COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTAL
S
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What is computer???
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Computer is an electronic data processing device

which

accepts and stores data input

processes the data input

generates the output in a required format

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Information Processing
System
DATA is a collection of independent and
unorganized facts.
INFORMATION is the processed and organized
data presented in a meaningful form.
DATA PROCESSING is the course of doing things in
a sequence of steps.

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PROCESSING
SYSTEM

DATA

INFORMATION
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Advantages of Computer

High Speed
Accuracy
Storage Capability
Diligence
Versatility
Reliability
Automation
Reduction in Paper Work
Reduction in Cost

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Disadvantages

No I.Q
Dependency
Environment
No Feeling

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Applications of Computers
Business
Payroll calculations
Budgeting
Sales analysis
Financial forecasting
Managing employees database
Maintenance of stocks etc.

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Applications of Computers
Banking
Insurance
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of
all clients with information showing
procedure to continue with policies
starting date of the policies
next due installment of a policy
maturity date
interests due
survival benefits
bonus

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Applications of Computers
Education
Marketing
Health Care
Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and
identify cause of illness.
Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and reports
are prepared by computer.
Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check
patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG
etc.
Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-Labels,
Expiry dates, harmful drugs side effects etc.
Surgery: Nowadays, computers are also used in performing
surgery.
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Applications of Computers
Engineering Design
Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain
analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes
etc.
Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design,
implementation and improvement of integrated systems
of people, materials and equipments.
Architectural Engineering - Computers help in
planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range
of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

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Applications of Computers
Military
Missile Control
Military Communication
Military Operation and Planning
Smart Weapons

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Applications of Computers
Communication
E-mail
Chatting
FTP
Telnet
Video-conferencing

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Applications of Computers
Government
Budgets
Sales tax department
Income tax department
Male/Female ratio
Computerization of voters lists
Computerization of driving licensing system
Computerization of PAN card
Weather forecasting

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Generations of computer
The term generation refers to major development in
electronic data processing . Computer technology has
been aimed at making smaller cheaper and efficient
computers. The development of computer has been
very rapidly in last fifty years . It has been in five
distinct stages . Each of these stage is called
generation .

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First generation (1946-1955)

The first generation
computer is based on the
vacuum tube technology .
In the first generation
some important computers
that were designed are as
follows :

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 ENIAC (electronic numerical and calculator ) :In 1946, Mauchly and Eckert completed the first large scale
electronic digital computer ENIAC . The ENIAC was programmed by
connecting wires between units of the computer and setting
switches at the 50 feet . It was used for , atomic energy calculation
and random numbers studies .
()
EDSAC :- After ENIAC was turned off , another computer EDSAC
( electronic delay storage automatic calculator) came in 1943.
EDSAC was first computer to operate on the stored program concept
. It started operating only in 1951 . ENIAC, EDSAC and other
computer which were developed in 1940s were experimental basis .
()
UNIVAC :- UNIVAC ( universal automatic computer) was the first
computer dedicated to business application . It was also used for the
analysis of 1952 presidential election in united states.
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Drawback :
First generation computer based on vacuum tubes
created several problem
It generates too much heat .
It consumed lots of electricity.
Its, size was large , unreliable and required constant
,maintenance .
The computer programming language was in binary digit
(0,1) which have a special meaning that can be
understood by computer .
It was very difficult to write program in machine language
, moreover most program contained errors and the
knowledge was restricted to few people .
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Second generation (19561965)

Major innovation was the solid
state device transistor by
three scientist J.BARDEEN , H.W
BRATTIAN and W.SHOCKLEY in
1947.
A transistor is made of a semi
conductor material whose basic
part is silicon. The size of
transistor is only 1/200th of the
size of vacuum tube
Require much less power and
produce less heat .
Ex : IBM 7094,NCR 304, IBM
1620, ALTAS etc .
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Features of Second Generation

Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
Smaller size as compared to first generation
computers
Generated less heat as compared to first generation
computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to first
generation computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
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Supported machine and assembly languages

Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108

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Third generation (1966-75)

Integrated circuit technology was
introduced around 1965.It is the
combination of numbers of
transistors and other electronic
components fused together on a
single crystal. Mass storage device
were called auxiliary or secondary
storage device i.e. magnetic tape ,
disk , etc .Multi programming
software in which more than one
can be present in computer
memory simultaneously .High level
language like basic COBOL,
FORTAN , etc , were developed .A
new computer industry called
software industry was born .
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370/168 , etc .

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main features of third

generation

IC used
More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
Smaller size
Generated less heat

Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Supported high-level language
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Some computers of this generation were:

IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316

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Fourth generation (19761985)

A new technology Microprocessors were introduced . A
microprocessor chip (approx
1/4*2 in size) contain an entire
central processing units on single
chip .Large scale integration (L.S.I)
and very large scale integration
(V.L.S.I) technology were used in
fourth generation .
Size and cost reduced .
Desktop came into the market .

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main features of fourth

generation

VLSI technology used

Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks
Computers became easily available
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Some computers of this

generation were:

DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

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Fifth generation (1986

onwards)
Ultra large scale technology (U.L.S.I) were
introduced
Developed very small but extremely fast and
powerful computers which is known as ROBOTS .
Size were very much reduced .
Small in size and easy to carry out .
Ex: mainframe , super computer , ROBOTS .

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TYPES OF COMPUTER
PC (Personal Computer)
A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive
computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based
on the microprocessor technology that enables
manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip.
Businesses use personal computers for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing, and for running
spreadsheet and database management applications. At
home, the most popular use for personal computers is
playing games and surfing Internet.

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 Minicomputer
It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of
supporting up to 250 users simultaneously.

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Mainframe
Mainframe is very large in size and is an
expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds or even thousands of users
simultaneously. Mainframe executes many
programs concurrently and supports many
simultaneous execution of programs.

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Supercomputer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers
currently available. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized
applications that require immense amount of
mathematical calculations (number crunching).
For example, weather forecasting, scientific
simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic
design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in
petrochemical prospectin

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Three Major Components of an

Information Processing System
HARDWARE is the tangible part of a computer
system.
SOFTWARE is the non-tangible part that tells the
computer how to do its job.
PEOPLEWARE refer to people who use and operate
the computer system, write computer programs,
and analyze and design the information system.

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