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Geolog 6.6
Determin Tutorial

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Contents
Introduction to Geolog's Determin Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Document Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Tutorial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Determin Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Evaluate Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Crossplots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Xplot Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Format the X and Y Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Format the Color Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color and Symbol Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symbol Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
15
17
24

Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
To use the Filter Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ancillaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Create and Format a Frequency Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Xplot Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Geolog Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
User Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Function Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CURVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QUANTIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QUALIFY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHMAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POLYGON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MACRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36
36
37
39
39
40
41
42

Creating User Defined Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

POLYGON Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Log Calculation from CHART Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHART Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MACRO Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fill Missing Values with Reconstructed Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
QUALIFY Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42
43
47
49
52
54
54

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Deterministic Petrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Petrophysics Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Precalc Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Borehole Correct the Gamma Ray Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Borehole Correct the Density Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Borehole Correct the Neutron Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Borehole Correct the MSFL Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Borehole Correct the Dual Laterolog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Parameter Picking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Crossplots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Histograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Pickett Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Identify Badhole Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Identify Coals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Calculate Shale Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Calculation of Porosity Using Sonic Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Calculation of Porosity from Density-Neutron Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Water Saturation Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Hydrocarbon Corrected Porosity / Water Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Permeability Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Matrix Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Matrix Parameter Curves Used to Estimate Mineral Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Pay Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Pay Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Multiwell Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Select the Wells to Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Selecting Intervals to Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Multiwell Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Parameter Picking - Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Parameter Picking - Crossplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Quick Analysis (Shale Volume Calculation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

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Create a New Loglan Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Starting a New Loglan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Inserting Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Specifying Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Specifying Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Entering Code and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

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Introduction to Geolog's Determin Tutorial

Welcome to the Geolog deterministic petrophysics tutorial.
This tutorial will assist you in understanding how Geolog can be used as a tool for performing
deterministic petrophysical well evaluations using the Determin application within Geolog.
The purpose of the Determin tutorial is to provide detailed information on the tools available
within Geolog for performing a deterministic formation evaluation. This tutorial will:
Familiarize you with the Evaluate module.
Familiarize you with Geologs Xplot application.
Introduce you to Geologs Frequency application.
Demonstrate the different types of Xplot functions supplied with Geolog.
Familiarize you with the tools supplied in Geolog for the picking and application
of petrophysical parameters.
Demonstrate the workflow through a typical deterministic petrophysical
evaluation using Geolog.
Explain multiwell processing using Geologs Well application.
Provide an introduction to "Loglan", the Geolog programming tool.

Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that the student has a general working knowledge of the Geolog6.6
software, and of basic petrophysics. For those without knowledge of Geolog6.6, it is strongly
recommended that the Geolog6.6 Introductory tutorials be taken before commencing this
tutorial.

Document Conventions
In this document, all INPUT to the computer is in Bold Courier New, while all OUTPUT from
the computer is in Courier New, but not bold.

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Tutorial Data
The following additional files (files not supplied with software) are used in this tutorial:
DATA:

determin_master.unl

REPORTS:

LAYOUTS: (Copy from layout_units)

determin_paysum.layout

SECTIONS:

LOGLAN:

SPECS:

PLOTS:

all (in Stars project)

Geolog 6.6 - Determin Tutorial

WELLS:

botein
furud
silt

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Determin Overview
The Determin application within Geolog provides advanced deterministic formation
evaluation solutions for petrophysicists, geologists and engineers. Determin is a
comprehensive suite of individual deterministic modules that allow the analyst to apply all the
major modern petrophysical models in the traditional analysis methodology. All common
techniques for shale/clay volumes, porosity, saturation and lithology determination are
included. Interactive parameter picking and multi-zone/multi-well analysis provide a rapid
workflow for the formation evaluation.

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Step 1: The Evaluate Module

Procedure
The Evaluate module allows mathematical, logical or string expressions to be entered (and
saved) and applied on a single or multiwell basis. These expressions can be equations
utilizing a log or several logs, or can include a call to any function included with Geolog6.6 or
created by the user.
In this step, you will use the Evaluate module to:
Generate a continuous porosity log from a simple expression involving a single
density log.
Invoke a Geolog6.6 supplied function (LIMIT) and apply it to a log to limit a
curve.

Exercise 1
This exercise demonstrates the use of the Evaluate module to generate a
continuous porosity log from a simple expression involving a single density log.
1.

Start Geolog and open the STARS project.

2.

Start the Well application and open the BOTEIN well.

3.

Select General > Evaluate to open the tp_evaluate module (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Evaluate Module Displayed in Module Launcher Window

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4.

In the Value column, enter the following (and as shown in Figure 2):
EXPRESSION:

imperial: (2.65-RHO)/1.65
metric: (2650-RHO)/1650
This is the simplest form of the density porosity
equation assuming RHO_MA=2.65 and
RHO_FL=1.00. As a log alias list exists, the RHOB
curve is used.

UNITS:

V/V

COMMENT:

Simple Density Porosity

LOG_OUT:

PHIT_DEN

Figure 2: Values to Generate a Continuous Log of Porosity

5.

Click Start to execute the module.

6.

View your data by:

creating a new layout
inserting a scale track
inserting a wireline track
displaying your newly created PHIT_DEN in the wireline track
setting the Right Limit to -0.5 to view the full range of data
Your display should look similar to Figure 3 after applying these changes.

7.

Select Well > Save.

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Figure 3: PHIT_DEN Log Displayed in a Layout

Exercise 2
This exercise demonstrates the use of the Evaluate module to invoke a Geolog6.6
supplied function (LIMIT) and apply it to a log to limit the values.
In Exercise 1 on Page 4, the given values for matrix and fluid density may result in
the generation of porosity values that are negative, or greater than 100%. The
LIMIT function can be used to define a valid range for a log. Values less than the
minimum value will be set to the minimum value, and values greater than the
maximum value will be set to the maximum value. The syntax for this function is:
LIMIT(Logname, Minimum value, Maximum value)

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1.

Display the tp_evaluate module (or select General > Evaluate, if you closed
the Module Launcher window).

2.

In the Value column, enter the following (and as shown in Figure 4):
EXPRESSION:

limit(phit_den,0,.5)

UNITS:

V/V

TYPE:

REAL

COMMENT:

Limited Density Porosity

LOG_OUT:

PHIT_DEN

Figure 4: Function to Limit a Curve

3.

Click Start.
The data displayed in the layout is automatically updated.

Expressions can be nested within Evaluate expressions, so that the two

previous exercises could be carried out at the same time using a single
expression of the form: limit(((2.65-RHO)/1.65), 0, 0.5)

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Step 2: Crossplots
Procedure
Xplot, Geologs crossplot application, is used for plotting logs or log expressions. It provides a
variety of analytical tools to: incorporate standard contractor or user-defined curves, polygons
and charts; perform regression analysis, and; calculate new logs. Xplot can be started in either
Well or in Project.
In this step, you will:
Start the Xplot application from within Well to become familiar with the Xplot
window and its components.
Edit the X and Y axis of an existing crossplot.
Format the Z axis.
Format the display style (Symbols).
Format the data display area (Ancillaries).

Exercise 1

The Xplot Window

In this exercise, you will change the layout you created in the previous exercise,
start Geologs Xplot application and open an existing crossplot file.
1.

Within your layout view, change the displayed PHIT_DEN log to RHOB and
click Apply.
The defaults are updated automatically when you enter a known log name.

2.

Add a second wireline track and insert the NPHI log and click OK.

3.

Select Well > View > Xplot... to open the File Select dialog box.

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4.

Locate and open rho_nphi_gr.xplot (values of density and neutron

porosity with color coding related to values of gamma ray; see Figure 5).

Titles
Statistics Diagram

Y Axis log expression

X Axis log expression

Color log expression
and color bar
Functions

Figure 5: Xplot Window Displaying RHO_NPHI_GR Xplot

5.

Within the Properties dialog box, insert gr on the Z axis, and click Apply.

6.

Observe the crossplot is now displayed in 3D, as shown in Figure 6.

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Figure 6: Xplot Window Displaying 3D Xplot

For more information refer to the Online Help - Working In 3D Xplot.

7.

Remove gr from the Z Axis tab, Log Expression field, and click OK to return
the crossplot to 2D.

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The following table describes the components identified in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
COMPONENT

DESCRIPTION

Titles

Xplot title, well name, selected processing range/

intervals, and filters being used.

Statistics Diagram

Shows the number of X and Y values inside and outside

the Xplot grid limits. For more information see
"Ancillaries" on Page 29.

X axis log expression

The selected X, Y, and Z axis log expressions and units
Y axis log expression
for each axis.
Z axis log expression (not shown) For more information on the Z axis log expressions refer
to the Online Help - Working in 3D Xplot.
Color axis

The selected Color bar, Color Expression and/or Symbol

Expression (not shown) are referred to as the Color Axis.

Functions

Description of an element inserted on the crossplot such

as a chart, polygon or curve.

Exercise 2

Format the X and Y Axis

In this exercise, you will be guided through the formatting of the X axisyou then
follow the same procedure to format the Y axis.
Formatting display areas in Geolog is performed using the Properties dialog box.
To display the Properties dialog box in Xplot you can do any ONE of the following:
Select Edit > Properties.
Double click on a log expression.
Double click on the data display area.
1.

Select Edit > Properties...

2.

If necessary, click on the X Axis tab.

This is an example of aliasing, the Xplot layout is formatted to display the

logname_COR logs but, as they do not exist, the RHOB and NPHI logs are
displayed (see Figure 7).

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Log name to display does

not exist, so NPHI and
RHOB are displayed.

Figure 7: Properties Dialog Box - X and Y AXIS Tabs

The X, Y and Z Axis tabs on the Properties dialog box display similar selection and
formatting options.

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The following table explains each of the fields on the X, Y and Z axis tabs of the
Properties dialog box:
SECTION

FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Log

Log Expression

A log name or expression that evaluates to a numerical result.

An X and Y value must be specified to display data (see
Figure 5), and a Z value must be specified for a 3D display
(see Figure 6).
If changing an existing log, the Default units are automatically
displayed. This replaces displayed Units, Left/Right and Scale
values with the default values specified in the
loginfo.loginfo file found in the unit_type/specs
directory for your environment. If you change any of the
displayed Units, Left/Right and Scale values click on the
Defaults button to redisplay the default values.

Units

Default units are displayed for a log entered in the Log

Expression field.

Limits

Limit values for each axis are displayed according to defaults

for the Units selected. These defaults are determined by Left
and Right limit values in a loginfo file.

(Left / Right Limit - X axis)

(Bottom / Top Limit - Y axis)
(Lower / Upper Limit - Z axis) For the Y axis, left and right limits are translated to bottom and
top, respectively.
For the Z axis, left and right limits are translated to lower and
upper, respectively.
Use the Swap Limits
these two fields.
Scale

icon to quickly swap the values in

The scale is represented by grid lines.

Note: The Limits specified must be greater than 0 for all but
Linear.

Control Sampling

GEOLOG 6.6 - Determin Tutorial

The sampling rate of one axis (X, Y or Z) can be used to

determine displayed log values of the other axes by
interpolation. Whichever axis has this toggled ON indicates
that axis controls the sampling.

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SECTION

FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Grid

Style

Standard - LINEAR scale only

Enter a single value for Fine and/or Coarse Grid Intervals for a
Standard grid to display linear scale grids. The Grid is
calculated using the Left and Right Limits, and the Fine and
Coarse Grid Intervals (Left - Right / Grid Interval value; e.g., if
the Left limit is 0 and the Right limit is 200, a Coarse Grid
Interval of 10 will display grids at 20, 40, 60...200).

Intervals

Variable - ALL scales

Enter multiple values for Fine and/or Coarse Grid Intervals for
a Variable grid to display grids according to the Fine and
Coarse grid values entered. Enter values separated by spaces
where grid lines are to appear (e.g. 15 20 35, etc.).
To quickly remove the grids from the view, toggle
View > Grids.
Appearance

To set the appearance of grids, click in an Appearance field to

display the Appearance Palette and set the color, line style
and width, and text. Text denoting grid positions appears at
both ends of the grid lines.

As a simple exercise in using the X and Y Axis tabs, do the following:

3.

For the X axis, change the Right limit to 0.5 and the Coarse grid lines
to Magenta.

4.

For the Y axis, change the Bottom limit to 3.2 (3200) and the Coarse grid
lines to Blue.

5.

Click Apply.

Exercise 3

Format the Color Axis

Colors, expressions, symbols, and/or text (all referred to as a "Color axis") can be
applied to data displayed on a crossplot.
1.

Select the Color Tab.

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Figure 8: Properties Dialog Box - Color Axis Tab

Color and Symbol Section

The following table describes the Color and Symbol section components of the
Color tab as shown in Figure 8:
FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Style

Determines the style of the displayed symbols.

Note: Not available when viewing 3D crossplots.
Marker - The marker selected in the Appearance field is shown
at the center of each grid cell.
Solid Fill - Each grid cell is shown as a filled rectangle.
When specifying a Symbol Expression, these styles only apply to
the display of indeterminate results.
Note: Solid Fill is automatically set when using Accumulation
settings on the Filter tab, and automatically set back to
Marker when Accumulation is set to None.

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FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Appearance

The Appearance settings (attributes) selected in this field apply to

both the Color and the Symbol sections on the Color tab.
Click in the Appearance field to display the Appearance Palette to
format the style, and color of symbols and lines.

Connection

Specifies the line style in the Appearance field. However, it does not
apply to accumulated values.
None - Values are not connected.
Line - Values are connected with a straight line.
Spline - Values are connected with a smooth curve.
Note: Line styles are not available when in 3D mode; and should
not be used when plotting arrays on X or Y axes.

Show Missing Values

Toggled OFF - missing Color or Symbol values are not

processed.
Toggled ON - missing Color or Symbol values are processed and
displayed using the settings specified in the Appearance field.

2.

With the Style set to Marker, using the Appearance Palette set the color to
Blue and the Marker to Ball.

3.

In the Color section remove the Expression GR_COR and click Apply.

4.

Observe the changes made to the crossplot.

5.

Change the Style to Solid Fill and click Apply.

6.

Observe the crossplot. "Ball" is ignored and filled rectangles for each grid cell
containing X/Y values are displayed.

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Crossplot with the marker style

Crossplot with the solid fill style

Figure 9: Crossplots Showing Different Color Styles

Color Section
The following table describes the Color section components of the Color tab as
shown in Figure 8:
1.

Change the Style back to Marker and set the Expression to

rainbow(GR,20,150)

)
2.

In the Expression field, Geolog converts lowercase to uppercase when you

click Apply.

Click Apply.
The Color Bar specified (i.e., gr.qualify) is ignored and the values are
displayed according to the expression. Note the expression displayed
beneath the color bar on the crossplot. See Figure 10.

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FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Expression

A log name or an expression determines the color of the data values.

RAINBOW expression
A rainbow expression can be used as an alternative to selecting an
Expression and Color Bar. For example, for the expression syntax
RAINBOW(GR,0,200), GR is a log name and the values represent the
range to be displayed. Values within the range are displayed according to
the color spectrum between blue and red.
WELL_NO expression
When processing multiple wells, remove the Color Bar and click on the
Dropdown List button to select WELL_NO to have each well display in a
default color assigned from the Appearance palette.
Alternatively, a Color Bar may be specified to select specific colors from the
Color Bar for each well (see WELL_NO as a Color Expression for an
example).
Note: When using WELL_NO, a Color Bar is not displayed, as the well
names in the legend identify the wells and colors.
INTERVAL_NO expression
When processing multiple intervals, remove the Color Bar and click the
Dropdown List button to select INTERVAL_NO to have each interval
specified for processing display in a default color assigned from the
Appearance palette.

Display Value

This enables you to select the required set of values to display the data:
Minimum, Maximum, Average, or Frequency.

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FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Color Bar

If no Color Bar is selected, the data point colors are determined directly by
the Color Expression. If the Color Expression evaluates to a string (e.g.
"GREEN"), then that color will be used. If the Color Expression evaluates
to a whole number, (e.g. WELL_NO), then a color will be automatically
selected from the Appearance Palette to represent each number.
You can enter/select a qualify function which determines the color
representation of expression values using one of the following:
The Dropdown List button to select from existing Qualify functions.
The default reserved qualify functions Rainbow and Grayscale can be
used to automatically create a color bar if an appropriate color bar does not
exist. When selected, all displayed data is encompassed within the color
(or grayscale) range. For example, if GR is entered and the displayed data
is within the range of GR values 21 and 176, the Color Bar encompasses
these values within the rainbow or grayscale color range of 20 to 180.
The File Select
icon to open the File Select Dialog Box to select the
qualify function from another location.
The Colormap

icon to edit/create a color bar.

These colormaps can be changed, or new ones created, when required.

Colormaps are located in, and saved to, the /functions directory with an
extension of .qualify.
Frequency Bar

This is only available when the Display Value is set to Frequency.

The required qualify function is selected to display the data frequencies. If
the default reserved qualify functions Rainbow or Grayscale Color Bar is
selected, a color bar is automatically created to encompass the range of
frequencies for the displayed data.

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Figure 10: Using Rainbow Expression to Identify Formation Colors with Solid Color

3.

Change the expression back to GR_COR and click Apply.

Colormaps
Colormaps are used in Geolog for various functions such as displaying array data
image logs (representing vertical and horizontal variation in formation properties),
and representing the Color axis on crossplots. These colormaps can be changed,
or new ones created, as required.
Colormaps are QUALIFY functions, and are located in, and saved to, the functions
directory with an extension of .qualify.
4.

Click on the Colormap

icon to open the colormap currently specified in
the Color Bar field (see Figure 11).

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Currently open colormap

Color cells

Interactive visual guide

when changing Function
and Direction of colormap
Figure 11: Colormap Dialog Box

Name indicates the colormap currently displayed. Check this name is the
same as the color bar title displayed in the crossplot to ensure you are
saving changes to the correct colormap, as it is possible to display the
properties of another colormap within the currently open colormap (using
File > Import).
If a colormap has not been specified before clicking on the Colormap icon,
or when you select File > New, a default "rainbow" style colormap titled
"no_name" is displayed in Manual mode. To create a new map, you can
change this rainbow style, or open an existing colormap (File > Open) and
make the required changes.

5.

Click the File>> button and select Import... to import the properties of another
colormap.

6.

Locate and select fms.qualify. NOTE the name displayed in the Name field
and the crossplot color bar title are different.

7.

Click the File>> button and select New to start a new colormap, and Discard
the changes.

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8.

Click the File>> button and select Size... to open the Colormap size dialog
box.

9.

Specify a range of 0 to 200, and 10 intervals.

10. Click OK.

11. Click the Tools>> button. Note all the options are grayed out, this is because
there are no color cells selected.
12. Click and drag across the color cells to select them (each selected cell is
outlined in red).

Selected color cells

13. Click the Tools>> button and select Grayscale.

14. Change the colors back to Rainbow.
15. Select the first (leftmost) cell.
16. Change the Cell To value to 25 and click Apply.
17. Select the resized cell.
18. Click on the Appearance palette

icon and change the color of the cell.

19. Select all the color cells.

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20. Click on the Tools>> button and select Interpolate.
21. Click on the Function field Dropdown List

button and select an option.

22. Adjust the red control points. Geolog dynamically displays the changes in the
Function Colormap area.
23. Select the Reverse direction.
24. Click on the File>> button and save your colormap as mycolors. (Enter the
name at the end of the path in the Selection field; if a /functions directory
does not exist for your project, Geolog will create one now.)
25. Close the Colormap dialog box.
26. On the Color tab of the Properties dialog box, click the Color Bar File Select
icon to locate and select your new colormap.
27. Click Apply.

See the Using Geolog online help for detailed information on colormaps.

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Symbol Section
You use the Symbol section of the Color tab to select the symbol used to display
values. The following table explains the fields in the Symbol section:
FIELD / BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Expression

Note: Not available when viewing a 3D crossplot.

The Log Select
icon enables you to select the required log, or
enter a log name or expression.
When using expressions, ensure the appropriate Style is selected
(e.g. toggle on "Marker" if SYMBOL is entered to display the
symbol specified in the well header constants, "Fill" if a lithology log
is selected, "Text" if WELL_NO is selected).
Ensure a Color Expression has been selected and then click on the
Dropdown List button to select one of four special Symbol
Expressions: MINIMUM, MAXIMUM, AVERAGE or FREQUENCY
to provide direct access to the statistics accumulated for each grid
cell for the Color Expression. These special expressions are
usually only meaningful when the Symbol Style is set to Text.

Style

If the expression WELL_NO is used in Multiwell Processing, values

are identified by a number for each well selected for processing.
The style of displayed symbols.
Marker:
If the Symbol Expression evaluates to a string (e.g. "BALL"), then a
marker with that name will be used.
If the Symbol Expression evaluates to a whole number (e.g.
WELL_NO), then a marker will be automatically selected from the
Appearance palette to represent each number.
If the marker cannot be found, an error message is generated and,
in Multiwell Processing, the marker is not displayed in the Well
Legend.
Fill:
If the Symbol Expression evaluates to a string (e.g. "SS") then a fill
pattern with that name will be used.
If the Symbol Expression evaluates to a whole number (e.g.
WELL_NO) then a fill pattern will be automatically selected from
the Appearance palette to represent each number.
If the fill cannot be found, an error message is generated and, in
Multiwell Processing, the fill is not displayed in the Well Legend.
Text:
Symbol Expression values are displayed as text (e.g. select a
depth log as the expression to show the depth for displayed
values).

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Exercise 4

Filter
The Filter tab in the Properties dialog box is used to:
define a filter to display a range of values (e.g. depth range)
define frequency accumulation to aggregate multiple values to one point
adjust a 3D display

To use the Filter Tab

1.

Click the Filter tab in the Properties dialog box.

Figure 12: Properties Dialog Box - Filter Tab

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The following table describes the components of the Filter Tab:
SECTION

FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Filter

Expression

An expression which defines a range of values to display.

Examples:
NPHI < .1
RANGE (DEPTH, 1200, 1400)
TOPS=="MUREE SANDSTONE"
TOPS.TOPS=="BURNAMWOOD FM" & GR<80 &
LLD>10

Accumulation

Units

If a different unit category from the category stored in the

database is required, specify the units. Any log which is stored in
that unit category will be adjusted.

Mode

Select a mode to change the grid sampling.

Options available are:
"None" to use maximum grid resolution (300x300)
"Binned" to manually specify a grid resolution; the X and Y bin
values set the resolution
"Windowed" to use a sliding window average. The X and Y bin
values set the size of the sliding window. Sliding window
averaging will smooth the display of data.
On the Color tab, "Solid Fill" is automatically selected when using
Binned or Windowed, and "Marker" is automatically selected
when None is specified.
Note: Mode is NOT available when a Z axis has been specified.
When a Z axis is specified, the Mode is automatically set
to "Binned".

X, Y, Z
(bins)

Changes the grid resolution.

Accumulate Columns
Accumulate Rows

NOT available if a Z axis has been specified.

Click on the Dropdown List

predefined values.

button to select from a list of

Row and column accumulation totals are displayed on the top

and right sides of the crossplot, and may be displayed as count
values (frequency) or histograms.
Values not displayed because they are below the Drop Threshold
are still included in the totals displayed in the Statistics Diagram.

Drop Threshold

Only available when Mode is set to Binned or Windowed.

Cells with count values (frequency) equal to or below the Drop
Threshold are not displayed.

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SECTION

FIELD/BUTTON

DESCRIPTION

Histograms

Only available when Accumulate Columns and/or Rows is/are

selected; NOT available if a Z axis has been specified.
Displays row and column accumulation totals as a histogram on
the top and right sides of the crossplot.

Histogram
Appearance

Only applicable when Accumulate Columns and/or Rows is/are

toggled ON.
Click in the Appearance field to display the Appearance Palette
and set the color and text appearance of row and column
accumulation totals, and color, lines and fill appearance of the
histograms.

3D

See the Online Help - Working in 3D Xplot.

2.

Use Figure 13 to guide you through a frequency accumulation display

formatting exercise.

1. Set the filter

3. Adjust the bin
values.

2.Toggle ON
Column and Row
accumulation

4. Select a color

5. Click Apply

Figure 13: Formatting a Frequency Accumulation Display

See the Xplot online help for further information on using the Properties
dialog box.

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Exercise 5

Functions
Explained in "Geolog Functions" on Page 34.

Exercise 6

Titles
The Titles tab is used to format the sheet and axes titles. The title may contain up
to four lines of fixed or variable text which are displayed above a crossplot.
1.

Click the Titles tab in the Properties dialog box.

2.

Format your display area by changing the colors and text for some of the
options.

3.

Click the Border button and change the appearance of the presentation
sheet.

4.

Click Apply.

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Exercise 7

Ancillaries
The Ancillaries tab is used to modify the appearance of the legends, Statistics
Diagram and display box (the area that encloses the displayed values).
1.

Click on the Ancillaries tab.

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The following table describes the components of the Ancillaries tab:
SECTION

Field/Button

Description

Appearance

Well Legend

When multiple wells are open, and/or Functions exist, legends

are automatically created at the bottom of the crossplot.

Function Legend

Statistics Diagram

Click in each of the fields to display the Appearance Palette to

select the required formatting options.
Shows the number of X and Y values inside and outside the
Xplot grid limits.
The top number inside the box (in this example, 3521)
indicates the total number of samples inside the Xplot grid; the
lower number (3524) indicates the total number of samples.
The numbers outside the box represent the number and
location of the samples outside the grid. In this example there
are two samples off to the right of the grid and one below.
Number of displayed values is reduced not only by crossplot
limits but also filter expressions and intervals selected for
processing.
Change the appearance using the Statistics Diagram field on
the Ancillaries tab.

Box

X, Y and Z Axis
Length

The length in paper units from limit to limit of each axis as

determined by the default unit system. Alternative dimensions
can be entered with scroll bars appearing when a length
exceeds that which can be displayed in the Xplot window.

Edge

Click in these fields to open the Appearance Palette to format

the background and edge appearance of the graphical display
box.

Background

2.

Change the color of the Statistics Diagram in the Appearance Section.

3.

Change the color of the box edge.

4.

Click OK to apply your changes and close Properties Dialog box.

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Step 3: Frequency
Procedure
Geologs Frequency application is used to display the data distribution of a single log as a
histogram and as a cumulative frequency curve. Statistical information about the log is also
displayed. Single (Well) or multiwell (Well or Project) frequencies can be displayed. In this
step, you will:
Create and format a Frequency display.

Exercise 1

Create and Format a Frequency Display

Note that the functionality of the Frequency application is similar to that of the
Xplot application, and the following instructions are to only familiarize you with the
application. Further details are provided in "Histograms" on Page 77.
1.

Select Well > View > New > Frequency.

2.

Open the Properties dialog box.

3.

On the Data tab, enter RHO_COR as the log to display.

4.

Click Apply to display the data.

5.

On the Filter tab, add the following Filter Expression to filter out specific data:

6.

GR_COR<50

Click Apply to display the results (see Figure 14).

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Figure 14: Displaying RHO_COR as a histogram

7.

On the Accumulation tab, change the Appearance of the Cumulative display

to RED and make the line thicker.

8.

Click Apply to view the changes.

9.

Change the Appearance of the Frequency to a solid Fill and select a color.

10. Click Apply.

11. Change the appearance of the Frequency so that the histogram is displayed
as a Line rather than a bar.
12. Click Apply (see Figure 15 for an example).
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Figure 15: Histogram Displayed as a Line

13. On the Ancillaries tab, change the color of the Statistics Diagram.
14. Click OK to close the dialog box and apply your changes.
15. Select Frequency > Report.
16. Change the report file name using todays date (e.g. 28_05_histogram).
17. Click OK to close the dialog box and create the text file
28_05_histogram.rpt in the projects /reports directory.
The report is automatically displayed as a PDF in a separate window.
18. Take a look at the report and then close the PDF.
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Step 4: Xplot Functions

Within Geolog, there are two main categories of functions, Geolog supplied and user
defined/created. In this step, you will:
Create a POLYGON function.
Perform log calculation from CHART functions.
Create a CHART function.
Construct a MACRO function to reconstruct a log.
Fill missing values with a reconstructed log.
Create a QUALIFY function to construct a lithology log.
Note: Functions are not displayed when viewing a 3D Xplot.

GEOLOG Functions
Geolog supplied functions are described in detail in the Well and Xplot online help
documentation. They include many mathematical and trigonometric functions, in
addition to many other functions for performing manipulation of data, such as
LIMIT, MIN, MAX, LOCASE, RAINBOW, ROUND, etc.
These functions can either be used in Loglan programs, where they are
incorporated as part of a multi-line sequence of commands and compiled, or within
the Evaluate module, where they are included into a single line expression. In the
following example, an Sw curve is calculated:
Sw = SQRT((a*Rw)/(PHIE**2*RT))
where:

is the function:

SQRT

to derive a square root

for multiplication

for division

**

for exponentiation

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User Defined Functions

The user defined functions are data relationships that are created by you, the
Geolog6.6 user, to carry out analysis or manipulation of data.
Geolog supplies many predefined functions such as logging company charts for
use in borehole corrections. You can create or modify your own functions by one
of several methods:
Keyboard input.
Interactive input using the mouse within the Xplot application.
The use of formatted ASCII files.
Using Geolog-provided statistics programs.
User defined functions are stored in the functions directory in the local project
area, and can be moved to the functions directory of the site area for use by
other users. They can be used either in Loglan programs, or within Evaluate
module expressions. There are several different categories of user defined
functions.
The generation of user defined functions is usually carried out within Geologs
Xplot application. Exceptions to this general rule are:
Creation of macros within the Statistics tools found in Geologs Well application.
Digitizing of logging contractor charts.
The user defined functions described in "Function Categories" below are stored in
the project functions directory in text format. They can be modified with any text
editor, just as any function created outside Geolog6.6 can be used as long as the
Geolog6.6 format for the respective function is adhered to.
All user defined functions can be used within the Evaluate module and within
Geologs Loglan application to generate data.

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Function Categories
CHART
CHART functions are x,y,z orderings of data values. The most obvious examples
of these types of functions are the logging company charts for borehole
corrections, porosity calculations, etc. A large selection of these charts are already
digitized and present within Geolog6.6.
An example of the use of a CHART function would be a Neutron-Density chart
being used to derive a value for porosity when values for bulk density and neutron
porosity are known. The CHART function could equally be used to derive a value
for Neutron porosity if bulk density and porosity are known.
Example CHART function
# spec: No description given.

CONTRACTOR = Schlumberger
X_MIN = -0.05
X_MAX = 0.45
X_LENGTH = 5
X_SCALE = Linear
X_LOG = NPHI_COR
X_UNITS = V/V
Y_MIN = 1.9
Y_MAX = 3
Y_LENGTH = 5
Y_SCALE = Linear
Y_LOG = RHO_COR
Y_UNITS = G/CC
Z_MIN = 0
Z_MAX = 1
Z_LENGTH = 1
Z_SCALE = Linear
Z_UNITS = ""
APPEARANCE_COLOR = BLACK
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APPEARANCE_LINE_STYLE = SOLID
APPEARANCE_LINE_WIDTH = 0.01
APPEARANCE_TEXT_FONT = hershey\:simplex_roman
APPEARANCE_TEXT_SIZE = 0.0984252
APPEARANCE_TEXT_HJUST = LEFT
APPEARANCE_TEXT_VJUST = BOTTOM
X:

Y:

Z=

-0.033505 2.54778

0.276093 1.92529

0.0104398 2.65357 0.25

0.320038 2.03107 0.25
0.0543846 2.75935 0.5
0.363983 2.13685 0.5
0.0983294 2.86513 0.75
0.407927 2.24264 0.75
0.142274 2.97092

0.451872 2.34842

CURVE
CURVE functions define x-y coordinates and return a y-axis value for an input log
on the x-axis. Examples of CURVE functions include:
Neutron equivalence curves, where an input value of neutron porosity for one
lithology type will return the equivalent neutron porosity for another lithology.
Pore pressure as a function of depth curves.
Sw-Height functions.
Example Curve Function
# spec: Demo Curve

CONTRACTOR = ""
X_SCALE = Logarithmic
X_LOG = OH.RT_1
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X_UNITS = OHMM
X_MIN = 0.2
X_MAX = 2000
X_LENGTH = 5
Y_SCALE = Linear
Y_LOG = GR
Y_UNITS = GAPI
Y_MIN = 0
Y_MAX = 200
Y_LENGTH = 5
APPEARANCE_COLOR = BLACK
APPEARANCE_LINE_STYLE = SOLID
APPEARANCE_LINE_WIDTH = 0.01
APPEARANCE_MARKER_STYLE = ""
APPEARANCE_MARKER_SIZE = 0.0984252
APPEARANCE_TEXT_FONT = hershey\:simplex_roman
APPEARANCE_TEXT_SIZE = 0.0984252
X:

Y=

2.09923 196.012
2.42709 147.482
3.86163 99.5819
10.6649 67.4384
51.1261 40.337
259.741 20.7988
1815.915 8.82371

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QUANTIFY
QUANTIFY functions are used to return numeric values for a given input from an
alphanumeric log. An example of this could be the use of a lithology code log to
return values of matrix density. For example:
ALPHANUMERIC INPUT

NUMERIC OUTPUT

SS

2.65

LS

2.71

DOL

2.84

SH

2.5

Example QUANTIFY function

# spec : Quantify Fn
SYMBOL: VALUE=
SS

1.0000

LS

2.0000

SH

3.0000

DOL

4.0000

ANHY

5.0000

ST

6.0000

GRAN

7.0000

QUALIFY
QUALIFY functions are used to generate alphanumeric output for a given input
numeric range. An example of the use of a QUALIFY function is to generate a
lithology code log for given ranges of a matrix density log. For instance:
FROM

TO

OUTPUT

2.2

CO (Geolog6.6 code for coal)

2.2

2.5

SH (Shale)

2.5

2.6

ST (Siltstone)

2.6

2.7

SS (Sandstone)

2.7

2.8

LS (Limestone)

QUALIFY functions can also be used in the Xplot application as color bars,
mapping color codes to given ranges of the z-axis log.
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Example QUALIFY function

# spec : color by gamma ray
FROM:

TO:

0.0000

SYMBOL=

20.0000 BLUE

20.0000

40.0000 \#0071FF

40.0000

60.0000 \#00E2FF

60.0000

80.0000 \#00FFA9

80.0000 100.0000 \#00FF38

100.0000 120.0000 \#38FF00
120.0000 140.0000 \#AAFF00
140.0000 160.0000 \#FFE200
160.0000 180.0000 \#FF7100
180.0000 200.0000 RED

CHMAP
CHMAP functions are used for the generation of an alphanumeric log for given
input of another alphanumeric log. An example of the CHMAP function could be to
convert existing lithology codes to Geolog6.6-recognized lithology codes, or for
converting formation names to Geolog6.6 lithology codes. For example:
INPUT CODE

OUTPUT CODE

BRENT

SS

LIME

LS

DOLO

DOL

KIMM

SH

Example CHMAP function

# spec: Lithology Conversion

INPUT: RESULT=
LIMEST LS
SANDST SS
SHALE

SH

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SILTST ST
DOLO

DOL

GRANITE GT
BASALT BS

POLYGON
POLYGON functions are pairs of values of x,y that define a polygon, typically
within a crossplot. They return a logical value (TRUE/FALSE), and can be used to
assign the polygon name to any point that is found within the polygon. An example
of this could be to insert polygons in the density/neutron Xplot to define shale,
sandstone and limestone regions, and then create a lithology log from the x,y data.
Example POLYGON function
# spec: No description given.

CONTRACTOR = Schlumberger
X_SCALE = Linear
X_LOG = NPHI
X_UNITS = V/V
X_MIN = -0.05
X_MAX = 0.45
X_LENGTH = 5
Y_SCALE = Linear
Y_LOG = RHO
Y_UNITS = G/CC
Y_MIN = 1.9
Y_MAX = 3
Y_LENGTH = 5
APPEARANCE_COLOR = GREEN
APPEARANCE_LINE_STYLE = SOLID
APPEARANCE_LINE_WIDTH = 0.01
APPEARANCE_FILL_STYLE = SOLID
APPEARANCE_FILL_SIZE = 0.393701

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APPEARANCE_TEXT_FONT = hershey\:simplex_roman
APPEARANCE_TEXT_SIZE = 0.0984252
X:

Y=

0.12805 2.05712
0.0933853 2.22005
0.0429641 2.4315
0.094961 2.5043
0.184774 2.39337
0.288768 2.14725
0.2478 1.98779
0.12805 2.05712

MACRO
MACRO functions are expressions applied to a single, or multiple, input
variable(s). Examples of macros are regression equations (single input variables),
and multiple regression expressions (multiple input variables).
Example MACRO function
# spec : Regression Logs: SCAL.PHITCR_AMB, SCAL.PHITCR_OB, CC: 0.993435

MACRO = "MACRO phiob_regression (x) \n(0.00815027 + 0.908853*(x))\n"

APPEARANCE_COLOR = BLACK
APPEARANCE_LINE_STYLE = SOLID
APPEARANCE_LINE_WIDTH = 0.025
APPEARANCE_TEXT_FONT = hershey\:simplex_roman
APPEARANCE_TEXT_SIZE = 0.25
APPEARANCE_TEXT_HJUST = LEFT
APPEARANCE_TEXT_VJUST = BOTTOM

Creating User Defined Functions

Geologs Xplot application is the ideal location to create user defined functions.
POLYGON, CHART, and CURVE functions can be entered interactively on screen
while actual data is being displayed.
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CHMAP, QUANTIFY and QUALIFY functions can be created using the Create
button on the Functions tab of the Properties dialog box. All function types can be
viewed and edited using the Function Maintenance dialog box.

These functions can also be accessed via View > Function Maintenance.

MACRO functions can be created using the regression tools provided in the Xplot
application, or by the use of the Statistical functions found on the General >
Statistics menu in Well or Project.

Exercise 1
POLYGON Functions
In this exercise you will learn how to create POLYGON functions on a Xplot,
display the corresponding points within a layout, and calculate a log from the
POLYGON functions.
1.

Select Well > View > Close All to close all open views, and Discard all
changes.

2.

Open a new Layout view.

3.

Add a depth (Scale) track and GR in a wireline track.

4.

Select Layout > Datum... and set:

5.

Interval Log:

TOPS.TOPS

Top Limit:

ARCHERFIELD SANDSTONE

Bottom Limit:

TD

Open the rho_nphi_gr.xplot crossplot.

There are three main groupings of data points on the Xplot:
A grouping around the sandstone (uppermost) function line. These are
probably data in sandstone lithologies.
A grouping below the dolomite (lowermost) function line. These are
probably shale data points.
Data points within the area between these groupings. These are probably
siltstone or limestone data points.

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Sand Region

Shale Region

Dolomite Region

To identify where each of these groups is represented on logs, POLYGON

functions can be created for each data type.
6.

Select Insert > Polygon from the Xplot menu to create a shale polygon.
Give it a name of SH (the Geolog lithology fill code for shale) and click OK.
The cursor changes to a pencil. Draw the polygon around the shale
grouping by clicking a series of points around it with the left mouse button,
and terminating with the middle mouse button or ESC key. This creates a
colored polygon surrounding the shale data points, and is reflected in the
Xplot polygon track in the layout.

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7.

Repeat Step 6.
for the sandstone points; use Geologs code, SS, for the name, and
the limestone/siltstone points; use Geologs code, DM, for the name.

8.

Tile the layout and crossplot views.

9.

Ensure the Xplot view is active (selected) and select Tools > Highlight
Polygons.
The following occurs:
a temporary HIGHLIGHT set is created; when highlighting is cancelled,
this set is deleted;
in the layout, blocks of color (corresponding to the polygon colors) at the
relevant depths for the selected values (values within the polygons) are
displayed behind the Scale track;
in the crossplot displaying the polygons, there is no change;
if there is another crossplot or crossplots open, the Z axis color bar is
turned off (if it exists) and the selected values (values within the polygons)
are displayed in the corresponding polygon colors; all other values are
displayed in black;
See Figure 16 for an example.

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SS

SH

DM

Figure 16: Polygons inserted on a crossplot and displayed in layout - Scale track

10. Select Tools > Highlight Cancel to remove the highlighting in all views.
11. Select Tools > Calculate Log... from the Xplot menu to open the Calculate
Log dialog box.
The Polygon function is automatically selected and uses your inserted
polygons to generate continuous logs of lithology codes for the points lying
within them.
12. Enter WIRE.LITH for the output log, insert the comment Lithology from
polygons. and click OK.
13. Insert a Lithology track in the layout and specify WIRE.LITH as the log and
click OK.
14. Maximize the layout to view the relevant Lithology codes displayed.

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Exercise 2
Log Calculation from CHART Function
This exercise will show you how to create a user defined CHART function within
Xplot and generate a continuous log from the function.
1.

Open the Xplot Properties dialog box and select the Functions tab. Note the
names of the 3 POLYGON and 2 CHART functions attached to the crossplot
display.

Figure 17: Properties Dialog Box - FUNCTIONS tab

2.

Remove each POLYGON function by highlighting the POLYGON function

name 9e.g., sh_polygon) and clicking Remove.

3.

Click OK to close the Properties dialog box.

On the crossplot the CHART functions are represented by:

A matrix density chart shown by three lines (Sandstone, Limestone and

Dolomite) trending from bottom left to top right of the crossplot.

A porosity chart shown by a series of equi-porosity lines between the

matrix density chart.

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Porosity chart
(mi_cple.chart)

Matrix Density chart

(mi_cple_p.chart)

4.

Select the porosity chart mi_cp1e.chart or if using metric units

mm_cple.chart, by left mouse clicking on one of the equi-porosity lines.

5.

Select Tools > Calculate Log. As the chart is selected, the Chart function is
invoked automatically.

6.

Complete the Calculate Log dialog box as follows:

Output Log:

WIRE.PHIT

Units:

V/V

Comment:

Porosity from Xplot

7.

Click OK.

8.

To view this log, insert it into a wireline track on the layout.

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Exercise 3
CHART Functions
This exercise will show you how to use the tools within the Xplot application to
create a user defined CHART function.
As the data in the Xplot trends from clean sand (upper left data points) to shale
(lower right), a CHART function can be created to define this linear transition, and
thereby calculate a Volume of Shale curve.
1.

Make the Xplot view active.

2.

Select Insert > Chart to display the Insert chart dialog box.

3.

Enter the following values (and as shown in Figure 18):

4.

Name:

dnvsh (a suffix is not required)

Description:

Vshale from Density-Neutron

Method:

parallel

Z Start:

0 (Clean Sand)

Z End:

1 (100% shale)

Z Increment:

0.1 (displays lines every 10% increment of shale

volume)

Click OK.

Figure 18: Insert Chart Dialog Box

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5.

A pencil icon is displayed within the crossplot for you to define the line
denoting the Z Start value (0):

Open the Position

dialog box to aid with insertion at precise locations.

Begin inserting a baseline by left mouse clicking on the first end point of
the line towards the zero % point on the sandstone line at the data points
RHOB=2.5 NPHI=0.00 (RHOB=2500, NPHI=0.00).
To specify the other end point of this baseline insert this point in the upper
right quadrant of the crossplot, intersecting the sandstone cluster of data
points RHOB=1.95 NPHI=0.3 (RHOB=1950,NPHI=0.00). The full baseline
(0% Vshale) is now be drawn (see Figure 19).

Sand baseline

Figure 19: Inserting Baseline of Parallel Chart dnvsh

Insert a point that lies on the 100% shale line. The length and orientation
are controlled by the baseline. This point should be somewhere in the
shale cluster of data RHOB=2.6, NPHI=0.3 (RHOB=2600, NPHI=0.3).
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The full chart, with incremental values of 0.1, is drawn and remains selected
(see Figure 20). This chart can now be used to calculate a continuous log of
shale volume.

Figure 20: Completed parallel chart dnvsh

6.

Select Tools > Calculate Log... If the dnvsh chart is currently selected, the
chart is automatically invoked.
If the dnvsh chart is NOT currently selected:
click on the Chart radio button;
click on the Dropdown List

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button and select dnvsh.

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7.

8.

Enter the following in the Calculate Log dialog box:

Output Log:

WIRE.VSH

Units:

V/V

Comment:

Vshale from neutron-density

Click OK. The log is calculated and can then be viewed in a layout.

Exercise 4
MACRO Functions
This exercise will show you how to construct a MACRO function using the multiple
regression tool, to facilitate the reconstruction of the density log. This is a useful
facility if a section of log data is missing.
1.

Reset the Datum as follows:

Top Limit:

MALABAR FM

Bottom Limit:

BURNAMWOOD FM

2.

Select General > Statistics > Multiple Regression to open the

tp_regress_multiple module.

3.

Fill in the fields for this module as follows (and as shown in Figure 21):
FILE_OUT:

rename from regression to mreg.

FILTER_EXP:

CALI<9 (CALI<228)
This limits the regression to data points where the
caliper log is less than 9 inches (228 mm).

MACRO_NAME:

rho_recon

BATCH:

Middle mouse click to change YES to NO for statistics

produced for each well/interval. This creates a single
report and function for the entire well.

LOG_DEP:

RHOB

LOG_INDEP:

DT and GR

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Figure 21: Multiple Regression Module

4.

Click Start to execute the module.

This calculates the regression, places the MACRO function in the projects
functions directory, places the regression report in the projects reports
directory, and automatically displays the report.

5.

Close the report.

This macro function can now be used to create a log.

6.

Select General > Evaluate.

7.

Enter the following for this module:

EXPRESSION:

rho_recon(dt,gr)

The logs to be input into this function must be in the order in which they were
entered/selected in the multiple regression calculation, as this is the order in
which they appear within the macro.

UNITS:

g/c3 (k/m3)

COMMENT:

RHO from DT, GR

OUTPUT_LOG:

RHOB_RECON

8.

Click Start.

9.

Create a new layout and view the original WIRE.RHOB curve with the new
WIRE.RHOB_RECON curve.

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Exercise 5
Fill Missing Values with Reconstructed Log
This exercise uses the reconstructed density log created in Exercise 4 to replace
missing values in the original density log.
1.

Display the Module Launcher (or select General > Evaluate, if you closed the
Module Launcher in the last exercise).

2.

Fill in the fields for this module as follows:

EXPRESSION:

ifc(rhob<>missing,rhob,rhob_recon).

This means: If the RHOB curve is not missing, then

use the RHOB curve; if it is missing, then use the
RHOB_RECON curve.
UNITS:

g/c3 (k/m3)

COMMENT:

Density Log

LOG_OUT:

RHOB. This creates a new version of the curve.

3.

Run the module.

4.

Look at the result. What has happened?

_____________________________________________________

5.

Now on the Module Launcher make GR the Sampling Control Log (in the
Selection section) and repeat steps 2 and 3.

Exercise 6
QUALIFY Functions
This exercise will demonstrate the construction of QUALIFY functions and the use
of these functions in the calculation of continuous alphanumeric data responding
to a given numeric log input. The Gamma Ray curve will be used to estimate
lithology.
1.

Display the Xplot view.

2.

Select View > Function Maintenance to open the Function Maintenance

dialog box.

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3.

Click the New>> button and select Qualify.

4.

Using Figure 22 as a guide, fill in the fields in the Function Maintenance

dialog box.
Click the Table Menu

icon and select Insert Row.

Enter the data and then press ENTER to go to the next cell.
In the last cell, press ENTER to insert another row.

Figure 22: Xplot Function Maintenance Dialog Box

In this dialog box, any function can be created, viewed or edited.

5.

Click the Save As... button and save as grlith.

6.

Close the Function Maintenance window.

7.

Take a look at grlith.qualify using a terminal window.

QUALIFY functions are applied within the Evaluate module or within Loglan
programs.

8.

Display the Module Launcher (or select General > Evaluate, if it was closed).

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9.

Fill in the fields for this module as follows:

EXPRESSION:

grlith(gr).

This means: Apply the grlith function to the GR

log. The ranges specified in the function will map
lithology codes to their corresponding data points in
the log.
UNITS:

leave blank, as there are no units for lithology codes.

TYPE:

ALPHA*8. This is an alphanumeric data type of

8 characters long. The default data length for an
ALPHA log is 4, so you must ensure that the number
of characters is at least as long as the longest output
code.

Remember, you can change this data later, so ensure that the character
length allows for this.

COMMENT:

Lithology from the GR log

LOG_OUT:

LITH_GR

10. Click Start to calculate the lithology log.

11. Add to your layout:
GR in a wireline track
shade to the right limit with LITH_GR as the shading log.
12. Close all open viewsWell > View > Close All and Discard changes.

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Step 5: Deterministic Petrophysics

Procedure
This section explains the Petrophysical workflow, which includes the Determin workflow.
Deterministic petrophysics in Geolog6.6 follows a well structured path that reflects the
expected workflow through a full analysis. This is reflected in the Petrophysics menu
structure of the online help documentation, and is also reflected on the Petrophysics menu
in Geologs Well application.

Petrophysics

Data Preparation (including

Precalc and Corrections)

Determin

Quickin

Figure 23: Online Help Menus in Workflow Form

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This analysis path is:
1.

Precalc
This is a pre-calculation module that calculates continuous curves of
formation temperature and pressure, mud resistivities, mud cake thickness,
salinity of mud and mud filtrate, conductivities of the flushed and unflushed
zones and the photoelectric cross-section. Many of these output parameters
are used throughout the Petrophysics modules, and within the environmental/
borehole correction modules.

2.

Environmental / Borehole corrections

These are a group of modules for the correction of raw wireline log data for
the effects of borehole conditions, etc., and are based on digitized borehole
correction charts or coded algorithms provided by the wireline logging
contractors.

3.

Analysis
There are three types of petrophysical analysis within GeologQuicken
(Quick-Look analysis), Determin (Deterministic analysis) and Multimin
(optimizing MULTI-MINeral analysis). In this tutorial, the Deterministic
analysis approach is used.

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Step 6: Petrophysics Philosophy

Procedure
The Petrophysics menu in Geologs Well application provides a variety of modules to perform
deterministic petrophysical analysis. Modules have been constructed to incorporate the
concept of total and effective porosities and saturations. This concept is illustrated by the
following diagram.
MATRIX

CLAY

Quartz
Calcite
Dolomite

Dry
Clay

FREE WATER
Clay
Bound
Water

Includes
SWirr

cwb

fw

HYDROCARBON

In this step, you will:

Use the precalc module to create borehole and formation condition logs.
Use various other modules to borehole correct the logs required for analysis.

Definitions
1.

t = e + cwb

2.

t = e + V sh tsh

3.

fw
S we = ------e

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4.

( fw + cwb )
S wt = ----------------------------t

5.

( t e )
S wb = -------------------t

6.

h = t ( 1 S wt ) = e ( 1 S we )

7.

( S wt S wb )
S we = -------------------------( 1 S wb )

Free water consists of all water that is not clay bound water and as such, includes
irreducible water.
Hydrocarbons occupy only non-clay pore space.
Shales are considered to be composed of clays and very fine grained
material (silt). The above definition excludes silt and confines volumes to clay
minerals. Consequently, the most clay rich indicators should be selected (to point
of extrapolation, if necessary). The "Vshale" terminology is retained throughout,
following traditional petrophysical conventions.

Exercise 1

The Precalc Module

In this exercise, you will execute the precalc module, creating the borehole and
formation condition logs that are required for environmental corrections and
petrophysical analysis.
1.

Open the SILT well and Save changes.

2.

Select Petrophysics > Precalc.

3.

Select Launcher > Datum... and set the following:

Process:

Range

Interval Log:

set to none (blank)

Top Limit:

WELL_TOP

Bottom Limit:

WELL_BOTTOM

The PEF log failed in this well and therefore, the data is not available.

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4.

Click OK to apply the changes and close the Datum window.

Note: Two views are open, the module (precalc) and a layout (precomp). Some modules are
linked to predefined layouts which can be tailored for your requirements.

The Well header constants are already loaded for this well, so all the input
fields in this module should be completed. If constants are not yet entered,
they can be entered at this point.

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5.

Click Start to run the module.

6.

Display the precomp layout.

Figure 24: Precomp Layout Displaying Results of precalc Module

7.

Select Well > Save As.

The Save As dialog box with a list of all new curves created in the current
session is displayed. At this point, you can deselect those curves that you do
not wish to save back to the database.

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8.

Leave all curves selected and click OK.

We want to save this data as it is basic data that does not change through the
evaluation process, and is required as input for modules run later in the
tutorial.

Exercise 2

Borehole Correct the Gamma Ray Log

This exercise shows you how to correct the Gamma Ray curve for the effects of
mud weight and hole size.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Environmentals > Schlumberger Charts > Gamma

Ray (Por7).

2.

Ensure all input fields are filled, and CORR_GR is set to Yes, as shown in
Figure 25.

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Figure 25: Gamma Ray (Por7) module

3.

Click Start.
You will notice a new layout (neutron_density_env) has been opened to
display the new set of curves. This is another example of the automatic
display of a layout when certain modules are launched. This layout is also
used to display the corrections applied to all the nuclear tools (GR, RHOB,
and NPHI).

Exercise 3

Borehole Correct the Density Log

Using this exercise you will environmentally correct the density log.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Environmentals > Schlumberger Charts > Density

> LDT(Por15a).

2.

Ensure all the input fields are completed as shown in Figure 26.

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Figure 26: LDT(Por15a) module

3.

Click Start.
The corrected log is included in the neutron_density_env layout, with the
difference between the corrected and raw logs shaded.

Exercise 4

Borehole Correct the Neutron Log

Using this exercise you will correct the neutron log for borehole conditions.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Environmentals > Schlumberger Charts > Neutron

> NPHI Open (Por13a, 14b).
This is the environmental correction for the NPHI tool in open hole.

2.

Ensure the inputs are completed as shown in Figure 27.

If only certain corrections for the borehole are required (for example, the
mudweight correction option is not required), they can be toggled from YES to
NO. In this example, all corrections will be applied.

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Figure 27: NPHI Open (Por13a, 14b) Module

3.

Click Start.
The resulting corrected neutron log is placed into the layout (see Figure 28).

For logs run with automatic caliper correction, use the Caliper log that was
run with the Neutron log. For logs without automatic caliper correction, enter
the fixed (constant) value of the Panel Setting and use this to satisfy the
input for the CALI_POR log. If no hole size correction was applied on
acquisition, then set OPT_CACO to NO.

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Figure 28: Results of NPHI Open (Por13a, 14b) Module

Exercise 5

Borehole Correct the MSFL Log

Using this exercise you will correct the MSFL log for borehole conditions to derive
a true resistivity of the flushed zone, Rxo.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Environmentals > Schlumberger Charts > Micro

Resistivity > MSFL MicroSFL (Rxo3).

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2.

As shown in Figure 29, ensure that the input fields are completed. Most of
these inputs are calculated in the precalc module.

Figure 29: MSFL MicroSFL (Rxo3) Module

3.

Click Start.
This is not placed into the neutron_density_env layout, but is included in
the layout attached to invasion corrections in the next exercise.

Exercise 6

Borehole Correct the Dual Laterolog

This exercise will correct the Dual Laterolog curves for borehole conditions, and
apply invasion corrections to derive a True Formation resistivity log (Rt).
1.

Select Petrophysics > Environmentals > Schlumberger Charts >

Laterolog Invasion.

2.

Ensure that the input fields are completed as shown in Figure 30.

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Figure 30: Laterolog Invasion Module

)
3.

This module carries out borehole corrections upon the Laterolog curves,
and then applies invasion corrections to them to derive values of True
formation resistivity (Rt) and diameter of invasion.

Click Start.
All corrected resistivity curves and diameter of invasion are displayed in the
laterlog_env layout (see Figure 31).

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Figure 31: Results of Laterolog Invasion Module

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Step 7: Parameter Picking

Procedure
There are several methods available within Geolog6.6 to interactively pick petrophysical
parameters for use in deterministic analysis. These methods include picking lithology points
from Xplots, picking minima and maxima for log values from histograms, and the interactive
determination of water resistivity (Rw) and saturation constants from Pickett plots. In this
step, you will:
Format the Datum to set the location where the parameters are to be stored.
Pick matrix, shale, and coal points on crossplots.
Pick petrophysical points from a distribution of a single log on a histogram.
Determine parameters used within water saturation calculations on a Pickett plot.

Overview
The petrophysical parameters, when named correctly, are automatically used by the analysis
programs supplied with Geolog.
The location for storing these parameters is dependant upon the processing mode chosen
from the Datum dialog box:
If intervals are being processed, then the parameters are stored within the
interval set as new logs.
If a range is being processed, then the parameters are stored within the
well_header constants.

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Exercise 1
Set the datum to specify the location to store the parameters:
1.

Select Well > View > Close All.

2.

Select Well > Default Datum.

3.

Set the datum as follows:

Process

Intervals

Interval Log:

TOPS.TOPS

Intervals to Process: A
4.

Click OK to accept the changes and close the Datum window.

Exercise 2

Crossplots
This exercise will show you how to pick matrix, shale, and coal points from the
density-neutron crossplot for use in log analysis programs supplied within
Geolog6.6.
Xplot allows the picking of petrophysical parameters by the insertion of a point
representing a petrophysical constant. An example of this is the use of the densityneutron crossplot to determine the points representing matrix, shale and coal.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Parameter Picking > rho nphi gr.

This starts the Xplot application and opens a density-neutron crossplot that
has extended axes to reflect the appearance of minerals with petrophysical
properties that are not normally seen when the standard axes are used.

To aid in accurately picking points, turn on the Histogram display:

2.

Select Edit > Properties.

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3.

On the Filter tab set the following parameters (as shown in Figure 32):
Accumulation Mode

Binned

X and Y axis fields

100

Accumulate Columns

Toggle on

Accumulate Rows

Toggle on

Histogram

Toggle on

Figure 32: Setting the Histogram Display

4.

Click OK.
The modified param_rho_nphi crossplot is displayed in Figure 33.

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Figure 33: RHO NPHI GR crossplot with Points, Extended Axes and Histogram
Display Set

There are a number of points positioned in the crossplot to denote relative

positions of lithologies. These points are SH (Shale), MA (Matrix), CCUT
(Coal Cutoff), and COAL.

)
5.

Geolog6.6 recognizes certain petrophysical parameter names that can be

generated in this way. In this crossplot, the x and y axes are defined by the
NPHI and RHOB curves, respectively. When the SH point is entered, values
of NPHI_SH and RHO_SH (i.e., Logname_Pointname) are generated and
placed in the Constants area (in the case of complete-well analysis), or the
Interval log (in the case of interval/range-based analysis). If these constants
are to be recognized, then they must be named correctly.

Select the MA point, click and hold the middle mouse button to drag the point
to the formation matrix position, and release the mouse button.

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After releasing the mouse button, the Point dialog box is displayed.

6.

Adjust the NPHI and RHO values as required and click OK. This writes the
values for NPHI and RHO to new logs in the interval set.

7.

Move the SH and CCUT points to a location you think best represents the
shale and coal cutoff points.

8.

To move to the next interval, select Xplot > Datum.

9.

Change the processing interval to B and click OK.

10. Move the points to the appropriate location for this interval.

Even if a point does not need adjusting, you still have to double click the
point (to open the Point dialog box) and click OK to create the new log/
constant and close the dialog box.

11. Open a Text view, select the interval (TOPS) set for the well, and click on the
Log Values tab to view the values for the points.
12. Close the crossplot and the text view, and discard the changes.

If you save a crossplot after adjusting points, the file will be saved with the
new point locations (on the crossplot, not in the database) to the currently
open projects /layouts directory. Then, when you select that crossplot
from the menu, this file will be opened, and the points will be in those
locations, even if you are using a different well. You must open the crossplot
from the release directory, or remove the crossplot from your project
directory, in order to open the original crossplot with the unadjusted points.

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Exercise 3
This exercise will show you how to pick a shale point from the gamma ray/sonic
crossplot and transit time values to reflect values for shale, for use in the
calculation of shale volume and porosity.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Parameter Picking > dt gr cali to start the Xplot
application with a gamma ray sonic crossplot (see Figure 34).

2.

Select A for the processing interval.

Figure 34: DT GR CALI crossplot

3.

Shift the shale point to reflect the gamma ray and transit time of the shale in
this interval.

4.

Do not worry about the matrix values at this stage.

5.

Change the processing interval and repeat for B.

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Exercise 4

Histograms
Parameter picking from histograms allows the picking of petrophysical points from
a distribution of a single log.
In this exercise, you will fine tune gamma ray values to reflect values for matrix
and shale, for use in the calculation of shale volume.
To fine tune the matrix and shale points from the gamma ray distribution:
1.

Open a new Frequency histogramWell > View > New > Frequency.

2.

Re-select interval A in the Datum dialog box.

3.

Select Edit > Properties to open the Properties dialog box.

4.

On the Data tab, specify the GR_COR log to be displayed in the histogram.

5.

Click OK.

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Figure 35: GR_COR Histogram

The gamma ray distribution reflects a bimodal distribution with separate

populations defining the matrix and shale regions.
6.

Select Insert > Point... and insert a point in the population that reflects a
clean sand region.

7.

Name the point MA.

8.

Insert another point in the shale region of the histogram and name it SH.

)
9.

The 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles are displayed on histograms by default.
These can be useful when picking the matrix and shale points. If other
percentile values are required, then open the Properties dialog box, select
the HISTOGRAM tab and specify the values to be displayed.

Change the processing interval to B.

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10. Move the points, SH and MA, to the appropriate location for this interval.
11. Close the Frequency view and discard the changes.
12. Open a Text view to view the points reflecting values of gamma ray for matrix
and shale, as well as the percentile values.

Exercise 5

Pickett Plots
Pickett plots are a log-log Xplot of porosity versus resistivity and are used to
estimate water resistivity (Rw), and saturation constants.
Use a Pickett plot to estimate Rw and cementation factor 'm'.
This exercise uses the Pickett Plot facility supplied with Geolog to determine
parameters used within water saturation calculations.The Pickett plot templates in
Geolog display the log data required, in addition to a chart reflecting values of
water saturation. With the correct petrophysical parameters, the chart selected in
this exercise will match the water saturations seen in the data.
1.

Close all open viewsWell > View > Close All.

2.

Select Well > Save to save the logs you have created in the previous
exercises.

3.

Open the FURUD well.

4.

Change the Default Datum back to well.

5.

Select Petrophysics > Parameter Picking > Pickett Plots > nphi rxo gr to
start the Xplot application and open the required Pickett Plot template.
The chart can be modified in one of two ways; via a dialog box or graphically,
using the mouse.

6.

Set the Xplot datum as follows:

Process:

Range

Interval log:

TOPS.TOPS

Top Limit:

MULBRING SILTSTONE

Bottom Limit:

BRANXTON FM

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7.

Open the Properties dialog box.

8.

On the Filter tab, enter the following Expression:

IMPERIAL/MIXED: CALI<9.5 & GR_COR<75 OR
METRIC:

CALI<242 & GR_COR<75

Figure 36: Applying a Filter to the Pickett Plot

9.

Click OK to apply the filter and close the dialog box.

To modify the Ro Chart via the dialog box

10. Select the Ro chart (equi-saturation lines) and select Edit > Edit Object (or
double click on a line).
The Edit Pickett dialog box opens with values for a, Rw and m. If any of these
values are changed, then this will be reflected in the chart (see Figure 37).

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Pivot point for

adjusting
gradient of lines

Figure 37: NPHI RXO GR Pickett Plot

The Edit Pickett dialog box defines the positioning of a Ro line and additional
water saturation lines. The Ro line is defined where Sw=100% or 1. The line is
labeled:
Ro Line; Sw=100%; a*Rw=<value>; m=<value>
Additional water saturation lines are defined according to the percentage
saturation (e.g. 0.75 is 75% saturation). Sw lines are labeled:
Sw=75%
11. Change M to 1.7.
12. Click OK and note the change in the chart.

0.05 ohmm represents the value of Rmf in this well.

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To modify the Ro Chart graphically

13. Move the chart by middle clicking and dragging so that the 100% Sw line lies
to the left of the data points.

Rxo data can be useful for fine tuning the m value in some wells.

14. The gradient of the chart "m" can also be adjusted by:
selecting the Ro chart and then selecting Edit > Edit Object OR double
clicking on the chartthe Edit Pickett dialog box opens and a pivot point
appears on the leftmost line (see Figure 37)
click and release on any one of the lines but NOT on the pivot point;
(changed your mind? press ESC to restart)
make adjustments, as required, until the gradient of the chart lines reflects
the gradient of the data points
click OK in the Edit Pickett dialog box to finish modifications.

15. Now, select Petrophysics > Parameter Picking > Pickett Plots > nphi rt gr.
16. Use the same M value (1.7) and filter expression (CALI<9.5 & GR_COR<75)
or CALI<242 & GR_COR<75), and estimate Rw.

These parameters can be fine tuned once a shale corrected PHIT has been
calculated.

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Step 8: Analysis
Procedure
The petrophysical programs supplied within Geolog are represented on the Determin menu
structure, in the order that most analyses would be carried out (i.e., identify coals/badhole calculate shale volume - calculate porosity - calculate water saturation).

Figure 38: Determin Menu Showing Typical Workflow

In this step, you will:

Identify badhole conditions.
Identify coals.
Calculate shale volume.
Calculate porosity using a sonic log.
Calculate porosity from a density-neutron crossplot.
Calculate water saturation.
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Calculate porosity and water saturation with corrections applied for
hydrocarbon effect.
Calculate a log derived permeability curve using the Coates Free Fluid
Index method.
Calculate values for matrix density, transit time and photoelectric cross-section
and the application of these curves for the determination of matrix mineralogy.
Create mineralogy percentages for matrix.
Output a net pay report and pay averages.
Carry out sensitivity analysis on the effect of cutoffs to pay characteristics.
Create a specification which includes all lumps to be applied over multiple
intervals and wells, and then apply that specification to the two intervals.

Exercise 1

Identify Badhole Conditions

1.

Close all open views and Discard any changes.

2.

Open the SILT well and Discard any changes.

3.

Open the determin_analysis layout.

4.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Badhole.

5.

Change the Launcher Datum as follows:

Process:

Intervals

Interval Log:

TOPS.TOPS

Intervals to process: A and B

6.

Within the Badhole (module) window set the following inputs (also shown in
Figure 39).

Select the ALL checkbox to enter the values simultaneously for both intervals.

DRHO_MAX for zones A and B

0.2 (200)

DCAL_MAX for zones A and B

1.5 (38.1)

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Figure 39: Badhole Module

7.

Click Start.
Bad hole conditions are flagged in the depth track of the layout.

Exercise 2

Identify Coals
This exercise shows you how to identify coals in the logged interval for use in later
analysis routines.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Coal.

2.

Enter the values in the fields (as shown in Figure 40:

3.

RHO_CCUT:

2.188 (2188) for density of coal

NPHI_CCUT:

0.28 for neutron porosity of coal

Remove the input logs DT and RT.

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Figure 40: Coal Module

4.

Click Start.

5.

Investigate the layout to identify the coal zones flagged by this routine.

The coal indictors are available to turn on or off for any intervals selected if
Datum is set to "Intervals". If any of the coal indicators are not required, then
the corresponding input log name must be set to MISSINGthis is done by
clicking on the appropriate value box and pressing BACKSPACE.

Some editing of the coal values on the shoulder regions may be required. This can
be done by selecting Well > View > Text.

Exercise 3

Calculate Shale Volume

This exercise calculates a shale volume curve from the gamma ray log.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Shale Volume > Gamma Ray.
Geolog automatically uses the values for the parameters MA and SH that you
picked from the histogram in Exercise 4 on Page 77.

2.

The default Vshale model is LINEAR.

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Your module should look similar to the one shown in Figure 41.

Figure 41: Shale Volume Module

As OPT_COAL is set to "No", the coal flag (COAL) for Interval B is not
applicable.

3.

Click Start.

4.

View the resulting shale volume curve displayed in the layout.

5.

Save the well.

6.

Repeat using the Density/Neutron Shale Volume module.

7.

Compare the results using Xplot. Which one seems more reliable?

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Exercise 4

Calculation of Porosity Using Sonic Log

This exercise calculates a porosity curve using the sonic (DT) log.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Porosity > Sonic.

2.

Enter the following module input parameters (as shown in Figure 42):
OPT_PHITYPE

TOTAL
This means the module outputs both effective and
total porosity. Total porosity is only calculated if a
value for PHIT_SH is nominated.

OPT_SON:

FLD_OBSA (field observed).

DT_MA:

55 us/f (188.44 us/m) for matrix transit time for zones A

and B.

DT_SH:

The shale transit time is picked up from the parameters

chosen on the DT-GR Xplot.

PHIT_SH:

0.1 for shale total porosity (this is equal to the volume of

clay bound water in the true shale) for both Zones.

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Figure 42: Porosity from Sonic Log Module

3.

Click Start.
The values of PHIE and PHIT (effective and total porosity values) are
displayed in the layout.

Exercise 5

Calculation of Porosity from Density-Neutron Crossplot

This exercise shows you how to calculate:
a porosity curve using the density-neutron method, and
a secondary porosity index from comparison to the porosity calculated
from the sonic log.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Porosity > Density/Neutron >

Bateman-Konen.

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The density and neutron values interactively picked from the Xplot are utilized
by default.
If a value for PHIT_SH is supplied, then total porosity is calculated based on
that parameter. Alternatively, that value can be set to missing and a value for
RHO_DSH (dry shale density) can be used.

Figure 43: Density/Neutron Bateman-Konen Porosity Module

2.

Click Start.

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The new values for PHIE and PHIT replace the previously calculated curves
in the layout. A secondary porosity index log is calculated from the
comparison of the porosity curve from the sonic log with the newly created
density-neutron porosity curve. This is displayed in the layout as SPI.
3.

Compare the results between the Density neutron porosity and the Sonic
porosity. Which one looks more reliable?

4.

Save the well.

5.

Try some of the other porosity methods and compare the results.

If you want to know how a porosity is calculated in Geolog, select Help > On
Petrophysics..., click on Determin and then select the method you are
interested in.
Click on the Module Help button to quickly view information on the
equations behind the calculations.

Exercise 6

Water Saturation Calculation

In this exercise, you will calculate a water saturation curve using the Total Shale
equation.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Water Saturation > Total Shale.

2.

Fill in the fields as follows:

3.

RWS:

0.3 ohmm for Rw (for both Zones)

RWT:

77 DEGF (25 DEGC) (for both Zones)

RT_SH:

3.5 ohmm for shale resistivity in A

4.5 ohmm for shale resistivity in B

Ensure that the remaining fields are completed as shown in Figure 44.

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Figure 44: Total Shale Water Saturation Module

4.

Click Start.

5.

To view the curves displaying values for Swe and Sxoe, change the SWT log
name in the right track in the layout.
Values for bulk volume of water in the flushed and unflushed zones are
displayed and shaded within the porosity curve track, indicating the amount of
movable hydrocarbon.
Your layout should look similar to Figure 45.

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Figure 45: Results of Deterministic Analysis Thus Far

Exercise 7

Hydrocarbon Corrected Porosity / Water Saturation

This exercise will show you how to use the Geolog supplied program to calculate
porosity and water saturation with corrections applied for hydrocarbon effect.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > HC Corrected Porosity > Density/Neutron.

2.

Use a value of 0.7 for RHO_HC (hydrocarbon density).

3.

No other values need to be changed.

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Figure 46: Hydrocarbon Corrected Porosity / Sw Module

4.

Click Start. The re-calculated porosity and water saturation curves will
replace the already existing logs displayed in the layout.

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Exercise 8

Permeability Calculation
This exercise calculates a log derived permeability curve using the Coates Free
Fluid Index method.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Permeability > Coates Free Fluid Index.

2.

Use a value of 0.22 for SWE_IRR (irreducible water saturation) in both

intervals. This is an estimate from the water saturations we have just
calculated.

3.

Ensure that the remaining fields are completed as shown Figure 47.

Figure 47: Permeability Module

4.

Click Start to run the module.

Exercise 9

Matrix Analysis
This exercise shows you how to calculate values for matrix density, transit time
and photoelectric cross-section, and the application of these curves for the
determination of matrix mineralogy.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Lithology > True Matrix Properties.

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Figure 48: True Matrix Properties Module

2.

Leave all values as shown and click Start.

Values for Matrix density (RHO_MAT), Matrix transit time (DT_MAT) and
Matrix cross-section (U_MAT) are calculated and output as logs. These are
true shale corrected matrix values. The true values are used for the
apportionment of mineral volumes. Initially values for apparent matrix values
(e.g. RHO_MAA, . . .) can be calculated and crossplotted for the identification
of the types of minerals present.

Exercise 10

Matrix Parameter Curves Used to Estimate Mineral Content

This exercise shows you how to use the curves calculated in Exercise 9 on
Page 95 to create mineralogy percentages for matrix.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Determin > Lithology > 3 Mineral Rhoma Dtma (MID).

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This module allows ternary mineral distribution of any three of quartz, calcite,
anhydrite and dolomite. If the default matrix values are changed, then any
other mineral of known properties can be incorporated into the analysis.
2.

Ensure the fields are completed as shown in Figure 49 and then click Start to
process the module.

Figure 49: Matrix Mineral Identification Module

The mineral proportions are placed into the layout shaded between the
Vshale and porosity curves.

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Exercise 11

Pay Sensitivity
This exercise explains how to carry out sensitivity analysis on the effect of cutoffs
to pay computations. The output is a report file.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Pay Summary > Pay Sensitivity.

This module uses cutoff logs specified to calculate a pay summary for each
permutation of these cutoffs.

2.

Enter values (as shown in Figure 50):

REPORT_FILE_OUT

paysens.rpt

PHI_CUTOFFS:

0.06 0.08 0.1

SW_CUTOFFS:

0.4 0.5 0.6

CUTOFF_VALUES1:

0.45 0.5 0.55

CUTOFF_TYPE1:

< (less than)

PHI:

PHIE

CUTOFF_LOG1:

VSH

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Figure 50: Sensitivity Analysis Report

3.

Click Start.
Because a file extension .rpt was specified for the report file, paysens.rpt,
the report is generated in ASCII format and automatically opened for viewing
within a text viewer, and is written to the reports directory in the local project
area. If no file extension is specified, by default, the report file is generated as
a pdf. For more information refer to the online help, Using Geolog - Report
Creation and Printing.

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Exercise 12

Pay Summary
This module is used to define the cutoffs, flag generation, lumping, averaging and
output of processed results. It is an interactive specification file builder that
enables you to specify and save the functionality required for a particular well,
field, or oil company philosophy.
The advantage of the pay summary function is that all lumps can be created in a
single specification, and then applied over multiple intervals and wells.
To build a pay summary specification that produces a summary of the following
LUMPS:
SAND phie 0.08
RESERVOIR phie 0.08 & vsh 0.3
PAY 1 phie 0.08 & vsh 0.3 & SWE 0.4
PAY 2 phie 0.08 & vsh 0.3 & SWE 0.6
1.

Select Petrophysics > Pay Summary > Pay Summary Edit to start the Pay
Summary specification editor.

Select the Paysum menu or click on the

Toolbar icons for functions such as New,
Open, Save, Exit.

Select the View menu or a Toolbar button to

display the relevant window.

Figure 51: Pay Summary Specification Editor Window

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2.

Select Paysum > New to open the default paysummary specification.

Figure 52: Default Pay Summary Specification - Cutoff and Flags Screen

Once the default specification has been loaded, it can be:

customized and saved (Paysum > Save) to create a new default pay
summary specification; or
modified and saved to create a new pay summary specification (Paysum
> Save As).
The new specification is saved in the specs directory of the current project.
To make the new default file available to all users at your Site, copy it to the
specs directory of the Site project.
3.

Using Figure 53 as a guide;

Define the logs to be used as cutoff logs in the Cutoffs section by
modifying the existing logs and deleting any redundant ones.
Define the flags (one for each lump) and the cutoff criteria each flag must
pass.

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Figure 53: Modified Cutoffs and Flags

4.

From the Toolbar click on Flags and Lumping.

The Flags section is the same as the one previously defined in the Cutoffs
and Flags window.
The Lumping section is used to define each lump and its standalone
thickness, minimum include thickness, and maximum separation thickness.
You can also choose to create an output set of the cumulative results for each
lump. The "Create Interval Set" is not currently functional.

5.

Change the lumping criteria to create output sets for RESERVOIR and
GOODPAY, and no output set for SANDA (as shown in Figure 54).

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Figure 54: Pay Summary Specification - Flags and Lumping Screen

6.

Click the Results and Averaging button on the Toolbar.

The Pay Summary Specification - Results and Averaging window is
displayed.

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Figure 55: Pay Summary Specification - Results and Averaging Window

7.

Using Figure 55 as a guide, define in the:

Results section:

which logs are to be included in the results

tabulation, and which averages are to be applied to
each of those logs. Note that when you change the
logs in this section, the change is reflected in the
Averaging section.

Averaging section:

which results are to be included into each of the

lumps (e.g. it makes no sense to have Sw included
in the SAND lump).

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8.

Save the specification as silt_ps.

9.

Close the Pay Summary window.

10. In the Well window, select Petrophysics > Pay Summary > New Pay
Summary to open the tp_paysummary module.
11. Set the values in the module as follows:
REPORT_FILE_PFX:

silt_paysummary

REPORT_DEPTHS:

none

REPORT_ZONES:

no

PAYSUMMARY:

silt_ps (or whatever name you used to save

your pay summary specification).

Figure 56: New Pay Summary Module

12. Click Start to process the module.

13. Open the determin_paysum layout to view the results.
14. Save the well.

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Step 9: Multiwell Analysis

Procedure
This step describes how to analyze multiple wells in the Well application. You will:
Select multiple wells for processing.
Select specific intervals to process.
Create a histogram of all wells.
Insert matrix and shale points in the gamma ray histogram.
Insert matrix and shale points using parameter picking.
Calculate a shale volume curve for multiple wells.

Overview
Multiwell analysis is carried out within Geologs Well and Project applications. In Well, several
wells can be loaded into memory, processed, and the changes saved to the database or
discarded, as required. You should use the Well application where only a few wells need to be
open at one time. Where a large numbers of wells are to be processed simultaneously, use
the Project application, as the wells are not stored in memory, and data is immediately
processed, and saved to the database.

Interactive parameter picking is still allowed on a multiwell basis, with any parameters
being written back to all of the selected wells.

Exercise 1

Select the Wells to Process

This exercise shows you how to limit the selection of wells to be analyzed by
picking them within the Well application.
1.

Select Well > View > Close All and Discard any changes.

2.

Select Well > Open Multiple... to display the Select Multiple dialog box.

3.

Select BOTEIN and FURUD for processing.

4.

Click OK.

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Exercise 2

Selecting Intervals to Process

In this exercise, you will select the intervals for analysis for the two wells selected
in Exercise 1.
1.

Select Well > Default Datum... and set the following:

Select the Intervals radio button.
Interval Log:

TOPS.TOPS

Intervals to Process: select the Branxton FM interval

2.

Click OK to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Exercise 3

Multiwell Histograms
In this exercise, you will display a histogram of both the wells at the same time.
1.

Select Well > View > New > Frequency.

2.

Select Edit > Properties to open the Properties dialog box.

3.

In the Log Expression field on the Data tab, enter or select the GR.

4.

Click Apply.
The GR logs for both wells is displayed. These are stacked so that the
frequency distribution for all wells selected for processing are shown (see
Figure 57).

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Figure 57: Histogram Displaying GR log for 2 Wells

5.

On the Accumulation tab, change the Frequency Style to Line.

6.

Click OK.
This changes the histogram display from a stacked bar style to a style with
each of the well frequency distributions displayed unstacked, with a further
line display representing the average frequency distribution for both wells
(see Figure 58).

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Figure 58: Histogram Displayed in Unstacked (Line) Style

To view data for each individual well use the

to view data for multiple wells.

icons or click

Exercise 4

Parameter Picking - Histogram

In this exercise, you will insert matrix and shale points in the gamma ray
histogram.
1.

Select Insert > Point.

2.

Click with the pencil at about 25 API.

3.

Within the Gr Point dialog box, name the point MA and click OK.

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4.

Repeat the process for the shale point, and name this point SH (about
150 API).

5.

Save the wells. The MA and SH values are written back to each of the wells,
as indicated by the Message area (see Figure 59).

Note: If you were using Project to insert the matrix and shale points, the values would be
automatically written back to the wells, and saving the wells would not be required.

Figure 59: Messages Displayed After Inserting Points for Multiple Wells

6.

Select Well > View > New > Text and look in the TOPS set to verify the
values are written to each well.

7.

Close the text view.

Exercise 5

Parameter Picking - Crossplot

In this exercise, you will insert matrix and shale points in the RHOB NPHI GR
Xplot.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Parameter Picking > rho nphi gr.

2.

Open the Position

dialog box and use the co-ordinates to position the two
points as shown in the step 3. and 4.

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3.

Select MA with the middle mouse button and move the point to about
2.64 g/cc RHO and 0.0 v/v NPHI).

4.

Repeat the process for the shale point, positioning it at about 2.561 g/cc and
0.342 v/v).

Figure 60: Adjusting Matrix and Shale Points on a Multiwell Crossplot

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Exercise 6

Quick Analysis (Shale Volume Calculation)

In this exercise, you will calculate a shale volume curve on a multiwell basis.
1.

Select Petrophysics > Quickin > Shaley Modules > Vsh Gamma.

Parameter location
indicators

The module is identical to the Quickin modules in single well analysis, with
one exceptionto the right of the Name column there is an additional column
that denotes the location of the parameters to be used in the analysis.
There are 3 options:
P Prefer well value
If the parameter exists within the well being analyzed, then this is used.
If it is absent, then the value placed in the input cell on screen is used.
Screen values MUST be placed in the input cells.
S Screen value only
This forces the module to use the value placed in the input cell on
screen. This means that all the wells in the current analysis session
have the same parameters used in the calculation. This allows for quick
sensitivities of specific values.
W Well value only
This forces the module to use the parameter(s) within the well. If the
parameters are missing in any well, then this well is skipped by the
calculation.
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2.

Enter the following values:

GR_MA:

25 API

GR_SH:

145 API

3.

Click Start to calculate continuous shale volume curves for each well,.

4.

Close the Well application and discard any changes.

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Step 10: Create a New Loglan Program

Procedure
Loglan is a multi-document interface (MDI) application and therefore, multiple views can be
displayed concurrently (e.g., a Text view, Layout view and 2 Xplot views).
This step shows you how to create and run a simple Loglan program for use in Geolog.

Exercise 1

Starting a New Loglan

Loglan programs can be created via the program development interface,
mui_loglan, which is launched by:
Clicking on the Loglan button on Geologs Launcher Bar.
Selecting Applications > Loglan on Geologs Launcher Bar menu.
Selecting General > Loglan... from within an applicable application
(e.g., Project or Well).
Loglan programs can also be created using a text editor.
This exercise will introduce you to the Loglan interface, and show you how to
create a simple program for use in Geologs Module Launcher.
Loglan is the programming language supplied with Geolog. Once you have written
the code, and the code has been debugged, the program is first translated from
Loglan to C, and then compiled using an ANSI C compiler.

For Loglan creation, an ANSI C compiler MUST be available on the same

type of computer as the loglan is to be run. For Geolog 6.6, these are:
C/C++ COMPILER

VERSION

Sun Solaris 8 or 9 (64 bit)

SunOne Studio 7

SGI IRIX64 6.5.21m or later (64 bit)

SGI 7.4.1

MS Windows 2000 - SP2

MS Windows XP

MS Visual C++ V6

Red Hat Enterprise Ed 3

GNU gcc 3.2

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1.

Click the Loglan button on the Geolog Launcher Bar to start Loglan (see
Figure 61).

Figure 61: Loglan Interface

2.

Select Loglan > New to display the Details dialog box which prompts for
details on the Loglan you are about to create.

Figure 62: Properties Dialog Box

3.

Enter the following information:

Program:

hr_por (name of the program). This program

calculates porosity using the Hunt-Raymer method.

Description (Brief):

Hunt-Raymer Porosity

Layout:

DO NOT enter a Layout name. If a layout is

specified, it is opened automatically when the
module is invoked.

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4.

Click OK.
The Loglan window displays the Input/Output tab.

Inserting Variables
You can insert variables with a mode of input, input/output, and output and Local
variables.
In this example, you will insert three rows on the Input/Output tab for variables
DT,DT_FL, DT_MAS, PHIE_HR, and PHIE.
5.

Select Edit > Insert (or press Insert on the keyboard) to display the Insert
Row window.

6.

Enter DT (for the sonic log) as the Name, set the Location to Log and the
Mode to Input, and click OK.

7.

Repeat steps 5. and 6. using the data provided in the following table.
NAME

LOCATION

MODE

DT_FL

Interval

Input/Output

DT_MA

Interval

Input/Output

PHIE_HR

Log

Output

This specifies an interval-based constant, and

writes it back to the interval set (or constants
area if an interval set is not specified).

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PHIE

Log

Output

Local

"greyed out"

This is a copy of the PHIE_HR curve limited

between zero and 1.

ALPHA
Local variables are used within the program for
"local" processing, and are not input or output.

8.

On the Input/Output tab, for PHIE_HR change Visible to False, so this log is
not visible to the user.
The Input/Output tab displays the data entered.

Specifying Units
9.

Ensure the units for the variables are set as:

DT_FL, DT_MA and DT as US/F (US/M)
PHIE_HR and PHIE as V/V

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Specifying Default Values

10. Specify the default values for:
DT_FL as 189
DT_MA as 55.5

These values will be placed into the Module

Launcher if they are not found in the
constants/interval area.

PHIE_HR and PHIE as

PHIE_HR and PHIE,
respectively.

This specifies the default curve names for the

output logs, and they will be placed into the
default set within the well being analyzed.

Entering Code and Comments

Code for use within the loglan is typed into the Source section. For any step to be
carried out on every depth frame, it must be carried out within the dowhile
GETFRAME ()... enddo loop. Outside this loop, steps are carried out only as
many times as specified.
11. Select the Source tab and enter the Comments and Code as shown in
Figure 63.

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Figure 63: Completed hr_por Loglan

12. When coding is complete, select Loglan > Save.

This creates two separate files in the loglan directory of the local project:
filename.lls is the raw source code, and
filename.info is a file which controls the way in which the input and output
variables are represented in the Module Launcher.
Once saved, the program is ready to compile.
13. Select Tools > Compile to compile your program.
Once compilation has been completed successfully, this program can be run
in the same way as any Geolog supplied program.
14. Close the Loglan application.

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15. Start the Well application and open the SILT well.
16. Select General > Module... to open the File Select dialog box.
17. Select the hr_por.info module to invoke the Loglan program you have
just created.

Figure 64: Using the hr_por Loglan

18. Click Start.

19. Create a layout to display the resultant porosity log.
20. Close all the open views and the Well application.

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