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IGN
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L
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RC
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ND
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VE

P&ID
Piping and Instrument
Diagram

CONTENT

P&ID
VALVE
LINE
VESSEL
STORAGE TANK
PUMP
HEAT EXCHANGER
COMPRESSOR
PROCESS
CONTROL
PARAMETER
ADVANCE
CONTROL SYSTEM

VALVE

P&ID, VALVES
Manual valves serve three major functions in fluid handling systems:
Stopping and starting flow
Controlling flow rate
Diverting flow

P&ID, VALVES
The main parameters concerned in selecting a valve or valves for a typical general
service are:
Fluid to be handled
Functional requirements
Operating conditions
Flow characteristics and frictional loss
Size of valve
Any special requirements-quickopening, free draining

P&ID, VALVES, GATE VALVE

DUTY
SERVICE
Stopping and starting flow
Infrequent operation

SHOULD NOT BE USED

Gases
Liquids
Fluids with solids in suspension
Knife gate valve for slurries,
fibers, powders, and granules
Vacuum
Cryogenic

CORROSIVE, TOXIC FLUID

VALUABLE FLUID
FREQUENT OPERATION
HIGH PRESSURE FLAMABLE
FLUID

P&ID, VALVES, GLOBE VALVE, NEEDLE VALVE

DUTY

SERVICE

Controlling flow

Gases essentially free of solids

Stopping and starting flow

Liquids essentially free of solids

Frequent valve operation

Vacuum
Cryogenic

SHOULD NOT BE USED

Low pressure service
Fluids with solids in suspension
Viscose fluid
Greater than 8 size

DUTY
Low to moderate flow rate
For sampling connection

P&ID, VALVES, BALL VALVE

DUTY
SERVICE
Stopping and starting flow

Gases

Moderate throttling

Liquids

Flow diversion

Non-abrasive slurries
Vacuum
Cryogenic

SHOULD NOT BE USED

Steam service

P&ID, VALVES, BUTTERFLY VALVE

DUTY

SERVICE

Stopping and starting flow

Gases

Controlling flow

Liquids
Slurries
Powder
Granules

SHOULD NOT BE USED

Sanitary handling of pharmaceuticals and food stuffs

Vacuum

For gases is unusual

If
leakage is important

P&ID, VALVES, PLUG VALVE, CHECK VALVE

DUTY

SERVICE

Stopping and starting flow

Gases

Moderate throttling

Liquids

Flow diversion

Non-abrasive slurries
Abrasive slurries
Sticky fluids
Sanitary handling of pharmaceutical and food stuffs
Abrasive slurries
Vacuum

DUTY

Open with forward flow and close

against reverse flow

P&ID, VALVES, CONTROL VALVE

LIMIT
SWITCH
POSITIONER
BLOCK
VALVE

BLOCK
VALVE

BLEE
D
VALVE

x, 150#
FC,TS
O

BLEE
D
VALVE

NC

FAIL CLOSED
MOST OF PROCESS CONTROL VALVES
STEAM, FUEL GAS SUPPLY
BY PASS LINE
SIZE: API RP
550

SEAL CLASS
FAIL OPENED USUALLY BETWEEN 3 TO
6
SMALLER
UNUSUAL
VALUES ARE
COOLING WATER, INSTRUMENT
AIR SUPPLY
PUMP MINIMUM FLOW
COMPRESSOR SPILL BACK
PROCESS FLOW TO FIRED HEATER

P&ID, VALVES, REGULATOR

LIMITATION
PCVS CAN REDUCE PRESSURE UP TO HALF
OF UPSTREAM PRESSURE.
USUALLY USED FOR UTILITY SERVICE LINE AND
UNCHANGED OPERATING CONDITION.

DISADVANTAGE

IT IS AN OPEN CONTROL SYSTEM SO HAVE A POOR

ACCURACY.
IT IS A LOCAL CONTROL SYSTEM. CONTROL IS NOT
POSSIBLE FROM CONTROL ROOM.

P&ID, VALVES, ON/OFF VALVE

SDV, SHUT DOWN VALVE
BDV, BLOW DOWN VALVE

LIMIT SWITCH

ESDV, EMERGENCYSHUT DOWN VALVE

LBV, LINE BRAKE VALVE
GOV, GAS OPERATED VALVE
MOV, MOTORIZED VALVE
SSV, SURFACE SAFETY VALVE
SSSV, SUBSURFACE SAFETY VALVE

x, 150#
FC,TS
O
SEAL CLASS
USUALLY BETWEEN 3 TO
6 SMALLER VALUES ARE
UNUSUAL

FAIL CLOSED

FAIL OPENED

ALL EMERGENCY SHUT DOWN VALVE

BDV

PLANT AIR SUPPLY

COMPRESSOR HOT/COLD SURGE LINE

VESSEL

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

GAS OUTLET
DEMISTER PAD SHOULD BE
INSTALED

PSV CONNECTION
MUST BE TAKEN
BELOW
DEMISTER PAD

VANE OR OTHER SUITABLE

INTERNAL

PSV
CONNECTION

INLET STREAM

STEAM OUT OR UTILITY

CONNECTION

LIQUID LEVELS :
LLLL, LLL, NLL,
HLL, HHLL

VORTEX BRAKER
SHOULD BE
INSTALED

ELEVATION

BLOCK/ISOLATION
VALVE

LIQUID OUTLET

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

PSV
CONNECTION

DEMISTER PAD SHOULD BE

INSTALED

PSV
CONNECTION

GAS OUTLET

STEAM OUT OR UTILITY

CONNECTION

VORTEX BRAKER SHOULD

BE INSTALED

INLET STREAM

ELEVATION

LIQUID LEVELS :
LLLL, LLL, NLL,
HLL, HHLL

BLOCK/ISOLATION
VALVE

LIQUID OUTLET

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

PSV
CONNECTION

GAS OUTLET
LIQUID LEVELS :
LLLL, LLL, NLL,
HLL, HHLL

INLET STREAM

WIER

ELEVATION
INTERFACE LIQUID
LEVELS :
LLLL, LLL, NLL, HLL,
HHLL

LIQUID OUTLET
LIQUID OUTLET

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

Three Phase Separator (Spillover Weir)

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

Three Phase Separator (Fixed Weir)

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

Three Phase Bucket & Weir

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

Bucket and Riser

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

Typical Production Separator

P&ID, VESSEL, VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

STORAGE

P&ID, STORAGE TANKS

VENT WITH
BIRD SCREEN

INLET STREAM

LIQUID OUTLET

P&ID, STORAGE TANKS

PSV & VACUMM

BRAKER CONNECTION

BLANKETING

GAS OUTLET

LIQUID LEVELS :
LLLL, LLL, NLL,
HLL, HHLL

INLET STREAM
PRODUCTION
TANK

LIQUID OUTLET

PUMP

P&ID, PUMPS, TYPES AND APPLICATION

PUMPS

POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT

KINETIC

CENTRIFUGAL

AXIAL

ROTARY

RECIPROCATING

P&ID, PUMPS, TYPES AND APPLICATION. IPS-E-PR-230, GPSA

P&ID, PUMPS, MINIMUM FLOW, WARM UP, COOL DOWN

MINIMUM
FLOW TO
PUMP
SUCTION

MINIMUM FLOW

DISCHARGE HEADER
SUCTION HEADER

WARM UP, COOL

DOWN BY-PAS S
MINIMUM FLOW
TO SUPPLY
RESERVOIR

STRAINER
- Y TYPE UP TO 2
- T TYPE FOR 3 AND ABOVE

CHECK VALVE

- LIFT CHECK VALVE UP TO 2

- SWING CHECK VALVE 3
AND ABOVE

MINIMUM FLOW

ISOLATION VALVE

P&ID, PUMPS, CHECK VALVE

P&ID, PUMPS, STRAINER

HEAT EXCHANGER

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

SHELL AND TUBE HEX

VERSATILE AND SUITABLE FOR

ALMOST ALL APPLICAION

IRRESPECTIVE OF DUTY,
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

SELECTION OF SHELL OR TUBE

SIDE FOR THE FLUIDS

TUBE SIDE

SHELL SIDE

HIGHER PRESSURE FLUID

HIGHER VISCOSITY

FUOLING OR CORROSIVE FLUID

EVAPORATION, REBOILING

SEA WATER

LOWER PRESSURE FLUID

COOLING WATER, STEAM

CONDENSATION

LEAST FOULING FLUID

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

SHELL INLET

TUBE OUTLET
TUBE INLET

DOUBLE PIPE HEX IS AN ALTERNATIVE

FOR SHELL AND TUBE HEX WHEN:

LOW FLOW RATES

LARGE TEMPERATURE CROSS

DUTY IS LESS THAN 500KW

NO. OF TUBE PER PASS < 30

SHELL DIAMETER < 200mm

SHELL OUTLET

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

AIR VERSUS WATER COOLING
AVALABILITY OF COOLANT
CHOICE OF PLANT LOCATION
CHOICE OF COOLER LOCATION
SPACE, FOR COOLER ONLY
SPACE, FOR COMPLETE COOLING
SYSTEM
EFFECT OF WEATHER

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
PRESSURE

FORCED AIR COOLER

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

AIR VERSUS WATER
COOLING
PROCESS FLUID OUTLET
TEMPERATURE
POWER FAILURE
CONTAMINATION
FOULING
CLEANING
MAINTENANCE COST
AE = 0.25 * S&T
CAPITAL COST
AE = (2-3) * S&T
COOLING EFFICIENCY
AE = (0.5-0.7) * S&T

INDUCED AIR COOLER

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

FORCED AIR COOLER

INDUCED AIR COOLER

FORCED OR INDUCED DRAFT

AIR AT LOWER AVAILABLE TEMPERATURE IN FORCED DRAFT, CAUSES LOWER POWER REQUIREMENT.
ACCESSIBILITY TO MOTOR AND DRIVER ARE BETER ON FORSED. LOWER STRUCTURAL AND
MAINTENANCE COSTS.
POSIBILITY WITH FORST DRAFT OF HOT AIR RECIRCULATING INTO SUCTION OF FAN THEREBY REDUCING
EFFICIENCY.
INDUCED DRAFT GIVES BETTER AIR DISTRIBUTION DUE TO LOWER INLET VELOCITY WITH LESS CHANCE
OF RECIRCULATING OF HOT AIR.
INDUCED DRAFT COOLERS CAN BE EASILY INSTALLED ABOVE PIPERACKS OR OTHER EQUIPMENT.

P&ID, HEAT EXCHANGERS

PLATE AND FRAME VERSUS
SHELL AND TUBE

HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY

FLEXIBLE, LOW FOULING

TNDENCY

COMPACT, LOW WEIGHT

NO INTER STREAM MIXING

CHEAPEST IF SUITABLE FOR

OPERATING CONDITION

PLAT AND FRAME HEX

COMPRESSOR

P&ID, COMPRESSORS, TYPES & APPLICATION

COMPRESSORS

POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT

KINETIC

CENTRIFUGAL

AXIAL

ROTARY

RECIPROCATING

P&ID, COMPRESSORS, TYPES & APPLICATION

P&ID, COMPRESSORS, P&ID

ANTI SURGE LINE

TRAIN

INLET STREAM

PSV
CONNECTION

PSV
CONNECTION

HOT
SURGE
LINE

STEAM OUT
LIQUID OUTLET

SECOND
TRAIN

PRESSURE SAFETY
VALVE

P&ID, PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE

PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE

CONVENTIONAL

BALANCE TYPE

PILOT OPERATED

VACUMM BRACKER

BREATHING VALVE

P&ID, PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE

FLARE SUBHEADER

TO FLARE HEADER

ONE SET PSV

LO
FB

LO
FB

NC

PROCESS CONTROL
SYSTEM

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

PROSESS CONTROL PARAMETERS

PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE

FLOW RATE

LEVEL

OTHER
COMPONENT
COMPOSITION

PH

CONDUCTIVITY

TURBIDITY

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS

PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS
GAUGE
INDICATOR

SWITCH
HIGH HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW LOW

TRANSMITTER
INDICATING

RECORDING

SWITCHING

ALARMING

CONTROL

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS

PAH

PAL
PALL
.
.

.
SWITCHING

LOCAL
INDICATING

PSH
.

PI
.

PIR
.

PAHH
PAH
PAL
PALL

PT
.

PI
.

PT
.
TRANSMITTING

PSL
.

PAHH
PAH

PSLL
.

PAHH

PAL
PALL

PSHH

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, PRESSURE INSTRUMENTS

A PRESSURE CONTROL
LOOP IN A PFD

PC

PAHH

PIRC
.

PIT
.

PAH
PAL
PALL

A PRESSURE CONTROL
LOOP IN A PID

PI
.

PV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS
GAUGE
INDICATOR

SWITCH
HIGH HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW LOW

TRANSMITTER
INDICATING

RECORDING

SWITCHING

ALARMING

CONTROL

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

TAH

TAL
TALL
.
.

.
SWITCHING

LOCAL
INDICATING

TSH
.

TI
.

TIR
.

TAHH
TAH
TAL
TALL

TT
.

TI
.

TT
.
TRANSMITTING

TSL
.

TAHH
TAH

TSLL
.

TAHH

TAL
TALL

TSHH

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

PROCESS IN

A TEMPERATURE
CONTROL LOOP IN A PFD

CWS

CWR

TC

PROCESS OUT

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

PROCESS IN

A TEMPERATURE
CONTROL LOOP IN A PID

TV
.
CWR

CWS

TI
.
TIRC
.

TAHH
TAH
TAL
TALL

TIT
.
PROCESS OUT

x, 150#
FC

NC

FACING

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTS

PROCESS IN

A TEMPERATURE
CONTROL LOOP IN A PID

TV
.
LPS

x, 150#
FC

LPC

NC

TI
.
FACING

TIRC
.

TAHH
TAH
TAL
TALL

TIT
.
PROCESS OUT

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

FLOW INSTRUMENTS
GAUGE
INDICATOR

SWITCH
HIGH HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW LOW

TRANSMITTER
INDICATING

RECORDING

SWITCHING

ALARMING

CONTROL

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

FLOW MEASUREMENT
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
INSTRUMENTS
VENTURI
TUBE

ORIFICE
PLATE

FLOW TUBE

FLOW
NOZZLE

VARIABLE AREA
FLOWMETER
FORCE OR TARGET
FLOWMETER

TURBINE FLOWMETER
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
FLOWMETER

VORTEX FLOWMETER

SONIC FLOWMETER

PITOT TUBE

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETER: Variable area flowmeters are normally used

when local indication only is required.

FI
.

FG
.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE/ORIFICE PLATE FLOWMETER: Orifice plats are

used in installations where higher pressure drop con be tolerated.

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE/ FLOW NOZZLE: Flow nozzles are used in

installations where higher velocity and moderately better pressure recovery

are required than are obtainable with an orifice plate.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE/ VENTURI TUBE: Venturi tubes are used in

installations where high capacity and good pressure recovery are required
or where the measured stream contains some solids.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE/ POITOT TUBE, ANNUBAR: Generally, pitot tubes

are used in installations where no appreciable pressure drop can be tolerated

on high-volume flows, such as on cooling water.

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

FORCE OR TARGET FLOWMETER: Force or target flow meters measure flow

inferentially by measuring the force developed at a disk-shaped target

suspended in the flow path. Target meters are used for measuring the flow of
viscous hydrocarbon streams.
TURBINE FLOWMETER: Turbine meters measure flow from the rotation

produced by the flow past a turbine or propeller. Occasionally, turbine

meters are used for process flow measurement where highly accurate, wide
range measurement of very small flow rates is required.

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT: This meter measures flow by isolating, counting,

and totaling segments of known volume as they are displaced through its
body. Positive displacement meters are used because they are accurate
over a wide flow range. They are often used for custodytransfer, particularly
for heavy or viscous fluids.

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

VORTEX FLOWMETER: Vortex meters are oscillatory flowmeters that utilize

the vortex train generated by an obstruction placed in a fluid stream. They

measure flow by counting the vortices. Vortex meters are used primarily
because of their wide rangeability and accuracy. In certain cases, their
relatively low cost may also dictate their use.

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

FAH

FAL
FALL
.
.

FSH
.

FIR
.

FAHH
FAH
FAL
FALL

FT
.

FI
.

FT
.
TRANSMITTING

FAHH
FAH

SWITCHING

FSL
.

FSLL
.

FAHH

FAL
FALL

FSHH

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, FLOW INSTRUMENTS

A FLOW CONTROL
LOOP IN A PFD

FC

FAHH

FIRC
.

FIT
.

FAH
FAL
FALL

A FLOW CONTROL
LOOP IN A PID

FV
.

PROCESS
LINE

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LEVEL INSTRUMENTS
GAUGE
INDICATOR

SWITCH
HIGH HIGH

HIGH

LOW

LOW LOW

TRANSMITTER
INDICATING

RECORDING

SWITCHING

ALARMING

CONTROL

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LG
.

LSH
.

LAH
.

LT
.

LIR
.

LAHH
LAH
LAL
LAL
L

LSH
.

LAH
.

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LC
.
A FLOW CONTROL
LOOP IN A PFD

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LT
.

LIRC
.

LAHH
LAH
LAL
LAL
L

A FLOW CONTROL
LOOP IN A PID

LV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM, LEVEL INSTRUMENTS

LG
.

LT
.

LIRC
.

LAHH
LAH
LAL
LAL
L

LV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, ADVANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, SIGNALS

CONTROL SIGNALS
ELECTRIC SIGNAL

ELECTRONIC SIGNAL

HYDRAULIC SIGNAL

P&ID, ADVANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, CASE STUDY

LAL
.

LAH
.
ON/OF

LSL
.

LSH
.

LG
.

LT
.

LI
.

XV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, ADVANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, CASE STUDY

LV
.

x, 150#
FO

NC

PI
.

PI
.

PDI
.

PDT
.
PDAH

PT
.

PI
.

PAH

FIC
.

PAL

PT
.

PI
.

FIT
.

FAL

P&ID, ADVANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, CASE STUDY.

LALL
.

ESD

LAHH
.

OPEN

LSLL
.

LSHH
.

LG
.

LT
.

LI
.

LAH
LAL

CLOSE

XV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC

P&ID, ADVANCE CONTROL SYSTEM, CASE STUDY

LALL
.

ESD

LAHH
.

LSLL
.

LSHH
.

LG
.

LIC
.

LT
.

LAH
LAL

SV
.

LV
.

x, 150#
FC

NC