excluded.

23

Massachusetts allows, in the trial court's discretion, a plaintiff or defendant to

introduce safety standards promulgated by industry groups or nongovernmental
testing organizations in product liability cases. Torre v. Harris-Seybold, supra,
404 N.E.2d at 105.

24

The standards clearly are relevant. The saw which injured the plaintiff was UL
approved. The defendant's expert witness, Frank Consoli, a product design
engineer employed by Skil Corporation, testified to his familiarity with UL
specifications and testing procedures which directly related to the operation of
the lower blade guard. Evidence of the UL standards, and this particular model
saw's compliance with the standards,10 was properly admitted as some evidence
of the defendant's due care regarding the design and manufacture of the saw,11
Frummer & Friedman, 1 Products Liability 5.04 at p. 70.43 (1980), and of
industry custom and practice. Torre v. Harris-Seybold, supra, 404 N.E.2d at
105.

25

The UL standards were also admissible for the purpose of discrediting

plaintiff's expert witness, Daniel Harwood, who was an engineering consultant.
Harwood admitted on cross-examination that he had noticed that the plaintiff's
saw bore a UL seal of approval, but stated that he was not familiar with UL
specifications for portable circular saws. The defendant was able to show
through his own witness that UL specifications dealt with the performance of
the very mechanism which the plaintiff alleged was defective. This cast doubt
upon the thoroughness of Harwood's investigation of the saw and upon the
extent of his general knowledge of the design and manufacture of portable
circular saws.

26

In light of the relevance of the UL standards to the above issues, and the
limiting instructions to the jury, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in
admitting the standards.

27

The plaintiff also argues that the trial court's refusal to admit evidence of prior
accidents involving Skil saws was erroneous. The evidence at issue was Skil
Corporation's pretrial answers to the plaintiff's interrogatory which requested
the defendant to furnish information on complaints it had received involving
personal injuries associated with the use of Skil saws before October 17, 1975.
The defendant's answers identified six complaints, the injuries allegedly
received and, in some cases, the model saw used. The answers did not indicate
how the injuries occurred or whether or not they resulted from defective lower
blade guards.

28

The plaintiff contends that the interrogatory answers were admissible to show
Skil's knowledge of prior accidents (relevant to the duty to warn), to establish
evidence of the existence of the blade guard defect, causation, and negligent
design and to attack the credibility of the defendant's expert witness. We
disagree.

29

Evidence of prior accidents is admissible on the first four issues only if the
proponent of the evidence shows that the accidents occurred under
circumstances substantially similar to those at issue in the case at bar. Mutrie
Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Interchemical Corp., 378 F.2d 447, 450-51 (1st
Cir. 1967) (notice); Melville v. American Home Assurance Co., 584 F.2d 1306,
1315 (3rd Cir. 1978) (causation); Julander v. Ford Motor Co., 488 F.2d 839,
846-47 (10th Cir. 1973) (negligent design). Even when substantial identity of
the circumstances is proven, the admissibility of such evidence lies within the
discretion of the trial judge who must weigh the dangers of unfairness,
confusion, and undue expenditure of time in the trial of collateral issues against
the factors favoring admissibility. Mutrie Motor, supra, 378 F.2d at 450-51.

30

In the instant case, the answers to the interrogatory indicated only that Skil
Corporation had received six complaints of personal injuries allegedly
involving saws manufactured by the defendant. The record is totally devoid of
showing of the circumstances under which these accidents occurred.12 The
plaintiff failed to make the requisite showing that any of these alleged incidents
had involved a defective lower blade guard. The operators identified in the
defendant's answers could have been injured as a result of their own negligence
for all that appears in the response.

31

The answers also were inadmissible for the purpose of impeaching the
defendant's expert witness, Frank Consoli. The plaintiff failed to show that
Consoli signed the answers, assisted in their preparation, made any statements
about the subject matter, or had any personal knowledge of the facts
represented.13

32

The plaintiff's final claim of error challenges the trial judge's rulings excluding
from evidence several Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) reports
and a portion of a deposition of the defendant's expert witness which related to
his knowledge of CPSC reports.14 The plaintiff contends that this evidence
should have been allowed for the same purposes for which he urged the
admission of the interrogatory answers: to show Skil's knowledge of similar
prior accidents, to establish evidence of the existence of the blade guard defect,
causation, and negligent design and to attack the credibility of the defendant's
expert witness, Frank Consoli.

33

The exclusion of the reports was appropriate. They constituted inadmissible

hearsay on the issues of defect, causation, and negligent design. Fed.R.Evid.
801, 802. Even if the CPSC reports arguably could fit within Fed.R.Evid.
803(8)'s exception for public agency reports, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in excluding the reports in the instant case. Rule 803(8) indicates that
such reports should be excluded if untrustworthy. The CPSC reports are
untrustworthy because they contain double hearsay in many instances the
CPSC investigator at one level, and the accident victim interviewee at yet
another level removed. Most of the data contained in the reports is simply a
paraphrasing of versions of accidents given by the victims themselves who
surely cannot be regarded as disinterested observers.

34

In John McShain, Inc. v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 563 F.2d 632, 635-36 (3d Cir.
1977), the Third Circuit upheld the exclusion of analogous National
Transportation Safety Board accident reports which included statements by
pilots, accident witnesses and reports of government investigators. The court
held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to admit the

reports because
35 Advisory Committee's Notes make clear that Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)
The
exempts from the hearsay rule only reports by officials; and of course the pilots and
other witnesses are not officials for this purpose. Moreover, the memoranda
submitted to the government by its investigators often contained statements from
witnesses which would make such memoranda encompass double hearsay.
36

Similarly, the court in Melville v. American Home Assurance Co., 443 F.Supp.
1074, 1115 n.75 (E.D.Pa.1977), rev'd on other grounds, 584 F.2d 1306 (3d Cir.
1978), admitted several Federal Aviation Administration directives into
evidence, but excluded one specifically because its compilation apparently
relied upon hearsay which indicated a lack of trustworthiness.

37

The CPSC reports also were irrelevant, during the course of Frank Consoli's
cross-examination, on the issue of Skil Corporation's notice of similar prior
accidents. Consoli had just testified that he personally did not know whether
Skil had received complaints of injuries from rotary saws before the date of
McKinnon's injury by reason of the operation of the lower blade guard. While
the plaintiff contends that Consoli admitted to having seen one of the CPSC
accident reports shown to him at trial by the plaintiff's attorney, this assertion
mischaracterizes the record.

38

Consoli testified generally that he had seen "some" CPSC reports during the
course of his employment. But, when the plaintiff's attorney narrowed his
inquiry from familiarity with CPSC reports generally to the question of
knowledge of CPSC reports between the relevant dates and bearing upon the
relevant issues, Consoli testified that he had seen none. The plaintiff's attorney
showed Consoli numerous CPSC reports at trial. When asked if he had seen the
particular report tendered, Consoli responded negatively each time. The portion
of the transcript to which the plaintiff refers us to support his assertion that
Consoli did identify one of the reports at trial indicates that Consoli there was
testifying to having seen a CPSC report before, not the reports just shown to
him.15

39

The trial court therefore properly foreclosed questions regarding CPSC reports
at trial without preventing proper cross-examination of Consoli relating to other
possible sources of his knowledge of prior injuries. In fact, the judge himself
had already asked Consoli whether he knew of any such prior accidents.

40

The plaintiff next argues that the excluded deposition testimony is relevant to

the issue of Consoli's credibility because, the plaintiff alleges, Consoli's trial
testimony "severely contradict(ed)" his deposition testimony regarding
Consoli's knowledge of prior accidents. The plaintiff, however, manufactures
the contradiction he alleges when he states that "Mr. Consoli testified under
oath on February 13, 1980 at his deposition that he routinely received and read
Consumer Product Safety Commission Reports of prior accidents involving the
product in issue." In fact Consoli testified that he generally did not read
individual cases:
41
Question:
Let me point out to you this reference to the Consumer Product Safety
Commission inquiry investigation, Case No. 760408 PBEP008. Have you seen this
type of report before in your work with Skil Corporation?
42
Answer:
I think I have. I think I don't recall this particular one. I usually make notes
and spend my time reading the summaries and the complete tabulations of the total
data rather than getting into individual cases. (emphasis added).
43

At his deposition, Consoli was shown a report which was not among those later
shown to him and marked for identification at trial. He stated at the deposition
that he had not seen that particular report before. Even if Consoli had admitted
to having seen that report before, however, his trial testimony that he
recognized none of the reports there tendered would not have been
contradictory. Consequently, the deposition evidence was irrelevant to the issue
of Consoli's credibility, and therefore was properly excluded.

44

Because all of the plaintiff's assertions of error are either untimely or without
merit, the judgment of the trial court is, in accordance with this opinion,
affirmed.

Of the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation

The instruction elaborated upon the elements of the warranty of merchantability

and concluded with the single sentence at issue here: "If, however, the quality
of the saw was such when properly used that it would perform the job for
which it was intended, then there was no breach of the warranty of
merchantability." The plaintiff's complaint is that "(t)he jury might readily
conclude from this (sentence) ... that if there was an improper use of the saw
they must find for the defendant.... However, ... there was no evidence of
unforeseeable misuse in this case and therefore, such an instruction was
erroneous."

While the First Circuit recognizes that exceptions will be made to prevent
patent miscarriages of justice in cases of plain error, Roy v. Star Chopper Co.,
supra, 584 F.2d at 1132, this is not an appropriate case for application of the
plain error exception. The court in Morris v. Travisono, supra, 528 F.2d at 859,
limited the exception to a narrow class of cases: "(W)e also endorse the view of
Professors Wright and Miller to the effect that 'If there is to be a plain error
exception to Rule 51 at all, it should be confined to the exceptional case where
error has seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.' " (Citation omitted)

The plaintiff admitted that the trial judge had sufficiently charged the jury on
the manufacturer's duty to design the product in accordance with reasonably
anticipated uses with respect to the negligence claim

The trial judge rejected the tendered instruction because he believed that
further instructing the jury at that point would confuse the jurors rather than
clarify the issues

The regulation, at 29 C.F.R. 1910.243 (1979), reads, in pertinent part, "When

the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically and
instantly return to covering position."

The parties did not cite, and we have not found, any reported federal cases
which directly pass upon the issue of the admissibility of OSHA regulations in
a consumer product liability action against a manufacturer. The court in Jasper
v. Skyhook Corp., 89 N.M. 98, 547 P.2d 1140 (N.M.App.1976), rev'd on other
grounds, 90 N.M. 143, 560 P.2d 934 (1977), however, ruled OSHA regulations
inadmissible because irrelevant in a wrongful death action against a
manufacturer of industrial machines

Consumers may be confused by the sheer numbers of products available and

may not possess enough technical expertise to assess and compare risks and
values inherent in each product. Thus, the Consumer Product Safety Act, for
example, is at least in part aimed at "assist(ing) consumers in evaluating the
comparative safety of consumer products," 15 U.S.C. 2051(b), and "to protect
the public against unreasonable risks of injury associated with consumer
products." Id. at 2051(b)(1). When informed, however, consumers exercise a
substantial degree of choice in selecting a product; they can often avoid buying
a product which is associated with undue risks
On the other hand, employees may not be as easily able to implement a choice
to forego risks inherent in a particular task which the employer has ordered to
be performed. The court in Long Manufacturing Co. v. OSHRC, 554 F.2d 903,
905 (8th Cir. 1977), for example, recognized that "frequently workers are under

an economic compulsion to continue to work without safeguards although the

danger of serious and permanent injury is obvious to them" (footnote omitted).
When promulgating regulations to enhance workplace safety, therefore, a
government agency might seek to remove the coercion attendant in the
employment context by imposing stringent mandatory standards which might
not be appropriate when applied to consumers. Conversely, simple disclosure of
risks to consumers may suffice in many instances.
8

Our ruling approving the exclusion of this OSHA regulation is explicitly

limited to the particular facts of this case: admission on behalf of a consumerplaintiff to establish the manufacturer-defendant's standard of care in a product
liability case concerning a product designed for consumer, not industrial, use.
We express no opinion as to whether OSHA regulations and compliance
therewith would be admissible in an action where the defendant is a
manufacturer of industrial machines. See Hagans v. Oliver Machinery Co., 576
F.2d 97 (5th Cir. 1978) (While the court did not pass upon the propriety of
admitting evidence of compliance with OSHA regulations in this product
liability case, it did note that the safety of the defendant's practices had always
exceeded industry practice and national and associational standards. The court
cited the defendant-manufacturer's compliance with OSHA safety regulations
as some evidence of the manufacturer's due care. In this case, the plaintiff was
injured in an industrial workplace setting.)

The plaintiff's attorney objected to the testimony regarding UL standards "on

the same basis that the Court earlier in this case excluded the OSHA
standards." The court, however, noted that the two sets of standards "are not the
same. In my opinion, although conforming it to the standards set up by U.L. ...
does not necessarily mean that one is free from negligence; nevertheless
conforming it with them may be of some assistance to the jury, so I'll allow
conforming it to be brought up." The OSHA regulation was excluded as
irrelevant because OSHA regulations apply only in the context of the
workplace. That reason for exclusion obviously has no application to standards
set by Underwriter's Laboratory which establishes minimum industry-wide
standards

10

The plaintiff, of course, could have cross-examined the defendant's expert on

Skil Corporation's compliance with the UL standards. See Forbro Design Corp.
v. Raytheon Co., 532 F.2d 758, 762 (1st Cir. 1976)

11

The trial judge carefully charged the jury that the UL standards were not
determinative on the issue of the defendant's due care. He instructed the jury, in
part, that

(T)o conform it to the standard is obviously desirable. At the same time it is

going to be up to you to decide whether or not the unit itself meets with having
been manufactured under a procedure which well (sic) call comporting with
reasonable care on the part of a manufacturer.
12

The trial court repeatedly warned the plaintiff's attorney that admission of
evidence regarding prior accidents would be limited "to notice of injuries
received prior to the date that this saw was manufactured and ... only with
respect to injuries occasioned allegedly by defects in the lower blade guard.
Otherwise, I think we are going to be trying a different case."

13

The trial court interceded to question Mr. Consoli in an effort to ascertain

whether or not any prior accident evidence might be admissible:
The Court: ... Mr. Consoli, we are interested in knowing up to the time this man
was injured on January 16th, 1976 had Skil Corporation received complaints of
injuries received while using one of its rotary saws by reason of operation of a
lower blade guard. If you know, tell us; if you don't know, tell us that also.
The Witness: I don't know.

14

The defendant objected to the admission of evidence relating to CPSC accident

reports primarily on hearsay and relevancy grounds. Without articulating the
precise basis for his ruling, the trial judge sustained the defendant's repeated
objections to the plaintiff's continuing attempts to admit the evidence. The
plaintiff's constant violations of the trial judge's ruling elicited frequent judicial
admonitions:
The Court: Again, you just identified that supposedly as a notice of accident. I
think I am going to have to instruct the jury.
Again, I remind you that questions are not evidence and there is an effort here, I
think, Mr. Pitts I hate to say it, but I think a concerted effort on your part to get
across to the jury that these were notices of accidents that were seen by this
man....
The Court: I am going to sustain the objection. If it keeps up, Mr. Pitts, I am
simply going to have to take steps. The Consumer Product Safety Commission
plays absolutely no part in this case, except that this gentleman volunteered that
he saw a report from one of them. So I am going to ask you gentlemen to stay
away from that subject matter altogether in the future.

15

The plaintiff further contends that "(t)he excluded cross-examination of

Consoli (regarding the CPSC reports) was also important of (sic) the subject of

credibility of Skil Corporation which had untruthfully denied or given evasive

responses to the Plaintiff's Request for Production of Documents relating to
knowledge about prior injuries and lawsuits from defective lower blade
guards...." Skil's negative response to the plaintiff's Request for Production,
however, is not inconsistent with Consoli's trial statement that he had seen one
CPSC report because there was nothing in evidence to indicate that the one
report which Consoli had seen concerned either a Model 559 saw or any other
Skil saw with similar lower blade safety guards, motors and operation controls,
categories to which the Request for Production was explicitly limited