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FIELD GUIDE

A Reference Guide to
Mining Machine Applications

Caterpillar Global Mining

Equipment Management

www.CAT.com
2004 Caterpillar
Printed in U.S.A.

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Scope

Contents

This document is primarily intended for use by

Caterpillar and Cat dealer Project Managers as a
ready reference for the assessment of machine
application and haul road conditions on their
project sites. It may also prove useful to other
Caterpillar and Cat dealer personnel, in need of a
concise reference tool.

Basic Application Benchmarks and

Operating Techniques
Loading Tools
Trucks
Wheel Dozers
Motor Graders
Track-type Tractors
Tractor Scrapers
Drill Rigs
Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance
Design
Maintenance
Miscellaneous
Management Strategies
Hauling System Application Zones
General Information
Percentage Swell and Load Factors
Approximate Loose Weight of Materials
Typical Rolling Resistances
Approximate Coefficient of Traction Factors
Formulas and Rules of Thumb
Weights and Measures
Miscellaneous Technical Data
Machine Specifications
Track-type Tractors
Wheel Loaders
Wheel Dozers
Trucks
Wheel Loaders
Motor Graders
Tractor Scraper
Underground Mining Equipment

It contains practical Benchmarking data that is

achievable with correct and well-managed machine
application. It is also intended to provide guidance
on assessing haul road design and maintenance
that supports sound industry practices.

2
8
14
18
22
25
26
34
42
51
53
59
60
62
63
64
66
70
73
75
77
79
75
83
85
87

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LOADING TOOLS

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LOADING TOOLS

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

First pass must be a good pass
(operator has entire truck
exchange to get it full). Ensure
truck is correctly 'spotted' by
loader (with first pass, or the horn).
Rope Shovels
70 - 90 degree maximum
swing
Efficient support machine
activity to keep floor clean
Power cable maintenance
Never operate a bare edge
Hydraulic Front Shovels
First two passes:
Upper half of face
3rd / 4th passes:
Load out the center
Final passes:
Clean up floor
Keep work area as tight as
possible; as for backhoe
Avoid excessive prying or
corner loading; dont swing
into pile

* GET - Ground
Engaging Tools
** ME - Mass
Excavation

Maximize GET tip contact and

minimize bowl contact (i.e.
boom up and curl bowl
through material). Use boomup to minimize bucket heel
contact.
Never operate a bare edge
Hydraulic Backhoes (ME**)
Maintain tight work zone;
(ideally dig no more than 45
degrees either side of center
line, i.e. work over idlers) and
(swing no more than 60
degrees to truck)
Watch poorly blasted toe
Maximize GET tip contact &
minimize bucket contact (i.e.
enter face with tips at the
correct angle, and curl bucket
through material). Use boomup to minimize bucket heel
contact
Never operate a bare edge

2
Wheel Loaders
Enter pile straight-on,
with floor of bucket
parallel to floor
Keep frame straight
when digging
Lift bucket before
crowding
Fill bucket by the time lift
arms are horizontal
Minimize non-productive
floor contact (clean up)
Maintain proper kick-out
adjustment.
Keep time in face below
0.2 minutes
(12 seconds)
Wheel turns only from
face to truck
Never operate a bare
edge

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Rope Shovels

Hydraulic Front Shovels

Top of boom sheaves

Just above boom/

stick pivot

Cycle Times

28 - 40 seconds
(avg. 35 seconds)

24 - 28seconds
(avg. 27 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock

100 - 105%

90 - 100%

Most Efficient
Pass Match

3 - 5 passes

4 - 6 passes

Favorable Site
Conditions

Working a single face of the

Selective digging: can also efficiently mine

Optimum Bench Height

correct height
Stable/level floor
Wide benches
(to facilitate truck maneuverability)
Well-shot material

multiple targets

Tight load area with

tight material

Can work in poor floor conditions

Angle tracks slightly
to face

Define dig pattern,

L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern
Adverse Site
Conditions Avoid

Poor underfoot

Excessive tramming
Low benches

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Hydraulic Backhoes
(Mass Excavation)
Length of stick, or between truck siderail
and ducktail

Hydraulic Front Shovels

Cycle Times

24 - 28 seconds
(avg. 25 seconds)

32 - 42 seconds
(avg. 38 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor

in Well-shot Rock

80 - 110%

90 - 110%

Most Efficient
Pass Match

4 - 6 passes

4 - 6 passes

Favorable Site
Conditions

Correct bench height (worth 10-15%

Level, dry, smooth, firm floors

Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high
rainfall areas to minimize tire damage
Well fragmented materials that minimize
crowding time, particularly in the toe-area of
the cut
Lower face profile
Multi-face loading

Adverse Site
Conditions Avoid

High benches
Excessive tramming
Unstable benches
Low angle of repose material

Optimum Bench Height

more production than too high)

Truck below HEX
(worth 15-20% over same-level loading)
Tight load area, with tight material
Short swing 60 (worth 5% over
90 swing)
Well shot material
Remove farthest pass during
truck exchange
Maintain key-cut

Bucket hinge pin height

at maximum lift

Poor/wet underfoot
Tight load areas
Tire damage due to
poor clean-up

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TRUCKS

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TRUCKS

Exchange Time

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Good
(target)

0.7 minutes
(42 seconds)

Acceptable 0.9 minutes

(54 seconds)
The elapsed time from
when the loaded truck
receives its last load
until the next truck
receives its first
loading pass.

Load Placement

10

Center load above

hoist cylinders or
load arrow.
Longitudinal Centered about
centerline of body.
General
No substantial amount
of material on
headboard.
Enough freeboard
to minimize spillage
from sides through
corners and from the
rear on grades.
Target 66%/33%
load split on front/
rear axles.

Correct Loading
Incorrect Loading

Lateral

Payload
Accuracy

VIMS/TPMS Payload
system will read
heavy if the load is
placed rearward and
light when the load is
placed forward of the
correct point. Payload
accuracy can vary
3 5% for each 600 mm
(2 feet) the load is out
of position laterally.

Correct Loading
Incorrect Loading

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TRUCKS

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Truck Position - Spotted in

correct position by loader
operator, rather than where truck
operator decides to stop.
Can be spotted by horn, or by
first pass.Positioned to help
facilitate faster cycles:
At 45 for wheel loaders
Depending on loading technique
for shovels and backhoes
Not parked with rear tires up on
toe of pile.
No excessive queuing or waiting
for loading tool.
Safety - Truck parked with
Parking Brake ON, Trans. in N
(Retarder may be applied in
addition to Parking Brake, but
Parking Brake must be applied
whenever truck is stopped more
than momentarily).
Body - Watch for wear-through of
liner plates: Dual Slope bodies
typically wear the front 'triangle'
of the rear slope, and rear
corners. On Flat Floor bodies,

wear is typically even across the

rear 1/3 of the floor. Also, ensure
correct alignment of body pads.
Tires Tires offer a valuable insight
into road and pit conditions.
Look for sidewall cutting, impact
and cutting in the tread face,
erosion and cracking in the
bead/flange area, etc.
Check TKPH (TMPH)* for all
chosen haul profiles.

12

Visit tire graveyard looking

for scrapped tires with
significant tread remaining.
Identify causes and work
to improve life and
tread utilization.

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WHEEL DOZERS

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

General Keep loads small

and roll, dont carry, the
load.
Avoid excessive downpressure that unloads front
tires and leads to wheel
spin... ballast of front tires is
not recommended. Push
load with machine as
straight as possible
Minimize heel-plate contact.
Maintain full blade contact
with the floor.
Blade Angle Keep heelplate parallel with floor and
the back of the blade
vertical.
A blade rolled too far
forward will wear end-bits
and moldboard prematurely
and decrease productivity.

Truck / WD Match
The following WTD model
sizes are recommended for
pushing dumped material
from these truck models.
834 773 / 777
844 777 / 785
854 785 / 789 / 793

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MOTOR GRADERS

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MOTOR GRADERS

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

General Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear
(611 km/h / 4-7 mph).
Grading in 4th gear greatly
accelerates circle drive
pinion and cutting edge
wear.
Speed is excessive if
cutting edge shows signs
of excessive heat
(tempering back/bluing)
and flaking.
Maintain 1st gear for all
ripping, manually operate
throttle.
Ensure cutting edges
maintain protection for
moldboard; change ahead
of moldboard damage
(recommend when 10 mm
[1/2 inch] remaining).
Keep edges sharp for
improved penetration.
Use scarifiers to break up hardpacked top surface for material
redistribution if blade is unable to
penetrate effectively. A number of
passes may be required to achieve
this effect.

Blade Position
Tip Angle Top of moldboard should
typically be ahead of the
cutting edge by; 16 and 24
MG - 50mm - 100mm
(2- 4), for optimal
grading.
Maintaining a constant tip
angle in operation
minimizes cutting
edge wear.
Blade
Angle Use widest possible
pass width, but
increase angle if
material flows around
leading edge. When
using the Graderbit
system or a serrated
edge, use a blade angle of
10 degrees maximum.
Maintain full width cutting
edge contact with road
surface.
Work
Envelope If the motor grader cannot
maintain full blade contact
with the floor, with
consequent high point
loading on the cutting

20

edge, penetration will be

poor. These situations are
more likely better suited
to a Track-type Tractor or
Wheel Dozer.

For further information, consult H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945.

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TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS/
SCRAPERS

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TRACK-TYPE
TRACTORS
Watch for...

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

General
Operation Excessive tramming
between jobs. (<5% of
time).
Loose or missing track
hardware.
Ripping
General

Truck / Dozer
Dump Match
The following TTT
model sizes are
recommended for
pushing dumped
material from
these truck
models:
D9 777
D10 777 / 785 / 789
D11 789 / 793 / 797
For further information,
consult The Handbook of
Ripping AEDK0752.

Page 29

Ripper
Position

Rip downhill wherever

possible.
When ripping for
scrapers, rip in the same
direction, as the scrapers
will load.
Generally, speeds of 1.52.5 km/hr (1-1.5 mph) at 2/3
throttle will give the most
economical production,
with reduced speeds in
shock/impact conditions.
Begin pass with ripper tip
rearward, then pull tip
forward/under the tractor
after tip penetrates
ground.
Excessive track slippage
and blunt tips are good
indicators that ripper
position is not correct.

Pin breakage in shank

protectors or ripper tips is
also a good indication of
incorrect operation
Dozing
General Big loads slow rather
than small loads fast.
Doze in 1st gear.
Steer machine with Blade
Tilt cylinders rather than
steering clutches when
blade is loaded; track slap
in the middle of a cut is a
good indication that
steering clutches are
being used.
Use slot dozing wherever
possible, as it can be worth
up to 20% extra production
and assure the tractor is
pushing all it can push.
Start to doze from the front
of the cut. Work to the rear,
moving back 1 to 2 machine
lengths each additional
pass. Keep slot depth to be
a maximum of 2/3 blade
height.

24

Minimize corner
loading, prying and
impact; maintain a
steady dozing
pressure.
Blade
Position On Dual Tilt machines,
begin cut with blade
tilted forward for better
penetration, then begin
to lay blade back when
about full. Continue to
fill blade while lying
back, until blade is full
and racked fully back.
GET
Penetration ripper tip
reinforcing ribs must
face upward;
they ship on the shank
with the rib down.
Ensure GET pins,
retainers and bolts are
installed correctly and
are not missing.
Never operate a bare
shank.

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SCRAPERS

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Basic Application
Benchmarks and
Operating Techniques

Loading
Time
Average

Scraper/Tractor
The following TTT
model sizes are
recommended for
push loading the
following scraper
models.
621 D8
631 D9 / D10
651 D10 / D11
For further
information, consult
Making the Most of
Scraper Potential
AEGQ2380 and
Optimum Scraper
Load Time AEGC0195.

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23

Good: 0.4-0.5 minutes

(24-30 seconds)*
0.6-0.7 minutes
(36-43 seconds)*
* Open bowl/push-loaded
Wheel-Tractor Scraper
(shorter time for tandem,
longer time for singlepowered)
Consult publications for
self-loading (elevating/
auger) and push-pull
machines.

DRILLS

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DRILLS

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Table notes:

* Penetration rates in coal can

vary significantly depending
upon rotation speed, drill bit
used, pulldown pressure
applied and intact rock
strength. Penetration rates in
coal are more affected by
operator skill level than downhole conditions or rock type.
+ Penetration rates in hard rock
are almost directly proportional
to intact rock strength. Rule of
thumb: the harder the rock, the
lower the penetration rate.
# Excessive vibration: the drill bit
is bouncing off the bottom of
the hole, which may knock out
the carbide tips on the cones
and cause excessive wear.
Drill plunging occurs when
the pulldown hydraulics enter
into an oscillation, and can be
eliminated by better control of
pulldown pressure.
Excessive pulldown causes
damage to the drill bit by
overloading, and wears items
such as pulldown
chains/ropes/cylinders/motors,
the mast structure, and rotation
motors.

Excessive rotation speeds can

cause premature wear
of the drill bit from overheating.
Bailing velocity is often
incorrect; should be set at
15002500 m/min (5000-8250
ft/min).
Low bailing velocity causes
cuttings to fall back, blocking
drill bits, and collapsing holes
behind the drill bit. Chips don't
eject far enough from the hole
collar.
High bailing velocity causes
excessive wear of the drill bit,
drill steels, and the under side
of the drill deck, and wastes
energy that is not required to
adequately do the job.
Chip/Cutting size gives the best
indication of drilling function.
Cuttings may vary from pea to
golf ball size, depending on drill
size and rock type. Fine powder
indicates grinding rather than
cutting.

28

A correctly leveled drill, and

a flat floor are vital to ensure
all holes are drilled parallel,
and collar elevations are
maintained. Every one
degree of tilt/roll moves the
toe of the hole by 1 m per 10
m (3 ft per 30 ft) drilled; over
a 50 m (150 ft) hole, the toe
can be out by up to 5 m (15
ft). This has a huge effect on
fragmentation when blasted,
particularly in the toe area,
which can seriously affect
ease of digging, GET wear
and machine productivity.

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Typical
Size Classes

(25000-40000 lb)
110 180 kN
Pulldown

(4000060000 lb)
180 270 kN
Pulldown

Typical Machines
in this Class

Driltech DK55, DK40

Ingersol IR60, IR45
Reedrill SK50, SK45
Up to 40 m (130 feet) multi-pass
10-12m (30-40 feet) single pass

Driltech DK55
Ingersol IR60
Reedrill SK50
Up to 60 m (200 feet) multi-pass
12-20m (40-66 feet) single pass

Hole Sizes
(Generic)

100 200 mm
(48 inches)

150 250 mm
(610 inches)

Rotation Speeds:
Coal

120 150 rpm

100 130 rpm

100 120 rpm

(up to 40 rpm hammer)

80 110 rpm

40 60 m/hr
(130200 ft/hr)

40 80 m/hr
(130260 ft/hr)

10 30 m/hr
(30100 ft/hr)

10 40 m/hr
(30130 ft/hr)

Depths

Rotation Speeds:
Hard Rock
Penetration:
Coal*
Penetration:
Hard Rock +
Watch for...
#

Drill plunging
Bailing velocity
Chip/cutting size

Correctly leveled machine, and level floors

Excessive pulldown pressures
Excessive rotation speeds
Excessive vibration (except for hammer drills)

Favorable Site
Conditions

Level floor
Regular pattern spacing
Limited tramming

Adequate maneuvering space

Minimal water ingress
Minimal fracturation of ground
Unbroken ground from rework or back break

30

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques

Typical
Size Classes

(60000125000 lb)
270 570 kN
Pulldown

Typical Machines
in this Class

Driltech
DK75, DK90
Ingersol
DM-P, DM-M3, DM-H
Pit Viper 351 P&H 100XP, 250XP, 120A
Up to 100 m (330 feet) multi-pass
14-20 m (15-22 yd) single pass

Driltech Gator
Ingersol
LNEAC 500, 600

Hole sizes
(Generic)

200 350 mm
(814 inches)

Up to 150 mm
(Up to 6 inches)

Rotation Speeds:
Coal

80 110 rpm

80 120 rpm

Rotation Speeds:
Hard Rock

70 90 rpm

Up to 40 rpm hammer

Penetration:
Coal*

40 100 m/hr
(130330 ft/hr)

30 50 m/hr
(100165 ft/hr)

Penetration:
Hard Rock +

10 50 m/hr
(30165 ft/hr)

10 30 m/hr
(30100 ft/hr)

Depths

32

Track Drills

Tamrock (most models)

Up to 50 m (165 feet) multi-pass

8-10 m (26-35 feet) single pass

Watch for...
#

Drill plunging
Bailing velocity
Chip/cutting size

Correctly leveled machine, and level floors

Excessive pulldown pressures
Excessive rotation speeds
Excessive vibration (except for hammer drills)

Favorable Site
Conditions

Level floor
Regular pattern spacing
Limited tramming

Adequate maneuvering space

Minimal water ingress
Minimal fracturation of ground
Unbroken ground from rework or back break

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Page 39

BASIC HAUL ROAD DESIGN

AND MAINTENANCE

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Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance

Horizontal and
General Vertical
Alignment

Cross-slopes

36

To maximize safe working,

corners and crests must
be designed such that machine
operators are capable of
seeing and avoiding hazards
when travelling at normal
operating speeds. These
calculations must be
completed using worst case
scenarios (i.e. smallest
obstacle, longest stopping
distance, highest expected
speeds, wet roads, etc).

On Flats
Apply the minimum slope to
maintain drainage for expected
rainfall conditions on site.
If conditions permit, consider a
2% constant crossfall, with
loaded trucks running on the
'uphill' side of the road. This
can help optimize tire load
sharing across the rear of the
truck. Otherwise, a crown with
minimum slope angle.

1
10

On Grades
Minimal cross-slope required
unless rainfall is very heavy,
as drainage is provided by
downgrade.

2 constant crossfall

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Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance

Grade

General
Smooth, and of constant grade to
minimize transmission shifts, and
maintain higher average grade
speed. This also allows more
constant braking effort on return
journey.

Corners

Radius
Use maximum practical radius.
Keep as constant and smooth as
possible.
Super-elevation
Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h
(10 mph) per Performance
Handbook (PHB) recommendations
(Tables section). Super-elevation
greater than 10% should be used
with caution due to the danger of
sideways slippage in wet
conditions.

Road Width

1 way Straights/Corners A
minimum 2 - 2.5 widths is
recommended.
2 way - In Straights A minimum of
3 - 3.5 truck widths.
- In Corners A minimum of
3.5 - 4 truck widths.

38

Correct

Incorrect

One-way (Straights/Corners)
Two-way (In Straights)
Two-way (In Corners)

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Page 45

Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance

Bench Width

General
Truck to clear loader under full
acceleration.
Minimum width = machine turning
radius + safety berm.

Drainage

General
Must be able to adequately carry
away maximum expected rainfall, with
a minimum of puddling, pot-holing or
entry of water into the road sub-base.

Safety Berms
(windrows)

All locations
Berm should be a minimum half of
wheel height at the dump edge and
along all haul road/highwall edges.
Check against local mining regulations.

Rolling Resistance

For Off-Highway Trucks running

radial-ply tires, assume a minimum RR
(rolling resistance) of:
1.5% for a hard, well-maintained,
permanent haulroads

40

Bench Width

In practice, a 5% increase in rolling

resistance can result in up to a 10%
decrease in production and a 35%
increase in production costs.

3% for a well-maintained road with

little flexing

4% for a road with 25 mm (1)

tire penetration

5% for a road with 50 mm (2)

tire penetration
8% for a road with 100 mm (4)
tire penetration
14% for a road with 200 mm (8)
tire penetration

1/2 wheel height

Drainage

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HAUL ROAD
MAINTENANCE

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Page 49

Basic Haul Road Maintenance

Rules of Thumb

Can you travel comfortably at 60

km/h (35 mph) on haulroad
in a light vehicle
(ute/manhaul/pick-up truck)?
Does the haul road begin at the
loading face and end at the
dump? i.e. Can you travel at a
reasonable speed up to the
dump zone?

Soft/Wet Areas

It is far more practical to fully

remove wet/soft spots in the
haul road completely and refill
than to continually try and
maintain. Fix it once, fix it right!

General Dust

Watering to remove the hazard

of dust also helps maintain
compaction (and strength) of
the road base. Consider using a
checker board or spot
intermittent watering pattern on
slopes to reduce the risk of
slippage during braking.

44

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Page 51

Basic Haul Road Maintenance

Analysis Tools

46

ASA
(Application Severity Analysis)

Fleet Production and Cost (FPC)

Vital Information Management

System (VIMS)

Use ASA to assess machine

application severity:
To identify locations/features
on the road for improvement
To quantify the severity of the
haul from strut pressure data
To illustrate transmission shift
frequency and gear on grade
To identify brake/retarder
application (frequency and
location)

Use FPC to compare actual cycle

times with theoretical values.
Are trucks achieving predicted
speed on grades?
Are trucks cycling in predicted
cycle times?
Are truck wait times at the
loader in the predicted range?

Use VIMS to help manage

machine application:
Datalogger data (ASA) and
RAC to quantify haul road
conditions
Better payload management to
optimize speed on grade
Check Event Logs for high
brake temperatures, engine
overspeeds, etc

If not, investigate possible

causes:
Rough/slippery roads
causing operators to slow
Higher rolling resistance
than planned/expected
Tight corners forcing
machine to slow
Poor visibility due to dust
or obscured views
Pinch points, STOP signs at
intersections, etc

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Page 53

Visual Inspections While Driving the Haul Road

Loading Zone

Main Haul Road

Watch for smooth floor, with

adequate water removal, kept
clear of debris fallen from the
face, and from trucks as they
leave the zone.
Make certain trucks are not
backing onto rocks fallen from
the face, or driving over rocks
spilled during loading, as this
damages tires and powertrain
components, and adversely
affects payload accuracy.
Avoid tight, high-speed turns as
trucks return to the load area.
Can the truck leave the loading
zone under full and continuous
acceleration, or is the loading
zone too tight, too rough or too
congested with other machines
to allow this to occur?
A well maintained, smooth
haulroad, with sufficient
drainage, free from potholes,
ruts and gullies, with smooth/
constant grades, adequate
passing room (road width),
adequate corner radius (superelevated if necessary) etc., that

48

Loading Zone

allows safe and reliable operation

at the highest possible road
speed.
Is spillage that falls from moving
trucks removed quickly?
Are there signs of rubber being
deposited on tight or rocky turns?

Are operators applying high

braking forces to negotiate
corners?
Can the truck achieve expected
road speeds for all segments?

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Visual Inspections While

Driving the Haul Road 49

Dump Zone

A smooth floor that allows trucks to

maintain speed until they reach
dump zone, entering parallel to edge
and braking in a straight line before
turning and stopping to reverse and
dump.
Safety berms of regulation height
along the entire edge.
Ensure dump is stable, or dump
short and push off.

MISCELLANEOUS

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Miscellaneous

Management
Strategies

Present machine application

issues to mine management in a
language they understand; i.e.
Productivity (lost or gained), and
Cost per Ton.
Identify the potential to improve
productivity.
Better bucket fill factors
through:
Improved fragmentation
Correct bucket selection,
GET selection and GET
maintenance
Correct bench heights
Correct loader orientation
to face
Faster loader cycle times
through:
Correct orientation to face
Correct truck placement
Improved material condition
Improved floor conditions

52

Higher average OHT road

speeds through:
Smoother Roads (including
loading and dump zones)
-use VIMS/TPM with ASA
and RAC
Minimize rolling resistance
Better haul road designs
that:
-reduce switchbacks
-remove cross-overs with
STOP signs
-allow constant
speed/gear on grades
Better payload control to
ensure highest possible
gear on grade
-use VIMS/TPMS and
VIMS Supervisor

Use Cat Software Tools [FPC,

EMF, DOZSIM etc.] to:
Compare theoretical with
actual:
Grade speeds/Cycle times
Fuel consumption
Total machine/fleet
productivity
Model the effects on total
productivity through changes
to:
Average road speeds
-higher on-grade speeds
-reduced rolling
resistance
-reduced corner severity
-removal of speed limits
Improved bucket fill factors
and truck/loader match
Reduced truck exchange
and waiting times
Reduced fuel consumption
Improved component life
and machine/fleet
availability
Improved tire life/reduced
tire costs

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Miscellaneous

Hauling Systems
Application Zones

Consider whether the most economic

earthmoving system is being used in the
application. The following values are rules
of thumb, but will vary with underfoot
conditions, material type, required
production rate, and operator skill:

Dozers (general): 0 to 100 m (0 to 350 ft)

Dozers (carry): 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 1500 m (400 to 5000 ft)

54

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Miscellaneous

Support Equipment

Tractors,
Wheel Dozers,
Motor Graders and
Water Trucks
Consider the benefits outlined
in Management Strategies
when correct use of support
machines allows optimum
machine productivity, minimum
impact on major component
lives, maximum tire life,
maximum haul road life, and
most importantly, maximum
operational safety.

Also consider that Wheel

Dozers are typically more costeffective than Track-type
Tractors in lighter applications
such as haul road and shovel
clean-up, and offer greater
speed for better coverage and
improved flexibility.

56

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GENERAL INFORMATION

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General Information

60

Percentage swell and load factors of different materials*

CINDERS
CLAY
Dry
Wet
CLAY & GRAVEL
Dry
Wet
COAL
Anthracite
Bituminous
EARTH, LOAM
Dry
Wet
GRAVEL
Dry
Wet
GYPSUM
HARDPAN
LIMESTONE
ROCK, WELL BLASTED
SAND
Dry
Wet
SANDSTONE
SHALE & SOFT ROCK
SLAG, BANK
SLATE 65
TRAP ROCK

% Swell
45

Load Factor
.69

40
40

.72
.72

40
40

.72
.72

35
35

.74
.74

25
25

.80
.80

12
12
74
50
67
65

.89
.89
.57
.67
.60
.60

12
12
54
65
23
.60
65

.89
.89
.65
.60
.81
.61

*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must
be made to determine exact material characteristics.

Approxiamate loose weight of materials*

BAUXITE
CALICHE
CINDERS
CARNOTITE, URANIUM ORE
CLAY
Dry Excavated
Wet Excavated
Natural Bed
CLAY & GRAVEL
Dry
Wet
COAL
Anthracite, Raw
Bituminous, Raw
DECOMPOSED ROCK
75% R-25% E **
50% R-50% E
25% R-75% E
EARTH
Dry
Wet
Loam
Dense, Packed
Soft, Loose Mud, Flowing
Packed Dry
GRANITE
Broken or Crushed
Solid
GRAVEL
Pit Run
Dry
Dry 1/4 2
Wet 1/4 2
SAND & GRAVEL
Compacted
GYPSUM
Broken
Crushed
Solid

2,400
2,500
1,100
2,770

1,425
1,485
650
1,630

2,500
2,800
1,725

2,900
1,485
1,650

2,000
1,185

2,800
1,650

2,000
1,190

1,600
950

3,300
2,650
1,725

2,900
1,955
1,585

2,600
2,100
2,910
1,550
1,250
1,730

2,900
3,100
2,560
1,725
1,840
1,520

2,770
1,650

4,720
2,800

3,200
2,500
2,800
3,400
2,700
1,600

2,500
1,485
1,650
2,015
4,050
2,400

3,050
4,700
1,600

2,700
1,810
2,780

*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc. Tests must
be made to determine exact material characteristics.
**R, rock ---- E, earth

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General Information
Approxiamate loose weight of materials*
HEMATITE, IRON
4,150
2,460
LIMESTONE
Broken or Crushed
2,820
4,400
Solid
1,550
2,600
MAGNETITE, IRON ORE
4,680
2,780
PEAT
Dry
700
1,350
Moist
1,900
415
Wet
800
1,125
PYRITES, IRON ORE
4,340
2,580
SANDSTONE
Broken
2,550
3,910
Solid
1,500
2,300
SAND
Dry, Loose
2,400
2,850
Slightly Damp
3,120
3,120
Wet
1,440
1,680
Wet, Packed
1,850
1,850
SAND & GRAVEL
Dry
2,910
3,370
Wet
1,730
2,000
SLAG
Broken
2,970
3,660
Solid
1,760
2,100
SNOW
Dry
220
860
Wet
130
510
STONE, CRUSHED
2,700
1,600
TACONITE
4,050-5,400
2,400-3,200
TOPSOIL
1,620
960
TRAP ROCK
Broken
2,950
4,870
Solid
1,740
2,880
*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.
Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.
**R, rock ---- E, earth

62
Typical Rolling Resistances in Lbs. per gross ton of weight*
A hard, smooth, stabilized, surfaced roadway without penetration
under load, watered, maintained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
A firm, smooth, rolling roadway with dirt or light surfacing,
flexing slightly under load or undulating, maintained fairly regularly,
watered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Snow
Packed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
A dirt roadway, rutted, flexing under load, little if any maintenance, no
water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Rutted dirt roadway, soft under travel, no maintenance,
no stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Loose sand or gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Soft, muddy, rutted roadway, no maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . .200 to 400
*Various tire sizes and inflation pressures will greatly reduce or increase
estimating purposes when specific information on performance of particular
equipment on given soil conditions is not available.

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General Information

64

Approxiamate coefficient of traction factors

CONCRETE
CLAY LOAM
Dry
Wet
Rutted
LOOSE SAND
QUARRY PIT
GRAVEL ROAD (LOOSE NOT HARD)
PACKED SNOW
ICE .12
EARTH
Firm
Loose
COAL, STOCKPILED
*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27

Formulas and rules of thumb

TRACTION FACTORS

Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Rubber Tires
.90

Tracks
.45

Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)

Lbs. Per Bank Yard

.55
.40
.70
.30
.65
.36
.20
.12*

.45
.90
.70
.30
.55
.50
.25

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor

.55
.90
.45

.45
.60
.60

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X

100
100 + % Swell

Bank Yards = Compacted Yards

Shrinkage Factor
Trips per Hour =

60 min.
Cycle Time (min.)
Or
Working Min. per Hr.
Cycle Time (min.)

Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time

Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)
Variable Time = Total Haul time + Total Return Time
Travel Time (min.) =

Distance (ft.)_
Speed (ft.per min.)
Or
Distance (ft.)
Mph X 88

Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)

= 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1tire penetration)
X weight on wheels (lbs.)
= 2% + 1-1/2% (for each 1 tire penetration) X Wt. On
Wheels (lbs.)
Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)
= % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)
Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) = Rolling Resistance Factor
(lbs./ton or %)
+ Grade
Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or
%)Total Pull Required = Rolling
Resistance (lbs.) + Grade
Resistance (lbs.)

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General Information
Formulas and rules of thumb
Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade
Resistance (lbs.)
Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff, of Traction X Weight
on Drivers
Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet
Hourly Prod. Reqd = ____Quan. (b.c.y.)
Working Time (hr.)
No. Units Reqd = Hourly Prod. Req.
Unit Prod.
No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time
Pusher cycle time
Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min.
33000
Typical dragline calculating factors:
Using 110 swing, average swing cycle
For 1/2 yd. = 24 seconds
For 1-1/2 yd = 30 seconds
For 2 yd. = 33 seconds
Bucket Factors:
Easy digging =approx. 95-100% of rated capacity
Med. Digging= approx. 80-90% of rated capacity
Medium Hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacity
Hard Digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity
Typical shovel calculating factors:
Using 90 swing average swing cycle
For 1/2 yd. =20 sec.
For 1 yd. = 21 sec.
For 1-1/2 yd.= 22 sec.
For 2 yd. = 23 sec.
For 2-1/2 yd. =24 sec.
Dipper Factors:
Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacity
Medium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacity
Medium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacity
Hard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity

66
Weights and Measures
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT
20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scuple
drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
3 scuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT
27-11/32 grains . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram
16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton

25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt.
2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton

TROY WEIGHT
24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pwt.
20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce
12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound
used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels
CLOTH MEASURE
2-1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail
4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter
4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard
CUBIC MEASURE
1.728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot
27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard
128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)
40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)
2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel
231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel
DRY MEASURE
2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt.
8 qts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck
LIQUID MEASURE
4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt
2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt
2 barrels 1 hogshead
LONG MEASURE
12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot
3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd
5-1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod

4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel
36 bushels . . . . . . . . . .1 chaldron
4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon
31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . .1 barrel

40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong
8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . .1 sta. Mile
3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league

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General Information

68

Weights and Measures

MARINERS MEASURE
6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom
7-1/2 cable lengths . .1 mile
6076.1 feet . .1 nautical mile

Weights and Measures

PAPER MEASURE
24 sheets . . . . . . . . .1 quire
2 reams . . . . . . . . .1 bundle

20 quires . . .1 ream (480 sheets)

5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale

SQUARE MEASURE
144 sq. inches . . .1 sq. foot
9 sq. feet . . . . . . .1 sq. yard
30-1/4 sq. yards . . .1 sq. rod

40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood

4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile

METRIC EQUIVALENTS LINEAR MEASURE

1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch
1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters
1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot
1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters
1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq.yds
1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.8361
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods
1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres
1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare
1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile
1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

SURVEYORS MEASURE
7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link
25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod
4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain
10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre
640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile
36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township

METRIC EQUIVALENTS WEIGHTS

1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce
1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds
1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton
1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons

TIME MEASURE
60 seconds . . . . . . . . .1 min. 60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr.
24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day 7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week
28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month
30 days . . . . . . . . . .1 month
. . . . . . . . .in computing interest
365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr.

METRIC EQUIVALENTS-MEASURE OF VOLUME

1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch
1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters
1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot
1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters
1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards
1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter
1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord
1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 qt dry . . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid
1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters
1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter
1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks
1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter
1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels
1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter

MISCELLANEOUS
3 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm
6 inches . . . . . . . . . . .1 span
21.8 inches . . .1 Bible cubit

120 fathoms . . . . .1 cable length

5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . .1 sta. Mile

4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand
18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit
2-1/2 ft . . . . . . . . .1 military pace

METRIC EQUIVALENTS LINEAR MEASURE

1 centimeter .0.3937 inches 1 inch . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters
1 decimeter . . .3.937 inches 1decimeter . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot
1 foot . . . .3.048 decimeters 1 meter . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches
1 meter . . . . . .1.0936 yards 1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter
1 dekameter . . .1.9884 rods 1 rod . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter
1 kilometer . . . .0.62137 mile 1 mile . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers

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General Information
Weights and Measures
APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS
1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches
1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry
1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds
1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile
1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5/8 bushels
1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1/2 acres
1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1/5 lbs
1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord
1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds
TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zero
Olive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zero
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zero
Vinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zero
Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Boils at 173 above zero
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zero
Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .average- boils at 306 above zero
Blood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zero
Eggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero

70
Miscellaneous Technical Data
To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831.
To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.
To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.
To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416
To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072
To fin cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times
Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single.
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds.
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.
One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes.
A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 8 1/3 lbs. And contains 231 cubic
inches.
There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square foot of grate
surface.
A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches, and weighs 62
1/2 pounds.
Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour.
To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they are eaten
deep enough.
A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000-lbs. one foot per minute, or 550
lbs. on foot per second.
To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water, multiply the
height of the column in feet by.434.
Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees), has a pressure
equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch).

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MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS

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Miscellaneous

Track-type Tractor

74

MODEL

D9R

Operating Weight
lbs. (kg)
Flywheel Power
hp (KW)

109,150 (49,510) 144,200 (65,400) 230,100 (104,600) 248,600 (113,000)

(Differential Steer)
410 (306)
580 (433)
850 (634)
850 (634)

Engine Model

34508E SCAC

3412E TA

3508B TA

17.7 (13.5)
21.4 (16.4)

24.2 (18.5)
28.7 (22.0)

35.5 (27.2)
45 (34.4)

Blade Capacity
SU
U
CD
yd3 (m3)
Blade Width
SU
U
CD
ft. in. (m)
(included end bits)
Track On Ground
ft. in. (m)
General Dimensions
Height
ft. in. (m)

D10R

D11R

D11R CD

3508B TA

57 (43.6)

14'2" (4.31)
15'3" (4.65)

15'11" (4.86)
17'3" (5.26)

18'4" (5.60)
20'10" (6.35)
22'0" (6.71)

11'5" (3.47)

12'9" (3.88)

14'7" (4.44)

14'7" (4.44)

13'1" (3.99)

14'0" (4.27)

15'0" (4.57)

15'0" (4.57)

26'8" (8.14)

31'2" (9.51)

34'1" (10.68)

35'5" (10.50)

(to top of canopy ROPS)

Overall Length
ft. in. (m)
(U-Blade & Single Shank Ripper)

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Miscellaneous

Wheel Loaders

76

MODEL
Operating Weight

(lb)
(kg)

Engine

994D

994DHL

992G

992G HL

422,000
191 200

427,250
193 800

210,424
95 447

218,513
99 116

3516B

3516B

3508B

3508B

Flywheel Power

(hp)
(kW)

1250
933

1250
933

800
597

800
597

Rated Payload

(T)
(t)

38
34.5

34
31

24
22

24
22

Dump Height

(in)
(mm)

18 4
5698

19 5
5931

15 2
4626

17 3
5250

Dump Reach

(in)
(mm)

7 5
2263

8 0
2443

7 7
2315

7 7
2304

Bucket Size

(yd3)
(m3)

19.5 - 46
15 35

19.5 - 46
15 35

15 - 30
11.4 - 23

15 - 30
11.4 - 23

Breakout Force

(lb)
(kN)

199,350
886

191,375
850

137,692
612

134,753
599

Full Turn Tip Load

(lb)
(kg)

231,708
105 100

185,366
84 081

112,764
51 149

108,664
49 289

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Miscellaneous

Wheel Dozers

MODEL
Operating Weight

78

(lb)
(kg)

854G
219,128
99 395
3508B

844
156,120
70 815
3412E

834G
103,849
47 106
3456

(hp)
(kW)

800
597

620
463

481
359

(yd3)
(m3)
(yd3)
(m3)
(yd3)
(m3)

33.1
25.4
58.2
44.7

20.7
15.9
40.2
30.7

14.56
11.13
29
22.2
10.33
7.9

(in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm)
(in)
(mm)

20' 9"
6321
23' 7"
7200

19' 4"
5846
17' 9"
5418

16' 11"
5151
18' 7"
5677
16' 8"
5074

3F/3R

3F/3R

4F/3R

13.6
23.2
15
24.2

14
22.5
15.4
24.8

24.1
38.7
14.3
23

Engine
Flywheel Power
Blade Capacity
- Semi - U
- Coal
- Straight
Blade Width
- Semi - U
- Coal
- Straight
Transmission Gears
Top Speed
- Forward
- Reverse

(mph)
(kph)
(mph)
(kph)

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Miscellaneous

Trucks

80

MODEL

773E

775E

777D

Body Type

Dual Slope

Dual Slope

Dual Slope

(lb)
(kg)

219,000
(99 300)

239,000
(108 400)

360,000
(163 293)

(tons)
(tonnes)

60
(54.3)

68
(62.1)

100
(90.7)

(yd3)
(m3)

46
(35.2)

53.9
(41.2)

73.6
(60.1)

3412E

3412E

3508B

710
(530)

760
(567)

1000
(746)

24.00R35

24.00R35

27.00R49

Gross Machine
Operating Weight*
Target Payload*
Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)
Engine
Gross Power

(hp)
(kW)

Tire Size
Top Speed (loaded)

(mph)
(km/h)

41.1
(65.8)

41.1
(65.8)

39.9
(60.4)

Loading Height

(ft./in.)
(m)

125
(3.77)

1211
(3.93)

144
(4.39)

Overall Length

(ft./in.)
(m)

319
(9.69)

319
(9.69)

321
(9.78)

Overall Width

(ft./in.)
(m)

168
(5.08)

168
(5.08)

200
(6.10)

*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload

Policy Revision #4 for information on gross
machine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.

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Miscellaneous

Trucks

82

MODEL
Body Type
Gross Machine
Operating Weight*
Target Payload*
Capacity
Heaped (2:1) (SAE)

785C
Dual Slope**

789C
Dual Slope**

793C
Dual Slope**

797
Flat Floor**

(lb)
(kg)

550,000
(249 475)

700,000
(317 513)

846,000
(383 727)

1,375,000
(623 690)

(tons)
(tonnes)

155+
(140+)

201+
(182+)

240+
(218+)

380+
(345+)

(yd3)
(m3)

102
(78)

137
(105)

169
(129)

290
(220)

3512B

3516B

3516B HD

3524B HD

1450
(1082)

1900
(1417)

2300
(1715)

3550
(2648)

33.00R51

37.00R57

40.00R57
46/90R57
44/80R57

59/80R63

Engine
Gross Power

(hp)
(kW)

Tire Size

Top Speed (loaded)

(mph)
(km/h)

34
(54.8)

33.8
(54.4)

33.7
(54.3)

39.9
(64.2)

Loading Height

(ft./in.)
(m)

164
(4.97)

171
(5.21)

193
(5.87)

232
7.08)

Overall Length

(ft./in.)
(m)

362
(11.02)

3911
(12.18)

423
(12.87)

478
(14.53)

Overall Width

(ft./in.)
(m)

214
(6.64)

252
(7.67)

244
(7.44)

300
(9.15)

*Reference Caterpillars 10/10/20 Payload

Policy Revision #4 for information on gross
machine operating weight and target payload

**Data provided is for a representative body and liner package. Several dual slope, flat floor, and mine
specific design (MSD) bodies and liner packages are available. All weights, capacities, and dimensions are
dependent on the machine configuration (body type, attachment, tires, and optional equipment) selected.

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Miscellaneous

Motor Graders

84

MODEL

14H

16H

24H

Operating Weight
lbs. (kg)

41,010 (16,600)

54,350 (24,740)

136,610 (61,950)

Flywheel Power
Base : Gears 1-8
VHP : Gears 4-8
hp (KW)

220 (164)
240 (179)

265 (198)
285 (213)

500 (373)

Engine Model

3176C

3196

3412E HEUI

Blade Length
ft (m)

14' (4.27)

16' (4.88)

24' (7.32)

Minimum Turn Distance

ft (m)
(full articulation & front wheel steer)

26'3" (8)

27'0" (8.2)

39'11" (12)

28.7 (46.1)
31.8 (51.1)

29.9 (48.1)
26.9 (43.2)

23.4 (37.7)
22.4 (36.1)

10'11" (3.34)

11'7" (3.52)

14'3" (4.35)

Overall Length
ft (m)
(with ripper & push plate)

35'4" (10.77)

38'2" (11.62)

51'10" (15.80)

Width
ft (m)
(at top of front tires)

9'3" (2.82)

10'1" (3.08)

13'8" (4.23)

TOP SPEED
Forward
Reverse
mph (km/h)
General Dimensions
Height (to canopy top
of ROPS)
ft (m)

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Miscellaneous

Front Shovels
and Excavators

84

MODEL

5110B ME

5110B L

5130 FS
5130B ME

5230 FS
5230B ME

Engine
HP/kW

3412E HEUI
758/565

3412E HEUI
758/565

3508B EUI
860/641

3516B EUI
1652/1232

lbs.

280,000

284,000

(kg)

(127,000)

(129,000)

399,000
401,000
(181,000)
(182,000)

721,000
723,000
(327,000)
(328,000)

Boom Length

ft.
(m)

24.9
(7.6)

30.2
(9.2)

18.7/26.3
(5.7/8.0)

22.6/31.2
(6.9/9.5)

Stick Length

ft.
(m)

11.2/13.5
(3.4/4.1)

11.8/14.8/18.0
(3.6/4.5/5.5)

13.5/12.5/17.0 15.4/14.8
(4.1/3.8/5.2)
(4.7/4.5)

Crowd Force

lbs.

98,800
88,800
(439/395)

173,000
140,300
120,700
(770/624/537)

257,324
198,848

(kN) SAE

95,400
84,825
73,800
(424/377/328)

lbs.

112.600
112,600
(501/501)

161,000
151,100
151,100
(715/672/672)

261,145
192,083

(kN) SAE

104,175
104,175
103,950
(463/463/462)

Bucket Capacity

yd
(m3)

7.8-13.63
(54.8)

6.6-9.2
(54.4)

12.0-14.5
(54.3)

22.2
(64.2)

Target Payload

tons
(tonne)

15/12
(13.7/10.9)

13.9/12.4/9.5
(12.6/11.2/8.6)

20.9/20.9/17
34/34
(19.0/19.0/15.4) (31/31)

Max. Dig Depth

ft.
(m)

25.9/28.3
(7.9/8.6)

31.5/34.5/37.8
(9.6/10.5/11.5)

N/A/27.6/31.8 N/A/31.3
(N/A/8.4/9.7) (N/A/9.5)

Operating Weight

Breakout Force

(1145/885)

(1162/855)

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Miscellaneous

Tractor Scraper

MODEL
Empty Weight
lbs. (kg)
Flywheel Power
Tractor
(gears 1-2)
(gears 3-8)
(elevator on gears 1-2)
Scraper
(gears 1-2)
(gears 3-8)
hp (KW)
Engine Model
Tractor
Scraper
Capacity
Struck
Heaped
yd3 (m3)
Rated Load
lbs. (kg)
Top Speed (Loaded)
mph (km/h)
Width of Cut
ft (m)
General Dimensions
Height
ft (m)
(top of scraper)
Length
ft (m)
Width
ft (m)

86

633E II
112,580 (51065)

637G
651E
112,760 (51,147) 134,760 (61,130)

(Elevating Scraper)
450 (335)
450 (335)
490 (365)
490 (365)
490 (365)

552 (410)
605 (452)

249 9186)
274 (204)

657E
152,290 (69,080)

550 (410)
605 (452)
400 (298)
440 (328)

3408E

3412E HEUI

3408E HEUI
C9

3412E HEUI
3408E HEUI

23.2 (17.1)
34 (26)

24 (18.3)
34 (26)

32 (24.5)
44 (33.6)

32 (24.5)
44 (33.6)

82,000 (37,285)

82,000 (37,285)

104,000 (47,175)

104,000 (47,175)

33.4 (53.8)

33 (53)

33 (53)

33 (53)

11'6" (3.51)

11'6" (3.51)

12'8" (3.85)

12'8" (3.85)

14'1" (4.29)

14'1" (4.29)

15'5" (4.71)

15'5" (4.71)

48'7" (14.81)

47'9" (14.56)

53'1" (16.2)

53'1" (16.2)

13'3" (4050)

12'11" (3.94)

14'4" (4.35)

14'4" (4.35)

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Miscellaneous

88
Uncontrolled Document

Underground Mining
Equipment

MODEL
Description
Engine Power (Gross)
Engine Power (Gross) Dual 0 kW
Engine Model
Weight (Empty)
Weight (Loaded)
Capacity (Body)
Heaped SAE 2:1
Turning Radius SAE
Outer Clearance Radius
Inner Turning Radius
Height (Cab)
*Overall Length
*Loading Height
*Width
Axle Oscillation
Articulation Angle
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward
2nd Speed Forward
3rd Speed Forward
4th Speed Forward
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse
2nd Speed Reverse
3rd Speed Reverse
4th Speed Reverse
Tires
Unladen Front Axle Weight
Unladen RearAxle Weights
Laden Front Axle Weight
Laden RearAxle Weights
Weight Distribution Front Unladen
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen
Weight Distribution Front Laden
Weight Distribution Rear Laden

AD30 DE-1732 ( *Based on 14.4m3 Body)

Metric
298 kW

Imperial
400 hp
0 kW
Caterpillar 3406E ATAAC
30 000 kg
66,139 lb
60 000 kg
132,277 lb
30 tonnes
33.1 tons
14.4 m3
18.8 yd3
8007 mm
315.2 inch
8571 mm
337.4 inch
5030 mm
198.0 inch
2600 mm
102.4 inch
10 160 mm
400.0 inch
2385 mm
93.9 inch
2690 mm
105.9 inch
10.0
42.5

5.5 km/h
9.9 km/h
17.6 km/h
31.0 km/h

3.4 mph
6.2 mph
10.9 mph
19.3 mph

6.8 km/h
4.2 mph
0.0 km/h
0.0 km/h
0.0 km/h
BRIDGESTONE 26.5 x R25 MS VSNT E4
1 kg
0,002 lb
1 kg
0,002 lb
1 kg
0,002 lb
1 kg
0,002 lb
50%
50%
50%
50%

AD45 DE-1644 ( *Based on m3 Body)

Metric
380 kw

Imperial
510 hp

Caterpillar 3408E HEUI

40 000 kg
88,185 lb
85 000 kg
187,393 lb
45 tonnes
49.6 tons
21.3 m3
27.9 yd3
8594 mm
338.3 inch
9228 mm
363.3 inch
5295 mm
208.5 inch
2700 mm
106.3 inch
10 660 mm
419.7 inch
2898 mm
114.1 inch
3000 mm
118.1 inch
12.0
42.5
7.7 km/h
10.5 km/h
14.2 km/h
18.9 km/h
25.2 km/h
32.7 km/h
41.6 km/h

4.8 mph
6.5 mph
8.8 mph
11.8 mph
15.7 mph
20.3 mph
25.9 mph

7.3 km/h
4.5 mph
9.5 km/h
5.9 mph
0.0 km/h
0.0 km/h
BRIDGESTONE 29.5 x R29 MS VSNT E4
28 500 kg
62831.67
11 500 kg
25353.13
40 469 kg
89217.88493
44531 kg
98174.77098
71%
29%
48%
52%

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Miscellaneous

90
Uncontrolled Document

Underground Mining
Equipment

MODEL
Description
Engine Power (Gross)
Engine Power (Gross) Dual
Engine Model
Weight (Empty)
Weight (Loaded)
Capacity (Body)
Heaped SAE 2:1
Turning Radius SAE
Outer Clearance Radius
Inner Turning Radius
Height (Cab)
*Overall Length
*Loading Height
*Width
Axle Oscillation
Articulation Angle
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward
2nd Speed Forward
3rd Speed Forward
4th Speed Forward
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse
2nd Speed Reverse
3rd Speed Reverse
4th Speed Reverse
Tires
Unladen Front Axle Weight
Unladen RearAxle Weights
Laden Front Axle Weight
Laden RearAxle Weights
Weight Distribution Front Unladen
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen
Weight Distribution Front Laden
Weight Distribution Rear Laden

AD55 DE-1681 DNW1 & UP ( *Based on 26.9m3 Body)

Metric
Imperial
485 kW
650 hp
0 kW
Caterpillar C18 DI TA AAAC
47 467 kg
104,647 lb
102 000 kg
224,871 lb
55 tonnes
60.6 tons
26.9 m3
35.2 yd3
9171 mm
361.1 inch
9885 mm
389.2 inch
5540 mm
218.1 inch
3000 mm
118.1 inch
11 547 mm
454.6 inch
3045 mm
119.9 inch
3346 mm
131.7 inch
10.0
42.5
8.1 km/h
11.2 km/h
15.1 km/h
20.3 km/h
27.6 km/h
37.2 km/h
50.4 km/h

5.1 mph
6.9 mph
9.4 mph
12.6 mph
17.1 mph
23.1 mph
31.3 mph

7.9 km/h
10.7 km/h
0.0 km/h
0.0 km/h
BRIDGESTONE 35 X 65 R33 MS VSNT E4
31 300 kg
16 167 kg
48 202 kg
53 798 kg
66%
34%
47%
53%

4.9 mph
6.6 mph

69,005 lb
35,642 lb
106,268 lb
118,603 lb

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Uncontrolled Document

Underground Mining
Equipment

MODEL

R1300G DE-1784

Description
Engine Power (Gross)
Engine Power (Gross) Dual
Engine Model
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward
2nd Speed Forward
3rd Speed Forward
4th Speed Forward
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse
2nd Speed Reverse
3rd Speed Reverse
4th Speed Reverse
Tires
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise
Dump
Lower (empty, Float, Position)
Total
Dimensions
Rated Payload
**Bucket Capacity
Width (Overall) excluding bucket
Height (Overall)
Length (Trammingl)
Turning Radius SAE
Outer Clearance Radius
Inner Turning Radius
Weight (Empty)
Weight (Loaded)
Axle Oscillation
Articulation Angle
Ground Clearance
Unladen Front Axle Weight
Unladen RearAxle Weights
Laden Front Axle Weight
Laden RearAxle Weights
Weight Distribution Front Unladen
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen
Weight Distribution Front Laden
Weight Distribution Rear Laden
**SAE 2:1

Metric
123 kW

R1600G DE-1839
Imperial
165 hp

Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC

Metric
Imperial
186 kW
250 hp
201 kW
270 hp
Caterpillar 3176C EUI ATAAC

4.9 km/h
8.8 km/h
15.3 km/h
26.1 km/h

5.0 km/h
8.7 km/h
15.2 km/h
22.1 km/h

3.0 mph
5.5 mph
9.5 mph
16.2 mph

3.1 mph
5.4 mph
9.5 mph
13.7 mph

4.5 km/h
2.8 mph
8.0 km/h
5.0 mph
14.0 km/h
8.7 mph
23.8 km/h
14.8 mph
BRIDGESTONE 17.5X25 20 PLY STMS L5S

5.7 km/h
3.6 mph
9.9 km/h
6.2 mph
17.2 km/h
10.7 mph
23.8 km/h
14.8 mph
BRIDGESTONE 18X28 28 PLY STMS L5S

5.0 secs
2.0 secs
2.3 secs
9.3 secs

7.6 secs
1.6 secs
2.0 secs
11.2 secs

6800 kg
3.1 m3
2071 mm
2118 mm
8707 mm
4650 mm
5741 mm
2914 mm
20 950 kg
27 750 kg
10.0
42.5
335 mm
8200 kg
12 850 kg
18 650 kg
9100 kg
39%
61%
67%
33%

14991 lb
4.1 yd3
81.5 inch
83.4 inch
342.8 inch
183.1 inch
226.0 inch
114.7 inch
46187 lb
61178 lb

13.2 inch
18,078 lb
28,329 lb
41,116 lb
20,062 lb

10200 kg
4.8 m3
2564 mm
2400 mm
9711 mm
5490 mm
6638 mm
3291 mm
29 800 kg
40 000 kg
10.0
42.5
344 mm
12 550 kg
17 250 kg
28 114 kg
11 886 kg
42%
58%
70%
30%

22,487 lb
6.3 yd3
100.9 inch
94.5 inch
382.3 inch
216.1 inch
261.3 inch
129.6 inch
65,698 lb
88,185 lb

13.5 inch
27,668 lb
38,030 lb
61,981 lb
26,204 lb

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Underground Mining
Equipment

MODEL
Description
Engine Power (Gross)
Engine Power (Gross) Dual
Needs to be verified
Engine Model
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward
2nd Speed Forward
3rd Speed Forward
4th Speed Forward
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse
2nd Speed Reverse
3rd Speed Reverse
4th Speed Reverse
Tires
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise
Dump
Lower (empty, Float, Position)
Total
Dimensions
Rated Payload
**Bucket Capacity
Width (Overall) excluding bucket
Height (Overall)
Length (Trammingl)
Turning Radius SAE
Outer Clearance Radius
Inner Turning Radius
Weight (Empty)
Weight (Loaded)
Axle Oscillation
Articulation Angle
Ground Clearance
Unladen Front Axle Weight
Unladen RearAxle Weights
Laden Front Axle Weight
Laden RearAxle Weights
Weight Distribution Front Unladen
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen
Weight Distribution Front Laden
Weight Distribution Rear Laden
**SAE 2:1

R1700G DE-1498
Metric
Imperial
231 kW
310 hp
250 kW
335 hp
Caterpillar 3176C EUI DI-T ATAAC
4.7 km/h
8.3 km/h
14.3 km/h
24.1 km/h

2.9 mph
5.1 mph
8.9 mph
15.0 mph

5.4 km/h
3.3 mph
9.4 km/h
5.8 mph
16.4 km/h
10.2 mph
25.3 km/h
15.7 mph
BRIDGESTONE 26.5X25 36 PLY STMS L5S
6.7 secs
2.8 secs
2.4 secs
11.9 secs
12500 kg
5.8 m3
2689 mm
2557 mm
10 589 mm
5539 mm
6878 mm
3229 mm
38 500 kg
51 000 kg
8.0
44.0
429 mm
17 000 kg
21 500 kg
36 950 kg
14 050 kg
44%
56%
72%
28%

27,558 lb
7.6 yd3
105.9 inch
100.7 inch
416.9 inch
218.1 inch
270.8 inch
127.1 inch
84,878 lb
112,436 lb

16.9 inch
37,479 lb
47,399 lb
81,461 lb
30,975 lb

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Uncontrolled Document

Underground Mining
Equipment

MODEL
Description
Engine Power (Gross)
Engine Power (Gross) Dual
Engine Model
Speeds Forward
1st Speed Forward
2nd Speed Forward
3rd Speed Forward
4th Speed Forward
5th Speed Forward
6th Speed Forward
7th Speed Forward
Speeds Reverse
1st Speed Reverse
2nd Speed Reverse
3rd Speed Reverse
4th Speed Reverse
Tires
Hydraulic Cycle Times
Raise
Dump
Lower (empty, Float, Position)
Total
Dimensions
*Rated Payload
**Bucket Capacity
Width (Overall) excluding bucket
Height (Overall)
Length (Trammingl)
Turning Radius SAE
Outer Clearance Radius
Inner Turning Radius
Weight (Empty)
Weight (Loaded)
Axle Oscillation
Articulation Angle
Ground Clearance
Unladen Front Axle Weight
Unladen RearAxle Weights
Laden Front Axle Weight
Laden RearAxle Weights
Weight Distribution Front Unladen
Weight Distribution Rear Unladen
Weight Distribution Front Laden
Weight Distribution Rear Laden
*Ore pass dumping only
**SAE 2:1

R2900G Xtra DE-1825

Metric
Imperial
282 kW
378 hp
306 kW
410 hp
Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC

R2900G Xtra DE-1826

Metric
Imperial
282 kW
378 hp
306 kW
410 hp
Caterpillar 3406E EUI ATAAC

5.1 km/h
9.0 km/h
15.1 km/h
24.8 km/h

5.3 km/h
9.3 km/h
16.4 km/h
24.2 km/h

3.2 mph
5.6 mph
9.4 mph
15.4 mph

3.3 mph
5.8 mph
10.2 mph
15.0 mph

6.1 km/h
3.8 mph
10.9 km/h
6.8 mph
17.9km/h
11.1 mph
27.9 km/h
17.3 mph
BRIDGESTONE 29.5X29 34 PLY STMS L5S

6.6 km/h
4.1 mph
11.6 km/h
7.2 mph
19.2 km/h
11.9 mph
27.0 km/h
16.8 mph
BRIDGESTONE 35/65 R33 ** VSDL L5

9.2 secs
3.4secs
3.1 secs
15.7 secs

7.6 secs
2.8 secs
2.4 secs
12.8 secs

17 200 kg
7.2 m3
3010 mm
2886 mm
10 949 mm
5936 mm
7323 mm
3383 mm
50 100 kg
67 300 kg
8.0
42.5
465 mm
23000 kg
27 100 kg
51 166 kg
16 134 kg
46%
54%
76%
24%

37,919 lb
9.4 yd3
118.5 inch
113.6 inch
431.1 inch
233.7 inch
288.3 inch
133.2 inch
110,451 lb
148,371 lb
18.3 inch
50,706 lb
59,745 lb
112,802 lb
35,569 lb

20 000 kg
8.9 m3
3200 mm
2988 mm
11083 mm
5991 mm
7511 mm
3289 mm
56000 kg
76000 kg
8.0
42.5
466 mm
23000 kg
33000 kg
55173 kg
20827 kg
41%
59%
73%
27%

44,092 lb
11.6 yd3
126.0 inch
117.6 inch
436.3 inch
235.9 inch
295.7 inch
129.5 inch
123,459 lb
167,551 lb
18.3 inch
50,706 lb
72,752 lb
121,635 lb
45,916 lb