Tubingdesignfactors

Designingthetubingforawellrequiresconsiderationofstrength,load,performance,stretch,corrosion,coatingsandmanyotherfactors.Thispageintroduceseachofthese
factorsandincludessomeexampletubingdesigns.

Contents
1Strength
2Designconsiderations
2.1Singleandcombination/taperedtubing
design
3Outsidediameterlimitations
4Minimumperformanceproperties
5Example1
6Example2
7Example3
8Example4
9Stretchintubing
10Example5
11Buckling
12Corrosionconsiderations
13Internalcoatings
14Nomenclature
15References
16NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
17Externallinks
18Seealso
19Category

Strength
Adesignfactoristhespecificloadratingdividedbythespecificanticipatedload.Adesignfactorlessthan1.0doesnotnecessarilymeantheproductwillfail,andneitherdoesa
designfactorinexcessof1.0meanthattheproductwillnotfail.Asaresult,designfactorsaregenerallyselectedonthebasisofexperience.Thedesignerhastheresponsibility
toselectthedesignfactorstosuitparticularneedsandtoreflectfieldexperience.Theconditionofthetubingandtheseverityofafailureshouldhaveasignificanteffectonthe
designfactorsused.Designfactorsgreaterthan1.0arerecommended.Table1containsdesignfactorguidelines.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_115_Image_0001.png)

Table1

TheinternalyieldpressureratingfortubingisbasedonanAmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)variationofBarlowsformulaandincorporatesa0.875factorthatcompensates
forthe12.5%reductiontoleranceinwallthicknessallowedinmanufacturing.
(/File%3AVol4_page_0115_eq_002.png)....................(1)
Ingeneral,thesevaluesshouldnotbeexceededinoperation.Tobeonthesafeside,aminimumdesignfactorof1.25basedontheinternalyieldpressureratingissuggested
however,someoperatorsusedifferentvalues.
Inmediumtohighpressurewells,especiallyinsourservicewhenL80,C90,andT95APIgradesareused,thegeneralstresslevelinthetubingshouldnotexceedtheminimum
yieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)forL80orthesulfidestresscorrosioncracking(SSC)thresholdstress(generally80%oftheminimumyieldstrength)forC90and
T95grades.
Thejointorbodyyieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)forthetensiondesignfactorvarieswidelyinpractice.Asimpleapproachistoassumearelativelyhighdesign
factorof1.6basedonthetubingweightinairandignoreotherloadingconditions.Thecalculationsforloadsintensionareusuallyforstaticconditionsandignoredynamic
loadsthatmayoccurinrunningandpullingthetubing.Theyalsomayignorecollapseloadsthatreducetensionstrengths.Thepullingordragloadsarenotcommonlyknown.
Thesemayberelativelyhighindirectionalwells.Typically,thehighestloadsintensionoccurinunsettingthepackerduringpullingoperations.Insomecases,shearpinsin
packersresultinsubstantialloadsinunsettingthatshouldbeaccountedforindesign.
Theconditionofthetubingafterseveralyearsofserviceinthewellisanotherunknownthatneedstobecompensatedforeitherindesignorbyuseofahighertensiondesign
factor.Whenconsideringallthesefactorsandmakingadjustmentsfordrag,shearpins,andcollapsepressures,aminimumdesignfactorof1.25intensionforpullingis
suggested.However,fieldexperiencehasshown,ingeneral,thattubinginnewcondition(meetsAPIminimumrequirements)canbeloadedintensiontoitsminimumyieldjoint
strengthduringpullingoperationswithoutatensionfailure.Tensionfailuresduringpullingoperationsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheresultsusuallyarecostly.Itisbettertocut
orbackoffthetubingratherthanhaveatensionfailure.Table2showsapproximatesettingdepthsforvariousAPIgrades.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_116_Image_0001.png)
Table2

Acollapseresistancedesignof1.1issuggested.CollapseresistancefortubingiscoveredinAPIBull.5C3.[1]Thisstandardprovidesconservativevaluesfordesign,assuming
thetubingcrosssectionisnotabnormallyelliptical(oval).Anymechanicaldeformityinthetubingresultinginanoutofroundcrosssectionmaycauseaconsiderablereduction
initscollapseresistance.Thecollapseresistancevalueforagiventubingsize,weight,andgradeisbasedonnumerousexperimentaltestsandstrengthofmaterialequations.The
minimumvalueisdesignatedastheAPIcollapseresistancerating.Collapseratingsarereducedbytensionloading.Forexample,a23%yieldstressintensionreducesthe
collapseresistancebyapproximately14%.Thebiaxialeffectshouldbeusedtodesignthetubingforcriticaltensionandcollapseconditions.Fig.1showsanellipseofbiaxial
yieldstress.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_117_Image_0001.png)
Fig.1Ellipseofbiaxalyieldstress.

Backtotop

Designconsiderations
Tubingstringdesignmustconsiderallreasonablyanticipatedloadsimposedduringthefollowing:
Running
Producing
Stimulation
Workovers
Pullingoperations
Thedesignmustensurethatfailureswillnotoccurundertheseoperationshowever,thedesignertypicallyselectsthemosteconomicalweightandgradethatmeetsthe
performancerequirements.Computersoftwareisavailablefortubingdesign,butthedesignermustensurethatalldesignconditionsaremetadequately.
Areasonableapproachmustbetakentopreventoverdesign.Thedesignneednotpreventworstcasescenariofailuresbutratherforallcasesthathaveareasonableprobabilityof
occurring.Forinstance,assumethatthereisashallowtubingleakinwhichtheshutintubingpressureisappliedinthecasingannulusontopofacolumnofheavyannulusfluid
and,subsequently,thatthetubingpressureatbottomisreducedquicklytoalowvalue.Thiseventwouldrequiretubingwithaveryhighcollapsepressurerating.Ifsucha
conditionisconsideredtohaveareasonableprobabilityofoccurring,thetubingstringshouldbedesignedaccordinglyoradequatestepsshouldbetakentopreventsuchaseries
ofevents.
Thehighesttensileloadsnormallyoccuratornearthetop(surface)ofthewell.Collapseloadsreducethepermittedtensionloads,asshownbythebiaxialgraphinFig.1,and
shouldbeconsideredwhenapplicable.Fortunately,thecasingannuluspressureisnormallylowatthesurfacethus,collapsepressureeffectsatthesurfaceoftencanbeignored,
butnotinallcases.Buoyancy,whichreducesthetensileloads,issometimesignoredonshallowwells,butitshouldbeconsideredondeeperwells.Aconditionthatfrequently
determinestherequiredtensionyieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength)ofthetubingoccurswhenunsettingapartiallystuckpackerorusingashearpinreleasetype
packerinwellsinwhichbuoyancyisnotapplicable.
Highbursttubingloadstypicallyoccurnearthesurfacewithlittleornoannuluspressureundershutintubingconditionsorduringwellstimulationtreatmentsdownthetubing.
Highburstconditionsalsomayoccurdeepintheholewithhighsurfacepressuresimposedontopofrelativelyhighdensitytubingfluidandwhentheannulusisemptyor
containsalightdensityannulusfluid.Bothoftheseconditionsmustbeevaluatedduringthedesignofatubingstringforaspecificwell.
Theburstresistanceofthetubeisincreasedbecauseoftensionloadinguptoacertainlimit.Intubingandcasingdesignpractice,itiscustomarytoapplytheellipseofplasticity
onlywhenadetrimentaleffectresults.Foraconservativedesign,thisincreaseinburstresistancenormallyisignored.Compressionloadsreduceburstresistanceandmustbe
consideredwhentheyoccur.Suchaconditioncanoccurnearthebottomofthewellwithasetdownpackerandarelativelyhighinternaltubingpressureandarelativelylow
annuluspressure.Atypicaldesigncaseinburstistoassumethatthetubingisfullofproducedfluidandthattheannulusisempty,whichisacommonsituationforpumped
wells.
Becausetensionloadingreducescollapseresistance,thebiaxialeffectshouldbeusedtodesignforproblemregions.Acommonpracticeintubingdesignistoassumethatthe
tubingisemptyandthattheannulusisfulloffluid.Suchconditionsarecommoninlowpressuregaswellsoroilwellsthatmaybeswabbedtobottom.Typically,thehighest
collapsepressuresarenearthebottomofthewell.Forcombinationtubingstringdesign,thecollapseandtensileloadsshouldbeevaluatedatthebottomandtopofanytubing
size,weight,orgradechange.
Indirectionalwells,theeffectofthewellborecurvatureandverticaldeviationangleontheaxialstressonthetubingbodyandcouplings/jointsmustbeconsideredinthetubing
design.Currentdesignpracticeconsidersthedetrimentaleffectsoftubingbending,butthefavorableeffect(frictionwhilerunning)isneglected.Wallfriction,whichis
unfavorableforupwardpipemovement,generallyiscompensatedforbyadditionofanacceptableoverpulltothefreehangingaxialtension.Overpullvaluesarebestobtained

fromfieldexperiencebutcanbecalculatedwithavailablecommercialsoftwarecomputerprograms.
Backtotop

Singleandcombination/taperedtubingdesign
Manyoperatorspreferoneuniformweight[constantinsidediameter(ID)]andAPIgradetubingfromtoptobottom.Thus,itisnotpossibletomixdifferentsectionsofthe
tubingduringrunningorpullingoperationsthroughoutthelifeofthewell.Mostrelativelyshallow(<9,000ft),lowpressure(<4,000psi)wellshavenoncombinationstrings.
Asthepressuresanddepthsincrease,therecomesapointatwhichahighergrade(stronger)orheavierweight(increasedwallthickness)tubingmustbeusedtomeetload
conditionsandachieveacceptabledesignfactors.Forthesamesizediametertubing,ahighergradenormallyispreferredoveranincreaseintubingweight.Suchachoiceis
usuallylessexpensiveandmaintainsaconstantinternaldiameter,whichsimplifieswirelineoperationinsidethetubing.
Unlikecasingdesign(/Casing_design),whichoftenhasnumerousgradesandweightsinacombinationdesign,tubingdesignseldomhasmorethantwodifferentgradesor
weights.Suchrestrictionmayincreasethecostofthetubingstringbutsimplifiestherunningandpullingprocedures.Deepandhighpressurewellsmayrequiremorethantwo
weights,grades,ordiameters.Whenmorethanonegradeorweightareused,eachshouldbeeasilyidentifiable.Toseparatedifferentweightsandgrades,apupjointordifferent
collartypesmaybeused.Forexample,onesectioncouldusestandardcouplingsandanothercouldusebeveledcouplings.Paintedandstenciledmarkingsontheoutsideofthe
tubingareinadequateoncethetubingisusedbecausesuchmarkingsareoftenobliterated.
Theuseoftwoorthreedifferentdiametersizesissometimesadvantageous.Thelargertubingsizemayhavehighjointyieldstrengthandpermitahigherflowrate.Thelargest
diameterisrunonthetopandasmallertubingsizeonbottom.Insuchcases,thesurfacewellheadvalvesoftenaresizedtopermitwirelineworkinthelargertubingtoprevent
operationalproblems.Asmallertubingoutsidediameter(OD)sizeonbottommaybenecessarybecauseofcasingdiameterrestrictions.
Backtotop

Outsidediameterlimitations
ThetubingODmusthaveadequateclearancewiththecasingID.Thetubingsizeselectedshouldpermitwashoverandfishingoperations,incasethetubingbecomesstuckand
requiresrecovery.Awashpipemustbeavailablethathasanoutsidecouplingdimensionlessthanthecasingdriftdiameterandaninternaldriftdiameterthatisgreaterthanthe
tubingcouplingODplusprovideaminimumof1/8in.clearanceforadequatecirculation.Also,thetubingODshouldpermituseofanovershotinsidethecasing,whichlimits
thetubingODsizeand/orthecouplingOD.Forexample,3in.ODtubingwithregularAPIexternalupsetend(EUE)couplings(OD=4.500in.)inside5in.,17.00casing
(driftdiameter=4.767in.)couldnotbewashedoverwithavailablewashpipe.Even3in.specialtyjointtubingwithajointODof3.875in.wouldbeanimpractical,risky
washoveroperationbecausethecouplingswouldrequiremilling.Nevertheless,specialcircumstancesmayrequirespecialproprietarytubinginclosetoleranceapplications.
Specialwashpipesizesoftencanberentedfromthetoolservicecompanies.Thetubingdesignershouldcheckthesuccessofwashoverandfishingoperationsfortheirparticular
plannedconditionandtheareaofoperation.
Multicompletionswithparalleltubingstringsoftenresultinlimitingthetubingand/orcouplingsize.Iftwotubingstringsaretoberunandpulledindependently,thesumofthe
tubingcouplingODsshouldbelessthanthecasingdriftdiameter.Forexample,inside729.00casingwithadriftdiameterof6.059in.,parallel23/8in.tubingstringswithEUE
couplingsmaybeplanned.Insuchacase,beveledandspecialclearancecouplingswithanODof2.910in.typicallyareused.ThesumofthetwoODsis5.82in.Experience
showsthatifthecouplingsarebeveled(topandbottom),thesestringscanberunandpulledindependently.Theauxiliarytubingequipmentsuchasgasliftmandrelsandsafety
valvesoftencausemoreclearanceproblemsthanthetubingcouplings.
Iftwotubingstringsaretoberunclampedtogether,thenthesumofthesmallertubingbodyODandtheODofthecouplingofthesecondorlargerstringmustbelessthanthe
casingdriftdiameter.Inthesecases,afullsizedrawingofthecrosssectionsofthetubularsusedmaybehelpful.Theactualclearancemaydependontheclampdesign.Theuse
ofparallelstringsof3in.tubinginside95/8in.casingisanothercommonpractice,andtubingODlimitationsmustbeconsideredinsuchinstallations.
Backtotop

Minimumperformanceproperties
TubingperformancepropertiesarefoundinAPIBull.5C2,[2]andtheformulasusedinthefollowingexamplesarefoundinAPIBull.5C3.[1]APIBull.5C3includestables
showingminimumtubingperformanceproperties.Theexamplesthatfollowassumethesetablesareavailableforreference.

Example1
Designatubingstringfora9,000fthydropressuredverticalwellthatisrelativelystraight,thatwillbeusedtoflow500barrelsofoilperday(BOPD),andthatwillbe
completedinside411.60K55casing.Thewellistobecompletedwithcompressionsettypepackerand9.0ppginhibitedsaltwaterinannulus.Anoverpulltofreethepacker
of15,000lbfisanticipated.Amaximumsurfacetreatingpressureof3,000psiisexpected.
Solution.Select23/84.70J55EUEtubing.The23/8in.sizeissuitablefortheflowingrates(seeReservoirinflowperformance(/Reservoir_inflow_performance)),andlarger
EUEtubingsizescannotberunandwashedoverinsidethissizeandweightcasing.SmallerODsizesoftubingwillsavenosignificantinvestmentandwillcomplicatewireline
work.Selectthelighteststandardweightavailablefortheinitialdesignandchecktoensurethatitmeetsalldesignconditions.TheJ55gradeisthemostcosteffectivegrade
available.Ittypicallyisusedasafirstselectionformostrelativelyshallow,lowpressure,andlowratedesigncases.
Calculatethefluidgradient,gf.
(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_001.png)....................(2)
0.052psi/ft/lbm/galisobtainedfrom0.433psi/ft/8.32lbm/gal,whichistheconversionfactorfromlb/galtopsi/ft.
Checkdesignconditionsfortension.Calculatetheresultinghookloadfora9,000ftlengthoftubinginairfrom
(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_002.png)....................(3)
ThevalueofwnisobtainedfromtheperformancetablesinAPIBull.5C2.Thiscalculationresultsinasuperimposedtubingtensionaxial(hook)loadatthesurfaceinairof
42,300lbf.
Theweightofthetubingstringinafluidisthetubingweightinairminustheaxialbuoyancyload(s):
(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_003.png)....................(4)
Theresultsofthetubingcrosssectionmetalarea,

(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_004.png)....................(5)
timesthehydrostaticpressureatdepth,
(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_005.png)....................(6)
areusedtocalculatetheaxialbuoyancyload,
(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_006.png)....................(7)
Inthisexample,

(/File%3AVol4_page_0124_eq_007.png)

Eq.4cannowbeusedtocalculatethehookloadinfluidatsurfacebeforesettingthepacker.
(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_001.png)
Comparethesevaluestothetubingperformanceproperties.Withajointyieldstrengthrating,Fj,of71,700lbf(seerelevantAPItables)thedesignfactorintensioninairis

(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_002.png)....................(8)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorintensioninair,whereasthedesignfactorinfluidis

(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_003.png)....................(9)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorintubingconsideringbuoyancy.
Considerpullingconditions.Withastuckpackerrequiring15,000lbfofoverpull,Fop,atpackertofree,assumenobuoyancycontributionbecausethepackerisstuck.

(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_004.png)....................(10)

Thedesignfactorwhenconsideringoverpullis
(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_005.png)....................(11)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorintensionduringpullingoperations.
Anoverpullanygreaterthan15,000lbfwouldnotbeacceptablebecauseDtwouldbelessthan1.25.
Checkburstandcollapseloadsandcomparetothetubingperformanceproperties.Themaximumallowedinternalpressuredifferentialis
(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_006.png)....................(12)

Withaninternalyieldburstpressurerating,pyi,of7,700psi(seetubingperformancetables)andawellheadsurfacepressure,pwh,of3,000psi,calculatethedesignfactorin
burst.

(/File%3AVol4_page_0125_eq_007.png)....................(13)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorinburstandismuchhigherthanthe1.25suggested.
Theminimumcollapsepressurewithoutaxialstress,pcr,=8,100psi(SeeAPIminimumperformancetables).Assumeanannulusfullof9.0ppgfluidandanemptytubing
string.WithEq.6,pbh=9,000ft(9.00.052)psi/ft=4,212psi.

(/File%3AVol4_page_0126_eq_001.png)....................(14)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorincollapseandismuchhigherthanthe1.1suggested.
Checkburstatbottomofholeunderpumpingconditions.Assumetubingfilledwith9.0ppgsaltwaterwith100psisurfacetubingpressureandemptyannulus.

(/File%3AVol4_page_0126_eq_002.png)....................(15)

(/File%3AVol4_page_0126_eq_003.png)....................(16)

whichisanacceptabledesignfactorinburst.
Selectandordertubingmaterial.OrderperAPISpec.5CT:9,000ftplus300ftof23/84.70J55EUE8R,range2,seamlessorelectricweld,andonesetofpupswithstandard
EUEcouplings.Inaddition,orderonecontainerofAPImodifiedthreadcompoundandspecifydeliverydateandshippinginstructions.
Backtotop

Example2
DesigntubingforrelativelydeephighpressuregaswellwithCO2andH2S.Assumethefollowingconditions:
Casingdesignation=51/223.00L80
Measureddepth,Dm,=14,000ft
Trueverticaldepth,DtV,=13,000ft
Gasrate=15MMcf/D,10bblofcondensateperMMcf,40ppmhydrogensulfideresultinginapartialpressureof0.40psifortheH2Sanda2%(20,000ppm)carbon
dioxide
pwh=10,000psiduringstimulation
pbh=9,000psi
Tbh=250F
Tsf=125F
Completionfluidweight=14.0ppgofinhibitedsolidsfreesaltwaterfluidgradient=0.728psi/ft
Anticipateddragontubingwhenpulling=5,000lbfandpackershearpinssetting=overpull=25,000lbf.
Solution.Becauseoftheanticipatedrateof15MMcf/D,27/8in.tubingwillpermitflowatasignificantlyhigherratethan23/8in.tubing.Theuseof31/2in.tubingisnot
normallyrecommendedwithin51/2in.casingbecausefishingoperationswouldbedifficult.Onthebasisofexperience,theuseof3in.tubingratherthan27/8in.tubing
wouldnotsignificantlyimprovetheproductionrateinthiscase.
Selectthetubingweightandgrade.Becausesurfacepressuresof10,000psiareanticipated,thetubingmusthaveaminimuminternalyieldpressuregreaterthan10,000psi.
Withadesignfactorof1.25inburst,therequiredminimuminternalyieldpressureis12,500psi(1.2510,000).BecausethepartialpressureofH2Sis0.40psi(greaterthan
0.05psi),asourservicetubinggrademustbeused.SeeNACEMR0175.[3]
Theobviouschoiceinthedesignis27/87.90L80tubingwithaninsidediameter(ID)of2.323in.(For27/8in.tubing,thelightestweightof6.5lbm/ftforJ55andL80grades
donothaveanadequateinternalyieldpressurerating.)SeeminimumperformancetablesfromAPI.The27/87.90L80tubinghasa13,440psiinternalyieldpressurevalue,
whichismorethanadequate.Becauseofthehighgaspressure,aproprietaryconnectionjointwith100%jointstrengthandwithmetaltometalsealsshouldbeconsidered.
Investigatetensionloadconditions.
UseEq.3tocalculateFa=Lpwn=14,000ft7.9lbm/ft=110,600lbf.
UseEq.6tofindthehydrostaticpressureatdepth,pbh=13,000140.052=9,464psi.
UseEq.7tocalculatethebuoyancyeffectin14ppgfluid,Fb=Ampbh=2.254in.29,464psi=21,332lbf.
UseEq.4tocalculateFf=FaFb=110,600lbf21,332lbf=89,269lbf.WithFj=180,300lbf.
UseEqs.8and9tocalculateDt=Fj/Fa=180,300/110,600=1.63,whichisanacceptabledesignfactorintensioninair,andDt=Fj/Ff=180,300/89,269=2.02,whichis
anacceptabledesignfactorintensionconsideringbuoyancy.
Considerpullingconditions.Buoyancyisneglectedbecausethepackerisset.
(/File%3AVol4_page_0127_eq_001.png)....................(18)

Thisistherequiredhookloadtounsetthepacker.UseEq.11tocalculateDf=Fj/Ps=180,300/140,600=1.28,whichisanacceptabledesignfactorintension.
Checkcollapseconditions.pcr=13,890psifor27/87.9L80tubing(seeperformancepropertiestablesfromAPI).Assumethecasingannulusisfilledwith14ppgfluidwithno
surfacepressureandthetubingpressureisbledoffafteraplugwassetinthebottomofthetubingoratubingsafetyvalveatbottomisclosed,whichisareasonablepossibility
overthelifeofthewell.
UseEq.6tocalculatepbh=DtVgf=13,000ft(14.00.052)psi/ft=9,464psi.
UseEq.14tocalculateDf=pcr/pbh=13,890/9,464=1.47,whichisanacceptablevalue.Ensurethatthesurfaceannuluspressureiskeptlessthan3,163psi[
(13,890/1.1)9,464]intheeventthatthetubingpressureisbledoff.
Selectandorderthetubingmaterial.RequestthatthetubingmeetAPISpec.5CT.Order14,500ftof27/87.90L80Type13Cr,Range2,seamlesstubingwithaproprietary
connectionandonesetofpupjointswithsametypeconnectionsastubing.Inaddition,orderallaccessorieswiththesameconnectionandanappropriatethreadlubricant.State
therequireddeliveryandfollowAPIRP5C1ontubinghandling.
Backtotop

Example3
Designtubingforarelativelydeepsweetoilwell.Makeadualgradetubingstringdesign(toreducecost).Assumethefollowingconditions:*Casingdesignation=726.00
N80
Dm=11,000ft
DtV=11,000ft

Desiredflowrateundergasliftconditions=1,500B/Dfrom10,000ft
pww=5,000psi
pwh=5,000psi
pbh=6,200psi
Tbh=200F
Tsf=125F
Completionfluidinannulus,wf,=11.0ppgofinhibitedsolidsfreesaltwater
Fluidgradient,gf,=0.052wf=0.572psi/ft
Packershearpinssetting=overpull(Fop)=50,000lbf
Thewellisrelativelystraightwithsmalldragforceswhilepulling,anditistobecirculatedwithsaltwaterbeforepullingtubing.AssumeFd=0.
Solution.Selecttubingsize.Becauseoftheanticipatedflowrate,31/2in.tubingwasselected.Thereisnoclearanceproblemwith31/2in.tubinginsidethe7in.casing.
Smallertubingsizeswouldresultinhighfrictionlossesandlossinproductionrate.Largertubingsizeswouldnotincreaseproductionratessufficientlyandwouldresultin
clearanceproblemsinsidethe7in.casing.EUEtubingwithmodifiedcouplings(seeAPISR13sealring)areselectedtoprovideadequateleakresistance.
Selecttubingweightandgrade.31/29.30J55tubingischeckedtodetermineifalldesignconditionsaremet.
Checkcollapseonbottom.pcr=7,400psi(seeAPIperformancepropertiestables)fortheselectedtubing.Assumeworst/maximumcollapsedesignconditionoccursatbottom
whereannulusisfullof11ppgfluidandtubingpressureiszero(possibleundercompletionconditionsifwellisswabbeddown.)
UseEq.6tocalculatepbh=DtVgf=11,000ft0.572=6,292
UseEq.14tocalculateDc=pcr/pbh=7,400/6,292=1.176,whichisadequatebecause1.1isacceptable.
Checkburstatbottom.Assumecasingannulusisemptyandtubingisfullofproducedwater.Thisispossibleundergasliftconditionsiftheannulusinjectionpressureisbledoff
withtubingfullofproducedfluidplussurfacewellheadpressure.
UseEq.15tocalculatetheburstpressureonbottom,11,0000.465+100=5,115+100=5,215psi.
Withaninternalyieldpressurefor31/29.30J55of6,980psi,useEq.16tocalculate6,980/5,215=1.34,whichisadequatebecause1.25isacceptable.
Withamaximumstimulationburstpressureatsurfaceof5,000psi,useEq.13tocalculateDb=6,980/5,000=1.396,whichisadequateforburst.Checktensionloadsat
surface.
For31/29.30J55orN80tubing,useEq.3tocalculate11,000ft9.3lb/ft=102,300lbf.
UseEqs.6and7tocalculatetheaxialbuoyancyload,Fb=2.590in.2(11,00011.00.052)psi=16,296lbf.
UseEq.4tocalculatetheweightin11ppgfluid,102,30016,296=86,004lbf.For31/29.30J55EUEtubing(100%jointefficiency),Fj=142,500lbf.
UseEq.8tocalculatethedesignfactorintension,Dt,for31/29.30J55EUEtubinginair,142,500/102,300=1.39,whichdoesnotaccountfornecessaryoverpull.
Therecommendeddesignfactorforweightinairis1.6therefore,thedesignfactorisnotadequate.Ahighergradeattopmustbeusedforadequatetensiondesignconditions.
Checkworstpossibletensiondesigncase.Pullatsurfacetoovercomedragandshearpinsinpackerwithnobuoyancyeffectontubingabovepacker.
UseEq.3tocalculateFa
UseEq.17tocalculateFt=11,0009.3+50,000+0=102,300+50,000=152,300lbf.
Use
(/File%3AVol4_page_0128_eq_001.png)....................(18)
tocalculate152,3001.25=190,375lbf
UseAPIminimumperformancepropertiestablestofindFj=207,200lbffor31/29.30N80tubing,whichisacceptable.
SuggesttheuseofasmuchJ55asfeasibletoreducetubingstringcost.Formaximumpullloadon31/29.3J55,applyingtheacceptabledesignfactor=142,500/1.25=114,000
lbf.Calculatethemaximumfeetof31/29.30J55from
(/File%3AVol4_page_0128_eq_002.png)....................(19)

AssumeLp=6,800ftfor31/29.30J55,andLp=11,0006,800=4,200ftfor31/29.30N80tubing.
UseEq.11tocalculatethedesignfactorintension,Dt,for31/29.30N80,207,200/152,300=1.36,whichisacceptable.
ForFa=152,300lbf,thedesignfactorfor31/29.30J55canbecalculatedas142,500/(152,3004,2009.3)=1.26.Donotexceedthe50,000lbfoverpullload,
becausethiswouldoverloadthetopoftheJ55tubing.
Selectandordertubingmaterial.RequestthattubingmeetAPISpec.5CT.Order
4,400ftof31/29.30N80withEUEmodifiedAPISR13beveledcouplingsandSorEW,range2
Onesetofpupjointsfor31/29.30N80EUEmodifiedAPISR13standardcouplings
7,000ftof31/29.30J55withEUEmodifiedAPISR13standardcouplingsandSorEW,range2
OnecontainerofAPImodifiedthreadcompoundasperAPIRP5A3.Specifydeliverydateandshippinginstructions.SomeoperatorsmightprefertouseL80ratherthan
N8031/2tubingandtoheattreattheJ55afterupsetting.Boththeseoptionsincreasethecostofthetubingstringbutmayincreasetheoperatinglife.
Backtotop

Example4
Designtubingforadeephighpressuregaswell.
Completethewellwith729.00P110casingto13,900ftanda5in.liner(4.031in.ID)from13,800to16,650ft.
Perforationsaretobefrom16,530to16,570ftwithapermanentpackerat16,500ft.
Thebottomholepressureisestimatedtobe14,850psiwithabottomholetemperatureof340Fandasurfaceflowingtemperatureof150F.
Thewellhasasurfaceshutinpressureof12,445psiwithagasgradient,gg,of0.146psi/ft.Thewellinitiallywillproduceapproximately10MMcf/Dofgaswitha10
BC/MMcfand10BW/MMcfintoa1,000psiasalessystem.
Thegasgravityis0.7andcontains1%ofnitrogenand1%carbondioxide,buttheH2Sisonly1ppm.
Theformationmayrequireacidstimulationwithamaximumsurfacetreatingpressureof10,000psi.
Beforeperforating,the17.4ppgmudwillbecirculatedoutandreplacedwith10ppgcleaninhibitedsaltwater.

Afterperforating(/Perforating),thewellwillbekilled,thepackerandtubinginstalled,andtheannulusfilledwith10ppgcleaninhibitedsaltwater.Ifneeded,batch
inhibitionisplannedtoprotectthetubingfromerosion/corrosion.
Solution.Selecttubingsizes.Thetypeofcompletionandthesizeofthetubingstringmustbeselectedbeforemakingthetubingdesign.Fig2showsaninflowperformanceand
outflowperformancegraphcomparingtheproductionwith23/8,27/8,and31/2in.tubingstrings.Thisgraphshowsthatafullstringof23/8in.tubingwouldrestrict
productionsignificantlythus,theamountof23/8in.tubingshouldbelimited.The27/8in.tubingproducesthewellnearitsmaximumrate,whereastheuseof31/2in.tubing
resultsinonlyasmallproductionrateincreaseandwillcostsubstantiallymore.The5in.liner(4.031in.ID)willmakewashoverandfishing27/8in.tubingdifficulttherefore,
23/8in.tubingwillbeusedinthelinersectionofthewell.Thus,thetopportionofthetubingstringwillbe27/8in.tubingandthelowerportioninsidethelinerwillbe23/8
in.tubing.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_129_Image_0001.png)

Fig.2GaswellinflowandoutflowforExample
4.

Nowthattheapproximatesizesoftubinghavebeendetermined,thetubingdesigncanbemadefortension,collapse,andburstconditions.Ingeneral,selectthelowestweight
perfootandgradethatisacceptable.Thiswillnormallyresultinthemosteconomicaldesign.
Selectweightsandgrades.Themostcommonapproachincasingandtubingdesignistostartatthebottomandworkyourwaybacktothesurfacehowever,inthishigh
pressurewell,burstisamajorconsideration.DrawapressuredepthgraphasshowninFig.3.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_130_Image_0001.png)
Fig.3GaswellpressureconditionsforExample
4.

Tocontroltheshutinsurfacetubingpressureof12,445psiwithadesignfactorof1.25,calculatethesuggestedminimuminternalyieldpressureratingrequired,pyi=12,445
1.25or15,556psi.27/87.90P110issuitable,whichhasaninternalyieldof18,480psi.APIgradesC90andT95couldalsobeused,butthesegradesareusuallymorecostly
thanP110.BecausetheH2Spartialpressureislessthan0.05psi,thenonsourservicegradeN80andP110canbeused.
Becausetensionreducesthecollapseratingandcollapsereducesthetensionrating,startatthebottomwheretensionissmallandcollapseisnormallyhigh.Actually,atthe
bottom(becauseofbuoyancyforces),thetubingisincompressionwhenruninfluid.DrawaschematictubingdepthchartasshowninFig.4.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_131_Image_0001.png)
Fig.4TubingschematicforExample4.

Checkcollapseandtensionstresses.Startatthebottomoftheholeandworktothesurfacecheckingtensionandcollapseatanysize,weight,orgradechange.Thetensileload
increasesmovingupward,butthecollapsedifferentialpressuredecreases.
Tocalculatethecollapsedifferential,use
(/File%3AVol4_page_0130_eq_001.png)....................(20)

Withtheannulusfullof10ppgsaltwaterandassumingthatthetubingpressurebledtozero,a0.5216,500=8,580psicollapsedifferentialwouldresultonthebottomofthe
hole.The23/84.70N80tubinghasacollapseof11,780psi,resultinginadesignfactor11,780/8,580=1.37,whichisacceptable.Keeptheannuluspressureatthesurfacetoa
maximumof1,500psiinnormaloperationstoavoidpossiblecollapseifthetubingpressureatbottomisbleddowntozero.
Fromabovethetopofthelinerat13,800fttothepermanentpackerat16,500ft,2,700ftof23/84.70N80tubingistentativelyselected.Use2,800ftof23/8in.tubingtoavoid
interferencewiththelinertop.At13,700ft,thetubingsizecanbeincreasedsafelyto27/8in.,whichwillallowahigherflowrate.Tosimplifywirelineoperations,thetubing
weightforall27/8in.tubingisthesame.
Forburstconsiderations,thedesignrequiresaminimumof7.9lbm/fttubing.Thereisa11,188buoyancyforcebecauseofthefluidactingonthebottomtubingarea.At13,700
ft,the23/8in.tubingwillhavealoadof4.7lbm/ft2,800ft=13,160lbfhowever,thetensileloadonthetubingisalteredslightlybecauseofthetubingareachangeat13,700
ft.Thisresultsinanaxialloadat13,700ftof13,16011,188+7,92914,690=4,789lbfthus,theeffectoftensiononcollapsecanbeneglectedbecausethetubingisin
compression.
Themaximumburstpressureonbottommayoccurduringstimulation.Calculatetheburstdifferentialfrom
(/File%3AVol4_page_0131_eq_001.png)....................(21)
Assumingasurfacetreatingpressureof10,000psi,thetubingfullofacid(gradient=0.45psi/ft),andtheannulusfullof10ppg(gradient=0.52psi/ft)saltwater,useEq.
21tocalculateaburstdifferentialonbottomof10,000+0.4516,5000.5216,500=8,845psi.Theuseofadesignfactorof1.25inburstwillrequireaninternal
yieldpressureof8,8451.25=11,056psi.The23/84.70N80tubinghasanAPIinternalyieldof11,200psi,whichisacceptable.
Burstandcollapseconditionsnowneedtobecheckedatalldepthswheretubingsize,weight,orgradechangesareplanned.Burstisofprimaryimportance.Checkburstatthe
changedoverfrom23/8in.to27/8in.at13,700ft.
UseEq.21tocalculatethetubingburstpressuredifferentialduringstimulation:10,000psi+0.45psi/ft13,700ft0.52psi/ft13,700ft=9,041psi.
Theuseofadesignfactorinburst,Db,of1.25wouldrequireaburstresistanceratingof9,041psi1.25=11,301psi.Thus,atthisdepth,the23/8,4.7,N80tubingis
acceptableand27/8,7.9,N80tubingisacceptablebecauseithasanAPIinternalpressureratingof13,440psiandacollapseresistanceof13,890psi.Usingadesignfactorin
burst,Db,of1.25,themaximumburstdifferentialfor27/8,7.9,N80shouldnotexceed13,440/1.25=10,752psi.
Atthesurfaceduringstimulation,27/8in.,7.9,P110isrequiredasshownpreviously.ThedepthofthecrossoverfromP110toN80needstobecalculated.Thisdepthiswhere
theburstpressuredifferentialisequalto10,752psifor27/8in.,7.9,N80tubing.Theworstcaseconditionisduringshutinwhenasurfacepressureof12,445psioccursandthe
tubingisfullof0.146psi/ftgas.

(/File%3AVol4_page_0132_eq_001.png)....................(22)

wheregaistheannulusfluidgradientandgtisthetubingfluidgradient.
UsingEq.22,Lp=(12,445psi13,440/1.25psi)/(0.52psi/ft0.146psi/ft)=4,527ft.Thus,27/8in.,7.9,P110tubingistobeusedfromthesurfaceto4,527ftand2
7/8in.,7.9,N80tubingistobeusedfrom4,527to13,700ft.Table4summarizesthesizes,weightsandgradesselected.

(/File%3AVol4_Page_132_Image_0001.png)

Table4

Calculatethehookloadofthetubingstringinairandinfluidforthevarioustubingsizes,weights,andgrades.
Hookloadinair=13,700ft7.9lbm/ft+2,800ft4.7lbm/ft=121,390lbf.
Hookloadinfluid=121,390+7,9291469011,188=103,441lbf.
Body/jointyieldstrengthfor27/8,7.9,P110=247,900lbf.
Body/jointyieldstrengthfor27/8,7.9,N80=180,300lbf.
Body/jointyieldstrengthfor23/8,4.7,N80=104,300lbf.
Maximumallowedhookloadatsurfacefor27/8,7.9,P110tubing=247,900/1.25=198,320lbf.
Maximumallowedhookloadatsurfacefor27/8,7.9,N80tubing=4,5277.9+180,300/1.25=180,003lbf.
Maximumallowedhookloadatsurfacefor23/8,4.7,N80tubing=13,7007.9+104,300/1.25=191,670lbf.
Thus,thelimitingconditionisforpullingonthe27/8,7.9,N80tubing,whichallowsahookloadatthesurfaceof180,003lbf.Forthisstringdesign,anoverpulloverthe
weightinfluidwouldbe180,003lbf103,441lbf=76,562lbf.
Selectandordertubingmaterial.
OrderthetubingtoAPI5CTspecifications,addingafewhundredfeetofeachtype:seamless,range2,andaproprietaryconnectionintegraljointorthreadedandcoupled
withmetaltometalseals.
Also,orderasetofgradeP110pupjointsforthe27/8in.tubingwiththesameproprietaryconnectionintegraljoint.
Orderanappropriatethreadcompound.
Inaddition,onespecialcrossover27/87.90to23/84.70ingradeN80isrequired.(IfanMTCconnectionisused,thecrossovercanbeapinpinwitha27/8N80
coupling.)

Allauxiliarywellequipmentshouldhavethesameproprietaryconnection.Tubingshouldbehydrostaticallytestedto80%ofyieldpressure.Ensurethatproperrunning
proceduresareused.
Checkwiththemanufactureronwaystodistinguishbetweenthetwogradesof2.875in.ODtubing.Someoperatorswouldselect27/87.90P110andno27/87.90N80tubing
toensurethataccidentalmixingofthe2.875in.ODdifferentgradetubingcouldnotoccurandtoallowaslightlyhigheroverpullvalue.
Ifpressuresaregreaterthan7,000psiandthedepthisgreaterthan13,000ft,apipebodyloadanalysisshouldbeperformed.InsourserviceforL80,C90,andT95,triaxial
stressintensityshouldbecheckedandadesignfactorgreaterthan1.25maintained.SeeISO13679Sec.B.5.2.[4]
Backtotop

Stretchintubing
Whentubingissubjecttoanaxialload,eitherintensionorcompression,thatdoesnotexceedtheelasticlimitofthematerial,thestretchorcontractionmaybedeterminedfrom
(/File%3AVol4_page_0133_eq_001.png)....................(23)
where
Lt=totalaxialstretchorcontraction,in.
F=superimposedtensionorcompressionaxialload,lbf
Lp=lengthofpipe,ft
E=Youngsmodulusofelasticityforsteel=30millionpsi,whichisnotaffectedsignificantlybytubinggrade
Am=crosssectionmetalareaofpipe,in.2=0.7854(do2di2).
Formultiplesizesorweights,calculatestretchforeachsectionandsumtheresults.Thisformulaalsocanbeusedtodeterminethelengthoffreepipebyapplyingaload,F,and
measuringthestretch,Lt.
(/File%3AVol4_page_0133_eq_002.png)....................(24)
Backtotop

Example5
Findfreepointforastuckstringof27/86.50APIsteeltubingstringinan11,000ftwell.
Solution.Withablockhookloadof60,000lbf,markthetubingatthetopofrotarytable.Anadditional10,000lbfloadwaspickedupandthemeasuredincreaseinlength
(stretch)is20.0in.CalculatethetubingcrosssectionareawithEq.5.Am=(2.87522.4412)/4=1.812in.2UseEq.3.25tocalculateLp=LtEAm/(12F)=20.0
in.30,000,000psi1.812in.2/(12in./ft10,000lbf)=9,060ft.
Backtotop

Buckling
Tubingbucklingmustbeconsideredindesign.SeeCasingandtubingbuckling(/Casing_and_tubing_buckling).

Corrosionconsiderations
Tubingselectionforcorrosiveenvironmentsisacriticaldesignresponsibility.Boththeinsideandoutsideofthetubingcanbedamagedbycorrosion.Weightlosscorrosionmay
beaseriousproblemwithconventionaltubingstringsinwellsproducingsaltwater,especiallywhenthewaterbecomesthewettingphase.Aciditycausedbythepresenceofacid
gases(CO2andH2S)normallyincreasesthecorrosionrate.Whencorrosionisminor,thecommonpracticeistousestandardAPIgradesandtostartbatchinhibitionwhen
corrosionbecomesaproblem.
Corrosion(/Glossary%3ACorrosion)/erosion(/Glossary%3AErosion),amajorproblemwithsteeltubing,occursinmosthighrategascondensatewellsinwhichthegas
containsCO2.TheCO2attacksthesteeltubing,whichcreatesanironcarbonatefilm(corrosionproduct)itisremovedfromthewallbyerosion(impingementofwellfluids).
Rapiddeeppitfailuremayoccurfromcorrosion/erosion.IncreasingfluidvelocitiesandCO2partialpressurearehighlydetrimental,asareincreasingtemperatureorincreasing
brineproduction.Theremaybearegionofconditionsinwhichfrequentbatchorcontinuousinhibitionisnecessary.
GaswellswithCO2contentshigherthan30psipartialpressureandgasvelocitiesgreaterthan40fpsnormallyrequirecontinuousorfrequentbatchinhibitiontoprotectthesteel
tubing.CorrosionResistantAlloy(CRA)materialisoftenthemostcosteffectivemeansofcombattingerosion/corrosion.SomeCRAmaterialissubjecttofailureinbrinewater
environments.
Adifferenttypeoftubingdesignproblemissulfidestresscorrosioncracking(SSC).SSCand/orhydrogenembrittlementcausesabrittletypefailureinsusceptiblematerialsat
stresseslessthanthetubingyieldstrength(/Glossary%3AYield_strength).SSCisacrackingphenomenonencounteredwithhighstrengthsteelsinsour(H2S)aqueous
environment.
Crackingalsooccursinaustenitic(/Glossary%3AAustenitic_steel)stainlesssteelsincausticorchloridesolutionsandmildsteelincausticornitratesolutions.Susceptibilityto
attackofmostlowalloysteelsisroughlyproportionaltoitsstrength.Intermsofhardness,moststeelsarenotsubjecttoSSCfailureifthehardnessislessthan241Brinell
Hardnessnumberor23HardnessRockwellC.ThepotentialharmfullevelofH2Sforsusceptiblematerialshasbeendefinedas0.05psipartialpressureoftheH2Sgasphase.
Carbonateinducedcrackingofmildsteelcanoccurinfreshwaterenvironments.
UseofinhibitiontopreventSSCisnotcompletelyreliablebecause100%effectivecoverageofmetalsurfacegenerallyisnotachieved.Thebestsolutionfortubularssubjectto
SSCistousematerialsthatarenotsubjecttoSSCfailures.Ingeneral,followNACEguidelines.[3]
Dissimilarmetalsclosetoeachothercaninfluencecorrosion.Becausecorrosioncanresultfrommanycausesandinfluencesandcantakedifferentforms,nosimpleoruniversal
remedyexistsforitscontrol.Eachtubingwellproblemmustbetreatedindividually,andthesolutionmustbeattemptedinlightofknownfactorsandoperatingconditions.
Backtotop

Internalcoatings
Plasticinternalcoatingofatubingstringissometimesusedtodetercorrosionorerosion/corrosioninoilandgaswellsandmayincreasetubinglifesignificantly.Suchcasesmay
beinhighwatercutoilwellsorgaswellswithhighCO2partialpressures.Thesecoatingsareusuallythinwallfilmapplications(<0.01in.thick)thatarebaked(bonded)onto
theinsidewallsofthetubingstring.Thefilmthicknessissmallenoughtoallownormalwirelineoperations.
Thekeytoplasticcoatingsisselectingthecorrectmaterialanditsproperapplication.Evenifthespecificationscallfor"100%holidayfree,"eventuallythecoatingcomesoff
andholidaysoccurforvariousreasons,includingbutnotlimitedto:
Poorapplicationorhandlingpractices
Wirelinework
Calipersurveys
Blisterscausedbytheenvironment
Coatingshouldnotbeexpectedtostopallweightlosscorrosionoverthelifeofthewell.Typically,afewholesmaydevelopintimebutthebulkofthetubingstaysintact.In
suchcases,workovercostsareusuallyloweredbecausethetubingoftencanberetrievedwithoutmajorfishingoperations.Becausesuchcoatingsincreasethesmoothness,they
reducepressuredropslightlyinhighratewellsand,insomecases,maybehelpfulinreducingparaffinandscaleproblems.Besidesthinwallfilmcoatings,thereareotherkinds
ofinteriorcoatingorlinersfortubingthathavespecialapplication.PlasticlinersandcementlininghavebeenusedsuccessfullywhenthereductioninIDisnotamajorproblem,
primarilyforwaterandcarbondioxideinjectiontubingorforsourserviceproduction.
Backtotop

Nomenclature
Am = crosssectionmetalareaoftubing,L2,in.2
di = insidediameter,L,in.
do = outsidediameter,L,in.
D = depth,L,ft
Db = designfactorinburst
Dc = designfactorincollapse
Dm = measureddepth,L,ft
Dt = designfactorintension
DtV = trueverticaldepth,L,ft
F = axialload,lbf
Fa = tubinghookloadinair,lbf
Fb = axialbuoyancyload,lbf
Fd = dragload,lbf
Ff = tubinghookloadinfluid,lbf
Fj

= jointyieldstrength,lbf

Fjr = minimumjointyieldstrengthrequired,lbf
Fop = overpullload,lbf
Ft

= tubinghookloadinunsettingpacker,lbf

ga = gradientintheannulus,m/Lt2/L,psi/ft
gg = gasgradient,m/Lt2/L,psi/ft
gf

= fluidgradient,m/Lt2/L,psi/ft

= gradientinthetubing,m/Lt2/L,psi/ft
gw = watergradient,m/Lt2/L,psi/ft
Lp = lengthoftubing
gt

= pressure,m/Lt2,psi

= initialpressure,m/Lt2,psi
pbh = hydrostaticpressureatdepth,m/Lt2,psi
pbr = burstpressurerating,m/Lt2,psi
pi

pca = minimumcollapsepressureunderaxialstress,m/Lt2,psi
pcr = minimumcollapsepressurewithoutaxialstress,m/Lt2,psi
ph = hydrostatictestpressure,m/Lt2,psi
pwf = bottomholepressureattheperforations,m/Lt2,psi
pwh = wellheadpressure,m/Lt2,psi
pww = wellheadworkingpressure,m/Lt2,psi
pyi = internalyieldpressure,m/Lt2,psi
t
= tubethickness,L,in.
T = temperature,T,F
Tbh = bottomholetemperature,T,F
Tsf = surfaceflowingtemperature,T,F
wf = fluidweight,lb/gal
wn = weightperfootoftubing,lbm/ft
Lt = totalaxialstretchorcontraction,L,in.
Backtotop

References

1.1.01.1APIBull.5C3,FormulasandCalculationsforCasing,Tubing,DrillPipe,andLinePipeProperties,sixthedition.1994.Washington,DC:API.
2.APIBull.5C2,PerformancePropertiesofCasing,TubingandDrillPipe,21stedition.1999.Washington,DC:API.
3.3.03.1MR0175/ISO15156,PetroleumandNaturalGasIndustriesMaterialsforUseinH2SContainingEnvironmentsinOilandGasProduction,firstedition.2001.
Houston,Texas:NACE.
4.ISO/DIS13679,PetroleumandNaturalGasIndustries:TestingProceduresforCasingandTubingConnections,firstedition.2002.Geneva,Switzerland:ISO.

NoteworthypapersinOnePetro
UsethissectiontolistpapersinOnePetrothatareaderwhowantstolearnmoreshoulddefinitelyread

Externallinks
UsethissectiontoprovidelinkstorelevantmaterialonwebsitesotherthanPetroWikiandOnePetro

Seealso
Casingandtubingbuckling(/Casing_and_tubing_buckling)
Casingandtubing(/Casing_and_tubing)
Internationalstandardsfortubing(/International_standards_for_tubing)
Tubinginspectionandhandling(/Tubing_inspection_and_handling)
Tubing(/Tubing)
Backtotop
PEH:Tubing_Selection,_Design,_and_Installation(/PEH%3ATubing_Selection,_Design,_and_Installation)
PEH:Casing_Design(/PEH%3ACasing_Design)

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