In the last decade “sites and services” schemes have concen- trated on providing water, sanita- tion, street foundations and power, but left construction of housing to individual occupants. This policy has evolved into “upgrading” of existing slums and shanties. One project in Lusaka, Zambia, in the “70s tackled the upgrading and servicing of 31 000 plots, bringing basic needs to about 30% of people. F Whenever cityward migrations have reached unusual proportions, conventional housing and infra- of poor people now crowding into slums and squatter settlements cannot afford even the simplest per- manent housing schemes (86% of urban populations in Bangladesh, for instance, are below the absolute poverty line). Authorities are being forced to take a different line, tackling only the most basic provision themselves, and letting the settlers do the rest, with minimal aid. Just one of their intractable problems is that of water supply which is often privately owned — and very scarce. The most urgent need, however, is for greater structure services have been hard- rural investment to slow the flood to pressed to cope. The many millions the cities. Discussion Question 1 (Section C) Closer reading of this section shows the two paragraphs focus more on com- munity involvement and cooperation than on leadership, therefore heading iii is better than v. Question 2 (Section D) This section talks about the informal sector as a source of jobs, so the best heading is still vii Question 3 (Section E) Closer reading of this section shows the World Bank is only mentioned as a provider of funds. There is much more information about the provision of infrastructure in cities, so your choice would be vi. Question 4 (Section F) There is discussion of several aspects of housing and services for migrants to the city, soi isa better choice than iv, which is only about housing. i Questions 5-9 As you were reading, did you underline the following: Le Corbusies, i Niemeyer, El Salvador, informal economy, World Bank, and between 40% and 60%? If you did, it would be fairly easy for you to find the answers to Questions 5-8. Question 9 asks for the author's suggestion or recommenda- tion. This is often found towards the end of a passage. In this case itis in the last sentence 2 Pevrs Preparation and Pace| | | 4 ii tia Sica ho a Question 5 (Section A) Le Corbusier and Niemeyer appear to be the names of people, as all the answer choices are occupations. Choices A and C are not broad enough for the designers of cities, which seems to he what this section of the passage is about. Therefore the answer is B. Of course, it is possible that you know they are architects, Question 6 (Section C) ‘The example of El Salvador immediately follows the sentence ‘Community involvement and leadership are critical.’ It is followed by information between commas which is less important, so the main sentence here reads ‘El Salvador...boasted an almost model scheme.’ Because of the context the scheme must be one involving a community self-help scheme as described in the paragraph. The answer is C. Question 7 (Section D) For this question you should look for numbers and possibly also a % sign. You can find numbers and % signs in several sections of the reading, When you quickly read the sentences containing numbers and % signs, you find that Section D mentions the ‘informal economy’. The answer is B. Question 8 (Section E) ‘The World Bank is mentioned in two sections of the Reading: D and E. But only in section E is it followed by an exaraple of a particular scheme receiv- ing funding: Francistown. The answer is C. Question 9 (Section F) The last sentence of the reading passage reads ‘The most urgent need, however, is for greater rural investment to slow the flood to the cities.’ This matches answer choice A which is ‘invest more in rural areas. EXERCISE 1 ‘Time target — 5 minutes Match these headings with the following short readings. HEADINGS Cross-Strait Words Labour-Law Protest Export Policy Attacked Helping Hand Food Aid Short Risky Remarks Killings in Paris Polls Next Year Church and State Apec Delegate No to Tokyo No Seats, No Support The Rewling Tee PB' READING PASSAGE A Prime Minister Goh Chok ‘Tong won't call general elections. until after January 5, when the current parliamentary term ends. B_ Taipei will send business tycoon and senior ruling-party offi- cial Koo Chen-fu to the November 25-26 summit meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economie Coopera- tion forum in the Philippines. C_ A Vatican delegation to Hanoi helped re-start dialogue that had been stalled for 18 months over Hanoi’s refusal to accept the Church's choices of senior church leaders in Vietnam. D__Inarare exchange with a senior Chinese official, Chief Planning Minister P. K. Chiang told China’s Foreign Minister Qian Qichen that Taiwan had deserved to be repre- sented atthe Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum summit meeting by President Lee ‘Teng-hui. Qian replied that Taiwan was “an economy, not a sovereign country.” Chiang said that Taiwan should be treated as an equal of Apec’s other members. E_ Separatist Tamil Tiger rebels blamed Colombo for the killing of two Tamils who were shot in Paris on October 27. F Scoul rejected Japan’s request to halt construction of a pier on a disputed island in the Sea of Japan that South Korea calls Tokdo and Japan calls Takeshima. G Malaysia’s Foreign Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi met Prime Minister Gen. Than Shwe in Rangoon on October 21, the Myanmar News Agency said, Kuala Lumpur said it would help Rangoon in its bid for full membership into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, H_ House National Security Com- mittee Chairman Floyd Spence said Washington's export policy towards China jeopardises national security. I Thousands of workers took to the streets in Seoul on November 24 in reaction to comments by Labour Minister Jin Nyum that Seoul would overhaul controversial laws curbing union power by year- end, J) Washington won't support expanding the United Nations Security Council unless Germany and Japan are given permanent seats, the American deputy ambas- sador to the UN said. K Chief Cabinet Secretary Seiroku Kajiyama angered Seoul when he said an emergency on the Korean peninsula could bring “fake refugees” to Japan and cause street fighting between rival factions of Korean residents. Kajiyama apolo- gised after the South Korean Foreign Ministry expressed “shock” at “remarks that were not friendly to national reunification of the Korean peninsula.” L_ The government resumed food shipments to Tamil refugees dis placed by heavy fighting in the north, ending a three-week blockade. You can check your answers in the Answer Key. BT] tts Pecpraion and PenceEXERCISE 2 For this exercise, match the headings with the sections of the text. Remember to do this first of all by reading only the first sentence of each paragraph. Only read the remainder of the text to confirm your first choices. ‘Time target — 10 minutes (¥) — Chile’s exports (ix) Fruit industry jobs READING PassaGe A. Under Pinochet, Chilean fruit exports boomed. The country has remained a major supplier of tem- perate fruits — grapes, nectarines, plums. peaches, pears and apples to North America and Europe. More than 95 per cent of grape imports to the US are from Chile. Highly per- ishable exports prompted Cardoen Industries, better known for its weapons and explosives, to produce refrigerated containers for sea and air shipments. Almost all Chile's orchards are less than one hundred miles from a seaport. Over half of Chile’s fruit exports are controlled by five transnational companies. (iii) Poor health facilities (viii) Chile's fruit exports HEADINGS (Displaced workers (i) Temperate frnit exports (iv) North-South migration (vi) Jobs are not permanent Low pay for workers, high profits for growers (x) Pesticides for the fruit industry B_ Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and sea- sonal. Over two-thirds of the labour force in Chile is now employed on a temporary basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector. C In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day; one hectare (2.5 acres) of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under $5000.D_ Many of these workers used to be smallholders or agricultural workers who were evicted from plots in Chile’s central valley region to make way for commercial producers. Many temporary fruit workers migrate from north to south washing and sanitary facilities, crit- ical for those regularly exposed to pesticides. Imports of pesticides increased more than eight-fold between 1976 and 1986. Some 80 per cent of workers in the fruit industry say the problem of health each year, following the peak was cither “very serious” or moments in the harvest, “serious”, E_ Workers complain of crowded, squalid barracks and limited You can check your answers in the Answer Key. EXERCISE 3 This next exercise is slightly different, but you should still use the same \ statepy. + Read the questions and answer choices on pages 29 and 30. + Read only the first sentence of each paragraph. + Make your first answer choice and note it beside the section of the text. + Read the remainder of the text to finalise your choice + Check your answers in the Answer Key. Time target ~ 10 minutes READING PassaGE (More and more women are now joining the paid labour force H worldwide. They represent the majority of the workforce in all the sectors which are expanding as a result of globalisation and trade liberalisation ~ the informal sector, including subcontract- ing; export processing ot free trade zones; homeworking; and | the “flexible”, part-time, temporary, low-paid labour force. Even in countries which have low levels of women paid workers, such as the Arab countries, employment is rising. In South-East Asia, women represent up to 80 per cent of the workforce in the export processing zones, working mainly in H the labour-intensive textile, toy, shoe and electronic sectors. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 70 per cent of economically 26 J 015 Peporaion and Practice(i) (iv) active women are employed in services. Many women in South-East Asia ate moving from manufacturing into services, Long excluded from many paid jobs and thus economically dependent on husbands or fathers, paid employment has undoubtedly brought economic and social gains to many women. For many previously inexperienced young women, the opportunity to gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies and prescriptions on women’s behaviour, Any gains, however, should be seen in a wider context Declining economic and social conditions throughout the world, in particular declining household incomes, have com- pelled many women to take any kind of paid work to meet their basic needs and those of their families. The jobs available to them are, in the main, insecure and low-paid with irregular hours, high levels of intensity, litle protection from health and safety hazards and few opportunities for promotion Women’s high participation in informal employment is partly due to the fact that many jobs in the formal economy are not open to them: they are actively excluded from certain kinds of work or lack access to education and training or have domestic commitments. The increase of women’s participation in the informal sector has been most marked in the countries of Sub- Saharan Africa where sharp economic decline and structural adjustment policies have reduced the official job market drastically. Job gains for some women have meant losses for others, Fomale employment in export production is increasing in Bangladesh, Vietnam and El Salvador, for instance, while women in South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong are faced with redundancies as the industries which have relied on their labour for three decades (textile, clothing, shoe and electronics) relo- cate elsewhere. (In South Korea, industries which tend to employ men — steel, petrochemicals, electricity, automobiles, shipbuilding, machinery — have received government subsidies to stay put.) As domestic markets are opened up to international competition and quotas which restricted the quantity of imports from any one country are abandoned, cheap, subsidised foreign imports are threatening the livelihoods of many women, small producers The Reading Towand entrepreneurs in “cottage industries”. In countries such as India and Bangladesh, for instance, more than 90 per cent of economically-active women work in the informal sector at jobs such as hand loom weaving. (¥) Far from escaping patriarchal control, the industrial setting invariably replicates it, the head of the factory taking the place of husband or father. To attract investors, some Asian countries | such as Malaysia and Thailand emphasise the “dexterity of the | small hands of the Oriental women and traditional attitude of submission”. Women workers are particularly exposed to sexual harassment, a form of violence which reflects the subordination they have to submit to to be allowed to work. Complaints often lead to dismissal. (vi _ In general, women are paid less than men are, and women’s jobs Pay less than men’s jobs. On average, most women earn 50 to 80 per cent of men’s pay, but there are considerable variations, In ‘Tanzania, which ranks first in the world for pay equality, women cam 92 per cent of what men eam; in Bangladesh, they eam 42 er cent. Women also have less job security and fewer opportu nities for promotion, Higher status jobs, even in industries which employ mostly women, tend to be filled by men, (vii) In addition, women usually have to continue their unpaid domestic and caring work, such as of children, the sick and the elderly, which is often regarded as women’s “natural” and exclusive responsibility. Even when they have full-time jobs | outside the home, women take care of most household tasks, | particularly the preparation of meals, cleaning and childcare, When women become mothers, they often have no option other than to work part-time or accept home work. 5Questions 1-7 The reading passage has 7 sections (ivi). Choose the most suitable phrases AD to complete the sentences below. Example ee Answer The best title for this text is : ‘A. Women in Development B A Woman's Work is Never Done ee C A Woman's Place is in the Home e D_ Women as Temporary Workers 1. The reading passage is mainly about A. the social position of women the situation of the working mother as the situation of women in the developing world | . the situation of women as paid workers 2. Section (i) is mainly about A the paid labour force women working part-time more women in the labour force i D_ lack of female workers in Arab countries | | 3. Section (ii) is mainly about | A. how women benefit and lose from work opportunities | breaking down social taboos C young women gaining experience from work D_ women working to fulfil basic needs | I 4 Section (iv) is mainly about | ‘A women being threatened B the effects of competition and quotas on women’s incomes € women becoming redundant as industries relocate D__ how women have been disadvantaged in the job market | The Reading Tow 29J t Section (v) highlights the point that A. Oriental women have small hands B_ men are still in positions of authority over women, C women usually work for their husband or their father D_ women who complain are dismissed 6 Section (vi) emphasises the point that A there are variations in the amount women are paid B_ men generally get the top jobs C_ men get better treatment than women do. D_ women in Bangladesh earn less than women in Tanzania do 7 Section (vii) is mainly about A. the extent of women’s work B_ women’s natural role why women work part-time D_ women doing menial tasks Specific information Questions ‘These questions focus mainly on factual information and relationships between facts in a reading. They can take many forms, such as: © multiple-choice questions questions requiring a short answer completing sentences matching lists of items classifying lists of items deciding whether or not the information in the question matches the information in the text. The strategy you should use for answering these questions is * check the instructions quickly * read the questions * read any answer choices and predict possible answers + read the text very quickly, looking for words, phrases or numbers from the questions and answer choices. Also look for synonyms to words in the answer choices # mark these words, numbers or phrases in the reading. 30 Jf 1811S Preparation and PacePractice Time target - 15 minutes This practice uses Reading 2 from Practice Reading test 1. Itgives you further practice choosing headings to match sections of the reading. See if you can do it more efficiently than you did it the first time. It also gives you practice with questions where you have to decide if the information in the question is the same as the information in the reading. Use the appropriate strategies for each question type. Step 1 - Match the headings © Read the headings © Read the first sentence of each paragraph. © Tentatively assign one or two headings to each section. Step 2 ~ Answer the remaining questions and confirm your choice of headings * Read the remaining questions and guess a possible answer. (Even though you may not be able to guess the answer, trying to will help you think about the question.) Read the passage quickly. Mark possible answers. Decide the most appropriate headings Quickly go back to sections you marked and answer the remaining questions. ‘© Write your answers on your answer sheet in the correct boxes. Reavine Passace 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2. Reading Passage 2 has 6 sections A-P. Questions 14-18 From the following list of headings choose the most suitable heading for Sections A-F, Write the appropriate numbers (iix) in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet The Reading Tow 31i FF Note: There are more headings than sections so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once. HEADINGS (Increasing popularity of pets in Australia (i) Dogs in cities Benefits of pet ownership (iv) Pet ownership in Australia (¥) Private open space and landscaping, | i) Critic ms of pet ownership in Australian cities | (vii) Keeping pets under control Pet owners’ obligations (ix) Housing and precinct design (%) Pet research 14 Section A 15 Section B 16 Section C 17 Section D 18 Section F 2] IELTS Preparation and PracticeDOMESTIC PETS IN NEW URBAN AREAS The role of urban design in successful pet ownership ‘This paper summarises the findings of an investigation into the role of urban design in successful pet ownership. There are several reasons why planners should consider pets in decisions about residential and open space development, A. People are not generally aware of the popularity of pet ownership in Australia. The Morgan Research surveys estimate that in 1992, 37% of Australian households owned ‘one or more dogs, and 30% owned one or more cats. Fifty-three per cent of all households owned either a dog or a cat, Pet-owning house- holds are clearly a substantial group within the community, B_ Research shows that pets play an important role in teaching children about sharing, caring, communication and responsibility. They also act as companions and protectors, stress relievers and in some cases help to foster family cohesion. While pets are tradition- ally associated with family-type households, they are just as impor- tant to households without children = indeed they are often surrogates for children in childless families. This applies particularly to the elderly, who usually form very close associations with their pets. In an era when the population is ageing and more people are living alone, pets can provide valuable relief from loneliness. € Urban pet management has been the subject of extensive debate among veterinarians and those involved in local government for some time. Part of the reason is that, people complain more readily about other people’s pets than ever before. Emphasis on urban consolidation hhas meant that smaller homes and back gardens and multi-dwelling developments not only discourage people from owning pets but also place greater demands on scarce public open space. Pet owners may face tougher restrictions from either their local council or resident man- agement committee, D_ The term socially responsible pet ownership has emerged to describe a set of responsibilities to which pet owners are now expected to adhere. In meeting their responsibilities pet owners need to consider: Providing an enriching environ- ‘ment to reduce unwanted behav iour; e.g. excessive barking, @ Confining dogs to their premises. The advantages of this include protection from catching disease, being run over and fighting. Ideally cats should be confined to the house at night for their own protection where prac- ticable. 1 Training pets to alter unaccept- able behaviour @ Exercising dogs, especially if they spend long periods on their own, The Reading Test 1 3r E It might be tempting to pre- scribe different pets for different types of housing. Some people already have firm views about pets and housing type, mostly in relation to dogs, e.g. that the only environ- ment for a dog is in conventional detached housing or that a “big” dog is only suitable in the country, However, suitability is as much dependent on the quality of space as it is on the quantity. A dwelling that overlooks areas of activity is ideal for pets because it increases the amount of stimulation that can be received from the prop- erty, e.g, dwellings that overlook a park or are adjacent to a busy street. This is one way to alleviate boredom and the negative behav- iours that sometimes result Preferably a dog should have access to some outdoor space. Open space is not essential for a cat provided an enriching environment is main- tained indoors, e.g. a bay window or internal fernery. Ideally dogs should have access to all areas of open space on a property. On the whole 2 dog’s behaviour is likely to be better if he or she can see the street, Although the dog may bark at passers-by in the street, there will be less likelihood of excessive barking that might arise through boredom, Providing a dog with sur veillance of the street also enhances public security — a very positive benefit F With adequate fencing, a dog will be confined to the property. Cats are less easily constrained and are discussed below. The standard paling fence will restrain almost all dogs. They are recommended for side and ‘rear boundaries. Solid front fences limit the view of the outside world and are not recom- mended. The dog will tend to be less roused by sound stimuli if he or she can sce passers-by or activities in the street. However, it is impor- tant to ensure that the dog cannot get through the fence. Furthermore, all gates should be fitted with a return spring self-closing device. Cats are not as easily restrained as dogs as they are more agile and have quite different notions of terri- toriality. Mostly this does not create a problem, although difficulties may arise in environmentally sensi- tive areas where cats may prey on wildlife, It is recommended that cats be confined to the house at night for their own protection. ‘The pleasures and benefits of pet ownership should be available to everyone, However, owning a pet brings with it responsibilities to which we are increasingly being called to adhere. Itis hoped that the guidelines will encourage people to think about pets in decisions about residential and community develop ment. If they do, pet ownership will not be prejudiced by the push for urban consolidation. BT] e1rs Pepaeation and PracticeQuestions 19-24 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer of Reading Passage 2? In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet write: YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO_ if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN | f there is no information about this in the passage 19 Research shows that more than half of Australian families have both a cat and a dog. 20 Many pets get lonely when their owners are away from home. 21 Although having outdoor space available is good for cats and dogs, it is not absolutely essential. 22, While fences are good for keeping dogs off the streets, they should not block the animal's view of street activities. 23. Dogs should be encouraged to bark at everybody going by. 24 Itis safer for cats if they are kept in the house at night. Question 25 Which of the following statements A-D best reflects the views of the writer of Reading Passage 2? Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 25 on your answer sheet. A Although many people keep dogs in the city, this is not truly a suit- able environment for them. B Although the city is less satisfactory than the country for keeping pets, it is still recommended that families with children and older people have a pet of some kind. € Keeping pets in cities do not annoy others. appropriate so long as the owners ensure they D_ Having a pet in the city can be a rewarding experience for all con- ‘cerned provided sensible precautions are taken to ensure the pet has a satisfactory environment, The Reading Test T 35Discussion Your initial reading of the first sentence of each paragraph should have enabled you to make the following choices. Heading (ix) is the heading for Section E in the example. Therefore, you will probably not use it again Section A (Question 14) The two key words in the headings and the first sentence are ‘popularity’ and ‘ownership’. Therefore, you should note both (i) and (iv) beside this section. : Section B (Question 15) “The key words and phrases here are ‘research’ and ‘benefits’ in the headings with ‘play an important role’ in the first sentence. So you should note (iii) and (x) beside this section. The key words here are ‘criticisms’ and ‘cities'in the headings. In the first sen- tence of the passage, there are no exact matches for these, but there are syn- onyms. The most obvious is ‘urban’ for cities. ‘The subject of extensive debate’ is another clue here. If there is public debate over a matter, this gen- erally indicates that some people are criticising the situation. Note (vi) beside Section C. / Section C (Question 16) ; Section D (Question 17) The phrases ‘Pet owners’ and ‘pet ownership’ are almost the same and ‘oblig- ations’ are similar to responsibility, so ‘socially responsible’ is relevant here. i Put (viii) beside Section D. Section F (Question 18) ‘The first sentence of paragraph 1 talks about confinement of dogs. So (ii) might be appropriate, but the first sentence of paragraph 2 talks about ; restraining cats. The heading ‘Keeping pets under control’ is broader than either of these and covers both. So choose (vit) for this. You should not have chosen (v) for any of them at this point, though it might apply to either Section E or F Therefore, you should have kept it in mind when you read the passage more carefully Question 19 The information you need to answer this question is in che first parageaph which gives figures on pet ownership in Australia. The relevant sentence says ‘Fifty-three per cent of all households owned either a dog or a cat.’ The state- | ment for question 19 says ‘..more than half of Australian families have both ; a cat and a dog’ The answer is N or NO. 36 [| FHLTS Peeprson and eciceQuestion 20 The reading talks about dogs needing exercise if they are alone a lot and also talks about dogs being bored. However, there is no mention of pets being lonely when they are left alone. While you may believe that pets get lonely when they are left alone, there is nothing in this passage about pets being lonely. The answer is NG or NOT GIVEN Question 21 Section E is where you should look for the answer to this question. This section talks about pets having a quality environment with plenty of stimu- lation. The third paragraph in this section says that it is preferable for a dog to have outdoor space. It also says ‘open space is not essential for a cat’ ‘Therefore you can conclude that outdoor space is good for pets but it is not absolutely essential so the answer is Y or YES. Question 22 The answer to this question can be found in Section F. The first sentence of this section points out that fences are effective for keeping dogs off the street. ‘The fifth sentence here says ‘Solid front fences limit the view of the outside world and are not recommended.’ The answer is ¥ or YES. Question 23 ‘The answer to this isin the last paragraph of Section B, which says ‘Although, the dog may bark at passers-by in the street, there will be less likelihood of excessive barking.’ The use of ‘excessive’ (which means too much) tells you that barking is not desirable. Therefore you can see that dogs should not be encouraged to bark. The answer is N ot NO. Question 24 This sentence is a paraphrase of the last sentence of the second paragraph in Section E The answer is ¥ or YES. Question 25 This question requires you to decide which answer choice best summarises the views of the writer. The sections on Viewpoint Questions and Summarising Questions will give you more practice with questions like this. In this ease you should choose D as this most closely reflects the main points of the reading. A. is not suitable because it contradicts what the writer says. B could be said to partially reflect the views of the writer, but only on one or two points. © does reflect the views of the writer, but the focus is wrong. This choice focuses on people rather than on pets. D reflects the views of the writer, and summarises the main points with the focus on pets. The Reading Tet 3EXERCISE 4 Time target ~ 10 minutes Jn this exercise you can practise two types of specifi information ques- tions: short answer questions and multiple-choice questions. In the IELTS test, these questions usually follow the reading. Nevertheless, you should tum to the questions first and: + read the instructions quickly + read the questions + tread the answer choices for the multiple-choice questions * predict possible answers for both types. In this reading passage you should use the headings and the typographic conventions to help you quickly scan to find the answers. For example, if the question asks about WHO, then you scan the passage to find those capitalised letters. READING PASSAGE UNICEF, MALNUTRITION ANI MICRONUTRIENTS | UNICEF has continued to be at the forefront of advocacy and support for the implementation of programs to combat child | malnutrition. A condition for designing effective programs to fight malnutrition is understanding the causes of the problem and recognising how complex they are. Micronutrients IODINE: Some of the most rapid and important progress in UNICEF programs is in the area of salt iodisation. The strategy of universal salt iodisation (USD) has been widely accepted in all regions, and the goal of USI by end-1995 has been met in virtually all of Latin America and in many countries in other regions. During the year, a number of counties with a high prevalence of iodine def which salt iodisation was previously thought to be virtually imposs- ible, such as Pakistan and Indonesia, started to iodise at least haif of all salt reaching consumers. To achieve this, UNICEF offices sup- ported a range of innovative and flexible approaches, for example the establishment of an “Iodised Salt Support Facility” in Pakistan, to provide training, supplies and quality control to the 800 or so small | salt crushers in the country. 38 ] IELTS Preparation and PracticeEnormous progress was seen not only in getting iodine into salt but also in the promulgation of laws to give teeth to monitoring and quality control efforts. UNICEF, WHO and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) sponsored a forum in 1995 to consider the iodisation and monitoring challenges faced by countries in which salt is brought to market by many small producers rather than larger enterprises. A technical monograph on practical ways of monitoring salt iodi- sation programs was developed jointly with WHO, ICCIDD and PAMM and widely distributed. Many UNICEF country programs are monitoring household availability of iodised salt, utilising a simple test kit, as part of the Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys being under taken to assess progress in meeting the goals of the World Summit. VITAMIN A: WHO-UNICEF estimates now indicate that over 250 million children still suffer from vitamin A deficiency (VAD) with many millions more at risk. The known effects of VAD on the immune system and thus on child mortality make this a high-priority challenge for UNICEF, In 1995, UNICEF supported surveys of vitamin A status that resulted in widespread deficiency being recognised for the first time in Egypt, South Africa, Kenya and Botswana, With support from the Micronutrient Initiative in Canada, UNICEF launched projects in 14 countries that will enable innova- tion in systems of distribution of vitamin A supplements and improvements in monitoring the mortality and morbidity impact of supplementation, A number of countries are building on the success ful experience of Guatemala in fortification of sugar with vitamin A. Bolivia and Brazil both launched sugar fortification with vitamin A on a pilot basis in 1995. In Namibia and South Africa, the feasibility of fortifying maize meal with vitamin A is being considered. UNICEF supports dictary diversification and the consumption of appropriate fruits and vegetables as one of the most potentially sus- tainable ways for communities to overcome micronutrient mainutri- tion, Research completed in 1995 with UNICEF assistance pointed to the need to pay further attention to the types of vegetables grown and the type of cooking in order to maximise the impact of home gardening on the vitamin A status of children. In Bangladesh, UNICEF is collaborating with Helen Keller International to assess the impact of a large home gardening project on the vitamin A status of mothers and young children. This information should help to ensure that future programs of this type are designed in the most cost, effective way. ‘The Reading Test 1 39TRON: The statement on strategies for reducing iron deficiency anaemia, developed and adopted by WHO and UNICEF in 1995, calls for general supplementation with iron in any population of pregnant women or young children where the prevalence of anaemia exceeds 30%, The results of research trials investigating the impact on anaemia of weekly iron supplements have started to become avail- able. Weekly iron or iron and vitamin A supplements now appear to be a feasible intervention to combat iron deficiency anaemia on a population basis in some vulnerable groups. UNICEF supported a meeting, jointly with the Thrasher Research Fund and Comell University, to explore ways of increasing the micronutrient content of foods commonly consumed in countries where micronutrient malnutrition is common. Plant breeders, soil scientists and human nutritionists met to consider the problem and agreed that the micronutrient content of foods had been neglected in the breeding of high yielding (green revolution) varieties of cereals such as rice. With the realisation of the tremendous importance of the ‘micronutrient content of staple food crops to human development, plant breeders agreed that future breeding work should take micronu- | trient goals into account, The participants also called for research in other priority areas to exploit the potential food-based systems, including the development of programs and policies that influence the choices of consumers and producers to increase the supply and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods. Questions 1-4 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, answer the following questions according to the passage. 1 What strategy for overcoming iodine deficiency did UNICEF plan to have in place by the end of 1995? 2&3 In which two countries was iodised salt thought unlikely to succeed? 4) What did WHO, PAMM and ICCIDD collaborate to produce? SS isQuestions 5-8 Choose the appropriate letter AD to answer Questions 5-8. 5 In which country or area was an “Todised Salt Support Facility” established? A sae Indonesia Latin America Botswana Pakistan 6 What common food has vitamin A been added to? A B c D salt maize meal sugar rice flour 7 Why does UNICEF support fruit and vegetable consumption and a more varied diet? A B c D it’s cheaper it’s sustainable it’s more easily obtainable it’s more cost effective 8 In what aspect of the green revolution was micronutrient content not taken fully into account? vow development of high-yielding varieties of cereals excessive use of pesticides programs designed to influence consumer choice application of chemical fertilisers ‘You can check your answers in the Answer Key. The Reading Tow 4EXERCISE § Time target ~ 15 minutes Another form that specific information questions might take involves completing information in a diagram or a table. In this exercise you will practise this as well as sentence completion questions. They are similar to short answer questions, which you did in Exercise 4. In the IELTS test, these questions usually follow the reading. Remember you should turn to the questions first and: read the instructions quickly read the questions study the table or diagram read the sentence beginnings predict possible answers check your answers in the key. READING PassaGe TRAINING ‘Training continues to be a major element of labour market reform in | Australia, To provide the information necessary for the analysis of training issues and the development and evaluation of training pol- icies and programs, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has conducted a number of training surveys, Training expenditure Estimates of the expenditure by employers on the formal training of their employees, and of the paid time employees spent receiving formal training were collected in the 1993 Employer Training Expenditure survey, which covered the September quarter 1993. The survey defined formal training as all training activities which have a structured plan and format designed to develop job related skills and competence, and found that total expenditure on formal training during 1 July to 30 September 1993 by Australian employers was estimated at $1 100 million, Who received training? The 1993 Survey of Training and Education found that in the twelve months prior to the survey being undertaken, an estimated 86% of those who had a wage or salary job in the previous twelve months 4D I IELTS Preparation and Practiceundertook some form of training. The greatest proportion of wage or salary eamers by occupation who undertook training in 1993 were professionals. An estimated 96% of professionals received some form of training in the twelve month period and 70% undertook study or training courses. Among blue-collar workers, clerks at 89% received more training than salespersons and personal service workers, though the latter attended slightly more study courses. Plant and machine operators, and drivers had the lowest proportion receiv- ing some form of training (72%), with labourers receiving slightly more. Length of training course Of the 5 581 900 wage and salary eamers who attended an in-house training course in the twelve months prior to the survey, some 35% of the courses lasted 40 hours or more. Male participants had more attendances at these longer courses than did female participants (42% compared with 27%). Reasons for training employees The 1994 Training Practices Survey found that 32% of Australian employers reported providing some formal training for their employ- ees during the twelve month period ending February 1994. Improved work performance was reported by 80% of employers as a reason for training employees. The next two most common reasons for training were {0 enable employees to move to other positions within the organisation, and to multi-skill employees, (reported by 41% and 40% of employers respectively). Almost half the employers who reported training (44%) also reported that their training expenditure increased during the previous twelve months. Technological change was the factor most often reported as having increased training expenditure (30% of employers), followed by quality assurance (26% of employers). Time constraints and cost constraints were reported as the most common limitations to the amount of training provided by employers for their employees (56% and 41% of employers respectively). Almost all employers who formally trained employees used extemal training providers to meet part, or all of their training needs (92%) A lesser proportion (62%) reported providing in-house training for their employees during the reference period. In February 1994, it is estimated that employers in Australia employed 15 800 full-time trainers to provide training for their employees. There was approx- imately one full-time trainer for every three hundred and fifty employees.44 J 817 Peopcnson and Pace Questions 1-3 Complete the vertical axis on the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Training undertaken by wage or salary earners, 1993 (%) Managers & administrators oe 1—_—_ eno) Para rotesionas o-0 Tradespeope | 2 Salesprans & pers service wikts ° ° © Studyfoourse Plant & machine oprirs & drivers ° ° © Some waning 3 Per cent Questions 4-9 Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Having a structured plan is an essential part of .(4).. More men than women attended longer in-house ..(5).. ‘The main reason employers provided training for their employees was to improve their ..(6).. ‘Two factors leading to higher training costs were ..(7).. and ..(8).. Most training was provided through the use of .(9)..Discussion Questions 1-3 In this exercise you have to complete the descriptors on the vertical axis of a graph; in this case occupations in a hierarchy based on job levels. For ‘Question 1 the most likely occupation to fit between ‘managers and adminis- trators’ and ‘para-professionals’ would be ‘professionals’. Questions 2 and 3 are rather more difficult, but the two major groups clearly absent from thie axis are general office workers or clerical staff and manual workers. These might be possible answers for 2 and 3 respectively. Remember, you must choose words from the passage for your answers. Questions 4-9 The grammar helps. Each of these answers requires a noun. Words modifying nouns are other nouns and adjectives, so you might also need another noun or an adjective. You will need to be careful about the type of noun. There are no articles (the, a, an) given and the IELTS does not normally require an article as part of the answer, so this would suggest that the nouns you need will be either plural or abstract nouns. A quick reading of the subheadings in the passage and the questions tells you that the reading is about job training, so for Question 4 one possibility is the word ‘training’. However, something more specific is probably needed, so look for an appropriate adjective or another noun to say what kind of training, The sentence in Question 5 could also be completed with the word ‘training’, buc itis unlikely that two questions in a row will require exactly the ne answer, Question 6: What are employers mainly interested in! Profits. The more employees produce, the better the profits, so probably the employers want 10 improve the productive capability or the productivity of their employees. Questions 7 and 8: What could make training cost more? There are quite a few possibilities, so this is quite difficult to predict, but you could watch out for such possibilities as the costs of trainers, facilities, technology, etc. What others can you think of? ‘Question 9: Who or what can provide training? The answer can be people or institutions, 50 be alert for these. People could be trainers, instructors, or specialists while institutions could be colleges, universities, companies, etc. What others can you think of? Were questions 4-9 difficult? There is more practice in using the skills you need for answering questions like these in the section on summary questions (p. 66). You can check your answers in the Answer Key. The Reading Test I 6EXERCISE 6 ‘Time target ~ 5 minutes ? This exercise gives you more practice completing information in tables. READING PASSAGE SPORT AND RECREATION A large proportion of Australians, regardless of social position, income and age, participate in some form of sporting activity. The impact of sport extends over a wide range of associated activities in community and commercial fields. Sport is a large industry in Australia encompassing not only participants but also employment within the sporting infrastructure; manufacture of apparel, equipment and other goods (¢.g. trophies); tourism and support industries (e.g. printing, media), The sporting activities of Australians include a range of organised and social sport, recreational and leisure activities undertaken both at home and away from home. Involvement in sport | In March 1993, an ABS survey of persons 15 years of age and over | was conducted throughout Australia to obtain information about involvement in sport during the previous 12 months. Involvement in sport was defined to include both paid and unpaid participation in playing and non-playing capacities. Spectator involvement in sport was excluded. ‘The survey found that one third of the Australian population aged 15 years and over were involved in sport, as players (3.1 million), non-players (0.5 million) or both players and non-players (0.9 million). More men than women were involved as players and as non-players. Overall, 35% of males played sport compared to 23% of females, and at all ages a greater proportion of males than females played sport. Younger men and women were mote likely to play sport than | older men and women. Fifty-six per cent of men aged 15 to 24 played sport compared to 39% of women in the same age group. In the 25 to 34 age group 43% of men played sport, compared to 28% of women, Twenty per cent of men and 12% of women aged 65 and over played sport. In Table 11.29 “all players’ includes those players who have some non-playing involvement. 46 Jf 16018 Peparaion and Practiceoe Table 11.29 Persons involved in sport, March 1993 Males Fetnales ‘Age group All players Non-players All players Non-players (years) 15-24 55.5 13 30.4 19 25-34 42.5 31 28.1 42 35-44 32.3 8&1 20.7 91 45-54 25.0 68 14.8 46 55-64 2d 35 14.5 Ld 65+ 20.3 1 12.2 04 ; ‘Tot: 35.3 4 23.1 38 ) For those involved in sport solely as non-players, the 35 to 44 years age group had the highest participation rate (8% for males, 9% for females). Their most common activities were as administrators or committee members, Sport and recreation participation Participation in organised and social sporting activities is measured by a quarterly household survey, the Population Survey Monitor con- & ducted by ABS. This survey showed that in 1993-94 the most popular sport was golf, with 384 600 people participating in organ- ised golf (3% of the population), and a further 128 000 participating in social golf (1% of the population). ‘The most popular organised sporting activities for men aged 15 and over were golf, outdoor cricket, basketball and Australian rules football. For women aged 15 and over, netball, tennis, aerobies and golf were the most popular organised sporting activities. The most Popular sports among those aged 55 and over were golf and lawn bowls. In addition to organised sports, many people are involved in sociall sport and other recreational activities. In 1993-94 the most popular social sports were tennis and golf, followed by squash and lawn bowls. In February and May 1995 two of the most popular recre- ational activities were cycling (614.000 in February, 586000 in F May), and fishing (598 000 in February and 636 000 in May). (See Be Table 11.31.) The Reading Te 4348 J TELTS Preparation and Practice | People who do not play sport When people did not play sport, respondents in the survey were | asked why not. The most common reason for not participating in sport, given by 39% of men and 43% of women was injury or illness. Mea were more likely than women not to participate in sport because of a sports injury (19% compared to 13%) while women are more likely than men not to participate because of an illness. Twenty-seven per cent of men and 20% of women said they had no time or were too busy (0 participate in sport. Men were more likely than women to be deterred by bad weather while women were more likely to be prevented from participating in sport because they had no child-care facilities. (See Table 11.32.) Questions 1-3 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. ated Table 11.31 Persons aged 15 years and over who parti in organised sport, 1993-94 (°000) Sport Males: Females De. i 98.8 Australian rules football 151.4 ” Basketball 153.4 117 Cricket (indoor) 916 Cricket (outdoor) 193.9 @ 80.7 Lawn bowls Bu 287.1 Soccer (outdoor) 147.2 it Squash 78.5 463 Swimming 60.9 Tennis 137.1 162.1Questions 4-6 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. ‘Table 11.32 Main reasons for not participating in sport, persons aged 18 years and over, 1993-94 (%) Reasons Males: Female: Mness or injury 39.2 43.3 Aue 26.7 198 (5). 41 ‘Transport Lt Pee a. Os 26 Expense/cost 05 09 Other 24.5 29.3 Total 100.0 100.0 ‘You can check your answers and read the discussion in the Answer Key. EXERCISE 7 The questions in this exercise focus mainly on classification, although there are other questions to give you more practice. Note that the reading has been divided into two parts. Read the questions and the discussion first. ‘Time target ~ 15 minutes for Part I, Questions 1-11 Reapina Passace ~ Parr I THEORIES OF JOB SATISFACTION | Ww makes some people more satisfied with their jobs than | others? What underlying processes account for people's feel- ings of job satisfaction? Insight into these important questions is pro- vided by various theories of job satisfaction. We will describe two of the most influential approaches — Herzberg's two-factor theory and Locke's value theory, Tae Reading ton FBr Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory ‘Think about something that may have happened on your job that made you feel especially satisfied or dissatisfied. What were these events? Over thirty years ago Frederick Herzberg posed this question to more than 200 accountants and engineers, and carefully analysed their responses. What he found was somewhat surprising: different factors accounted for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Although you might expect that certain factors lead to satisfaction when they are present, and dissatisfaction when they are absent, this was riot the case. Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction were found to stem from different sources, In particular, dissatisfaction was associ- the jobs (e.g. working conditions, pay, security, quality of supervision, relations with others) rather than the work itself, Because these factors prevent negative reactions, Herzberg referred to them as hygiene (or maintenance) factors. BY contrast, satisfaction was associated with factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as the nature of their jobs, achievement in the work, promotion opportunities, and chances for personal growth and recognition. Because such factors | were associated with high levels of job satisfaction, Herzberg called them motivators. Herzberg’s distinction between motivators and hhygiene factors is referred to as the two-factor theory of job satisfaction, Research testing Herzberg’s theory has yielded mixed results Some studies have found that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction were based on different factors, and that these are in keeping with the distinction made by Herzberg. Other studies, however, have found. that factors labeled as hygienes and motivators exerted strong effects on both satisfaction and dissatisfaction, thereby casting doubt on Herzberg’s theory. In view of such equivocal evidence, we must label Herzberg’s theory as an intriguing but unverified framework for understanding job satisfaction. Still, the theory is useful for deserib- ing the conditions that people find satisfying and dissatistying on the job. The theory has also been useful in emphasising the importance of factors such as the opportunity for personal growth, recognition, and increased responsibility. Attention to such variables has stimu- lated much of the research and theory on job enlargement and job enrichment. In this way, Herzberg’s theory has contributed much to the field of organisational behaviours, despite the lack of support for some of its key predictions, 30 JF 1611 Peparaton nd PrecceQuestions 1-6 In Herzberg's ‘two-factor theory’, which factors would be associated with job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction? Choose S- for jatisfaction D__ for Dissatisfaction challenging assignments pension plan achievement 1 2 3 4 holiday and sick leave allowances 5. salary 6 recognition Questions 7-11 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage? Choose: YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 7 According to Hertzberg, motivators are associated with working con- ditions while hygiene factors are associated with the work itself, 8 Herzberg’s theory is applicable to accountants and engineers but not to other professions, 9 The results from research on Herzberg’s theory have been conclusive. 10 Although some research has revealed other factors for job satisfac- tion and dissatisfaction, the factors are consistent with Herzberg’s classification 11 Herzberg’s research enabled him to develop the strategies of job enlargement and job enrichment. TheReadineToe 5iDiscussion Questions 1-6 There is an extra dimension to these questions. This time you need to extend the specific information given in the reading to include other specific information of the same type. Questions 7-11 These are also more difficult as the statements involve re-wording or para- phrases of the information in the passage. This means you need to look for synonyms. You will have more practice with this strategy in the sections on ‘Viewpoint Questions and Summary Questions. Another difficulty here is that some of the statements contain information that is not given in the passage. In these cases you have to be very careful not to reach conclusions which are not justified by the information in the passage. Check your answers and read the discussion in the Answer Key before going on to Part Il. READING PAssace ~ Parr II Locke's Value Theory A second important theory of job satisfaction is Locke’s value theory. This conceptualisation claims that job satisfaction exists to the extent that the job outcomes (such as rewards) an individual Teceives match those outcomes that are desired. The more people receive outcomes they value, the more satisfied they will be; the less they receive outcomes they value, the less satisfied they will be Locke’s approach focuses on any outcomes that people value, | regardless of what they are, and not necessarily basic lower-order | | needs. The key to satisfaction in Locke’s theory is the discrepancy between those aspects of the job one has and those one wants; the greater the discrepancy, the less the satisfaction McFarlin and Rice conducted a study that provides good support for value theory. Using a questionnaire, these investigators measured how much of various job facets — such as freedom to work one’s own way, learning opportunities, promotion opportunities, and pay level — a diverse group of workers wanted, and how much they felt they | already had. They also measured how satisfied the respondents were with each of these facets and how important each facet was to them. | As shown in Figure 5.7, an interesting trend emerged: those aspects of the job about which respondents experienced the greatest discrep- ancies were the ones with which they were most dissatisfied, andthose with which they experienced the smallest discrepancies were the ones with which they were most satisfied. Interestingly, McFa and Rice also found that this relationship was greater among indi- viduals who placed a high amount of satisfaction on a particular facet of the job. In other words, the more important a particular facet of the job was believed to be, the less satisfied people were when they failed to get as much of this facet as they wanted. ‘An interesting implication of value theory is that it calls attention to the aspects of the job that need to be changed for job satisfaction to result. Specifically, the theory suggests that these aspects might not be the same ones for all people, but any valued aspects of the job about which people perceive serious discrepancies. By emphasising values, Locke’s theory suggests that job satisfaction may be derived from many factors. In this respect, itis fully consistent with the find- ings of research on the causes of job satisfaction. Questions 12-14 Questions 12 and 13 Label the lines on the graph. Write the correct letter A or B for Questions 12 and 13. Large discrepancies were ‘associated wih greater ‘issaisfacton among these Tor worn the facet was Highly | important than for those for shor itwas fess important (deighied) ‘Level of Satistaction with Facet of Joo ‘None Boe Great (ave as much forant meee as van!) thas have} Size of Have-Want Disorepancy g Figure 5.7 Job satisfaction: a result of the discrepancy between what we want and what we have The Renting Tor12. Low importance 13. High importance Question 14 14 Which of the following best summarises Locke’s value theory? A. The more people get from management, the more they want. B_ People will be satisfied with their work when they get everything the way they want it C In most jobs, it is almost impossible for the conditions leading to job satisfaction to be fulfilled. D__ It is not essential for every aspect of a job to be perfect for a person to feel satisfied with the job. Questions 15-18 From Parts I and I of the reading, say which of the following apply to the people mentioned in the Reading Passage. Choose: H for Herzberg L for Locke MR for McFarlin and Rice 15. The research was conducted using a questionnaire 16 People are most dissatisfied when they lack access to valued aspects of a job. 17 The theory is based on the discrepancy between what is desired and what is obtained. 18. The theory has been highly influential in spite of the lack of support- ing research findings. To complete this section on specific information questions, do Reading test 1 again. Try to complete it in 15 minutes. check your answers in the Answer Key. 54 JP 12115 Peparaion and PracticeViewpoint Questions Practice Viewpoint questions are always more difficult to answer because you must understand the views and opinions expressed in the reading. The practice with viewpoint questions uses one of the readings you did earlier. Again, the best strategy is to read the questions first and look for the information to answer them 2s you read the passage. Watch particularly for synonyms and restatements of the questions. The paragraphs have been numbered for ease of reference in the discussion that follows. To get the best practice, you should answer the questions before you read the discussion. ‘Time target — 15 minutes READING PassaGe A WOMAN’S WORK IS NEVER DONE 1 More and more women are now joining the paid labour force world- wide. They represent the majority of the workforce in all the sectors which are expanding as a result of globalisation and trade liberalisa- tion — the informal sector, including subcontracting; export processing or free trade zones; homeworking; and the “flexible”, part-time, tem- porary, low-paid labour force. Even in countries which have low levels of women paid workers, such as the Arab countries, employment is rising. 2 In South-Fast Asia, women rep- resent up to 80 per cent of the work- force in the export processing zones, working mainly in the labour-intensive textile, toy, shoe and electronic sectors. In Latin America and the Caribbean, 70 per cent of economically active women are employed in services. Many women in South-East Asia are moving from manufacturing into services. 3 Long excluded from many paid jobs and thus economically de- pendent on husbands or fathers, paid employment has undoubtedly brought economic and social gains to many women, For many previ- ously inexperienced young women, the opportunity 10 gain financial independence, albeit limited and possibly temporary, has helped break down some of the taboos of their societies and prescriptions on women’s behaviour. 4° Any gains, however, should be seen in a wider context, Declining economic and social condi throughout the world, in particular declining household incomes, have compelled many women to take any kind of paid work to meet their basic needs and those of their fam- ilies, The jobs available to them are, in the main, insecure and low-paid with irregular hours, high levels of intensity, little protection from health and safety hazards and few opportunities for promotion. The Reading Tes 35SEE Ee CECE Eee eee ECCLES ae $ Women’s high participation in informal employment is partly due to the fact that many jobs in the formal economy are not open to them: they are actively excluded from certain kinds of work or lack access to education and training or have domestic commitments. The increase of women’s participation in the informal sector has been most marked in the countries of Sub- Saharan Africa where sharp eco- nomic decline and structural adjustment policies have reduced the official job market drastically. 6 Job gains for some women have meant losses for others. Female ‘employment in export production is increasing in Bangladesh, Vietnam and El Salvador, for instance, while women in South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong are faced with redun- dancies as the industries which have telied on their labour for three decades (textile, clothing, shoe and electronics) relocate elsewhere, (In South Korea, industries which tend to employ men ~ steel, petrochemi- cals, electricity, automobiles, ship- building, machinery — have received government subsidies to stay put.) 7 As domestic markets are ‘opened up to intemational competi- tion and quotas which restricted the quantity of imports from any one country are abandoned, cheap, sub- sidised foreign imports are threat- ening the livelihoods of many women small producers and entre- preneurs in “cottage industries”. In countries such as India and Bangladesh, for instance, more than 90 per cent of economically-active women work in the informal sector ‘at jobs such as hand loom weaving. 86 JP 17S Preparation and Practice 8 Far from escaping. patriarchal control, the industrial setting invari- ably replicates it, the head of the factory taking the place of husband or father. To attract investors, some Asian countries such as Malaysia and Thailand emphasise the “dex- terity of the small hands of the Oriental women and traditional atti- tude of submission”. Women workers are particularly exposed to sexual harassment, a form of vio- ence which reflects the subordina- tion they have to submit to to be allowed to work. Complaints often lead to dismissal. 9 In general, women are paid less than men are, and women’s jobs pay less than men’s jobs. On average, most women earn 50 to 80 per cent of men’s pay, but there are considerable variations. In Tanzania, which ranks first in the world for pay equality, women eam 92 per cent of what men eam; in Bangladesh, they earn 42 per cent. Women also have less job security and fewer opportunities for promo- tion. Higher status jobs, even in industries which employ mostly women, tend to be filled by men. 10 In addition, women usually, have to continue their unpaid domestic and caring work, such as of children, the sick and the elderly, which is often regarded as women’s “natural” and exclusive responsibil- ity. Even when they have full-time jobs outside the home, women take care of most houschold tasks, par- ticularly the preparation of meals, cleaning and child care. When women become mothers, they often have no option other than to work Part-time or accept home workQuestions 1-10 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the Reading passage? Choose YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN | if there is no information about this in the passage 1 Women are commonly employed in labour-intensive and service industries. 2 Unemployed men generally encourage their wives to work. 3 Working women have been freed from social taboos. 4 Women have gained more from entering the workforce than they have lost. 5 Women are often forced by circumstances to accept whatever employment they can get. 6 The opening up of domestic markets has greatly benefited cottage industries. 7 The position of women in the workplace generally reflects their posi- tion in the wider society. 8 Although their work opportunities have increased, women are gener- ally disadvantaged in the job market. 9 Men are invariably preferred to women when it comes to promotion. 10 Working mothers are generally able to provide their children with a better education. Discussion Although this reading includes factual information, it is primarily a passage | expressing the views of the writer. You might compare it with the passage “Theories of Job Satisfaction’ (p. 49) which impartially sets out some theories on that topic. You might also compare it with the next reading which is on the same topie (women and work) but which has a different focus MUESTRA SIN VALOR COMERCIAL OCOFAR LIBROS ES DELITO The Reading Test I 5 | (LEY 11723)1 YES 2 NG 3 NO 4 NO 5 YES 6 NO YES 9 NO 10 NG 38 J) TS Pepnation and Pace ‘This question is simply a summary of Paragraph 2. ‘The informa- tion is basically factual and does not involve viewpoint. ‘There is no information given in the passage about unemployed men. ‘The question statement is too broad. It means that all working women have been freed from all social taboos. In Paragraph 3, the writer claims that for many working women some of the taboos have been broken down. ‘The statement contradicts the claim of the writer. Paragraph 3 describes the gains for women. The rest of the passage describes the losses. So although the writer considers there have been some gains, in general he or she sees the losses as greater. This clearly restates the claim in Paragraph 4 that ‘Declining eco- nomic and social conditions... have compelled many women to take any kind of paid work’. There are four synonyms to words in the question statement here: ‘Declining economic and social con- ditions’ are summed up in the general word ‘circumstances’; ‘have compelled! is synonymous with ‘are forced’; ‘any kind? is similar to ‘whatever’ and ‘paid work’ is synonymous with ‘employment’ This states exactly the opposite to Paragraph 7 which says ‘As domestic markets are opened up... imports are threatening the livelihoods of many women small producers and entrepreneurs in “cottage industries’” This is a rephrasing of the first sentence of Paragraph 8. ‘Reflect’ is a synonym of ‘replicate’. ‘The first part of this sentence summarises the information in the first three paragraphs, while the second part summarises the infor- ‘mation in Paragraph 9. The last two sentences in Paragraph 9 state that ‘Women... have fewer opportunities for promotion.’ and that ‘Higher status jobs tend to be filled by men.’ The sentence of the question uses the word ‘invariably’ which means always. Therefore this statement contradicts the writer. Education for children is not discussed anywhere in the passage.EXERCISE 8 This reading is longer than those you have done so far. It is the maximum length you are likely to get in an IBLTS test. It is also more difficult. This ength and level of difficulty could occur in the third reading of an IELTS. ‘The paragraphs have been numbered to make it easier for you to follow the discussion in the Answer Key, Time target ~ 20 minutes READING PASSAGE ‘THLISING WOMEN’S SKILLS Women Working 1 Britain has a higher proportion of economically active women than any of our EC partners, with the exception of Denmark, and the trend towards greater female participation in paid employment seems to be irreversible. The Central Statistical Office's Social Trends report, published at the beginning of this year, forecasts that the number of women in the labour force is likely to increase by 700 000 over the 1990s and that by the end of the decade no less than 45 per cent of workers will be female, It may be questioned whether industry fully utilises them, 2 Atpresent a high proportion of employed women, four out of ten, work part-time compared with only ten per cent of men in employ. ‘ment, This development is in response to the increased opportunities available to realise two distinct goals: (1) The industrial goal of achieving greater flexibility in working time and working schedules in order to improve the | relationship between labour costs and business needs; and (2) The personal goal of many women of participating respon- sibly in both economic and domestic-familial activity without subjecting themselves to intolerable strains. Industry needs part-time workers and women often find part-time work more feasible than full-time. The Reading Tex 8: 1 3° While many more women would doubtless prefer to have full- time employment, most men below early retirement age would see this as a necessity. The traditional images of the “male breadwinner” and the “female housewife and mother” may be breaking down among females but this process is occurring more slowly among males. Men do adopt the role of “househusband”, but their cumber is still small enough to make the examples newsworthy. 4. For this reason, a good deal of female employment, and espe- cially that part of it which involves women with young children, ‘occurs without much corresponding adjustment or accommodation by men or by the institutions which men have created. Men remain “free” to take on their traditional full-time breadwinner roles, but ‘women depend on there being opportunities for them to participate in economic activity at the times and in the locations which fit in with their domestic responsibilities, However “useful” they might be to industry because they do not want the full-time engagements that are not available, their involvement remains unintegrated. The Waste of Talent 5 Inconsequence, the talents which exist within this section of the workforce are under-utilised. They serve as “hands” hired usually to perform routine jobs which can be parcelled out in appropriate part- time lots. They may do these extremely satisfactorily and at low overall cost to the employer, but skills and competencies developed in the course of their other experiences including running a house- hold, organising efficient routines, counselling and developing children, etc. may never be given any chance to surface. 6 In addition they have little opportunity to contribute ideas or sug- gestions around or outside the immediate confines of their particular Job. This is because they are not sufficiently woven into the fabric of the organisation to permit their insinuation into discussions at the right moment or with sufficient persistence to ensure that they get a hearing. They are treated as part of a peripheral workforce and their ideas have little chance of entering the mainstream of thought. 7 Against this background there is little chance that they will be either rotated or promoted to any position of responsibility. Research published recently by the Institute of Manpower Studies confirms that women are generally still very underrepresented in management. It found, as many other studies of women at work have done, that although 40 per cent of the current workforce is female, women & [J HUTS Prepon and Pasteconstitute only 22 per cent of managers and only 2 per cent of senior ‘executives. This also implies that even full-time women and those who do seek to develop a conventional career have little chance of success. 8 This may reflect stereotypical attitudes similar to those which | attach to “part-timers”: even full-time female employees appear to present a greater risk than full-time men of failing to make the grade as steady, reliable workers. They may declare themselves to be inter- ested in a career, but they are much more likely than a man to succumb to the alternative career of raising children and running a family home, Therefore, so the stereotypical argument runs, they are less worthy of the employer investing training and development resources in them. If a woman is to get on, she has to surmount hurdles without much assistance and support from the employer. Effective Utilisation 9 In order to utilise female talents at all effectively, it may well be necessary, as many have already argued, to provide some simple logistical supports in the form of flexible work schedules, child-care facilities and the like, But it may be even more necessary to provide | greater opportunity for working women in general and part-time workers in particular, to become integrated into the mainstream of 2 organised activity. 10° This can occur only if industry then treats them as worthy of it, no matter whether they are “merely” part-time or whether they choose to take some time out to start a family. Some organisations, especially those facing a tight labour market, do provide such oppor- tunities and do attempt to keep those on leave of absence in touch with policies and practices. They are probably too few for comfort and too often stimulated by extremely short-sighted and short-lived motives. Unless these activities are integrated with the business strat- egy, they are unlikely to survive a slackening of the labour market or to give industry full benefit 11 Finally, their potential is unlikely to be realised unless they are included in all the communication systems developed both to inform, employees and to elicit their suggestions for improvement. Part- timers particularly, but also those who perform what have tradition- ally been regarded as women’s jobs, are often excluded from these, so that their often unblinkered views are ignored. The Reading Tew 6HFr Questions 1-11 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the Reading passage. Choose: YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 1 Denmark is the only EC country with fewer economically active women than Britain, 2. The coincidence of women’s personal choices and industry's business needs has resulted in large numbers of women working part-time. 3) Women ma it essential, y prefer to be employed full-time; however, men consider 4 Too many women are taking jobs that rightfully belong to men. 5 Men accept changing perceptions of traditional gender roles more slowly than women do. 6 Skills involved in running a household are unlikely to be of much use in industry, 7 Since women are rarely fully integrated into an organisation, they are unable to contribute useful ideas. 8 One reason women’s views are not considered is because they do not understand business strategy. 9 Recent research shows more and more women are moving into man- agement positions. 10 Most full-time female employees are not really interested in a career, even though they may claim to want one, 11 Most of the organisations which have instituted integrative practices have done so only because there has been a shortage of labour. @ YP 105 Pecpsccon and PracticeQuestion 12 Which sentence best summarises the views of the writer? Choose the appropriate letter A-D for your answer. A. Itis more appropriate for women to work part-time in order that their skills can be fully utilised in homemaking. B_ Industry would be far more likely to promote women if they did not take time away from work for their family duties. C Women have developed a wide range of skills in the home and those skills should be utilised more effectively in industry. D Although industry has been keen to utilise women’s skills, it has been hampered by the lack of government support programs. EXERCISE 9 ‘Time target ~ 20 minutes READING PassAGE THE CHANGING NATURE OF CAREERS AS time marches on, the nature of people’s jobs changes and the characteristics of organisations change — and as a result, so t00 do people's careers. According to Schein, these changes can be char- acterised as developments along three basic dimensions summarised in his career cone (see Figure 6.10). First, careers often involve ver- tical movement ~ that is, promotions up an organisational hierarchy (such as from assistant manager to manager). Naturally, different people working in different settings experience vertical movement at tremendously different rates. Not only may people be prepared for advancement at different times, but also organisations may have dif- ferent opportunities for promotion. In today’s organisations, in which layers of management are being reduced all the time, there are fewer rungs in the organisational ladder, making opportunities for vertical ‘movement more limited than they used to be. The Reading Toe GSHaas Second, careers often involve horizontal movement. This reflects changes in specific job functions, or sometimes, in major fields or specialties. For example, individuals who start out in marketing may move into the related field of sales. In recent years, growing numbers. of people have been willing to make such horizontal moves, even though doing so may involve a considerable amount of retraining. This trend may result from several sources, such as people’s needs to seek fulfilment by doing different kinds of work, or by their belief that they might sooner be able to make a vertical movement by first moving horizontally into a field with greater opportunities for advancement, Finally, careers also involve what Schein terms radial movement — shifts toward or away from the inner circle of management in an organisation, the base of power. Such movement often follows vert cal movement (ic. promotion), but not always. For example, a manager of engineering operations for a television network, who works at its headquarters, may be promoted to the vice president at one of the network’s local affiliates. The promotion in this case is real, but the individual is now farther away from the organisation’s inner circle of power than before (both literally in terms of miles and figuratively in terms of influence). ‘At the same time careers develop along these three dimensions, | they also seem to move through repeated cycles of stability and i change. Soon after an individual has been hired or promoted into a new position, a stage of career growth occurs. During this period, | individuals consolidate their recent gains by acquiring the new skills and information needed to perform their current jobs effectively. As this process is completed, they enter a stage of stabilisation, in which they are performing their jobs to their fullest capacity and things are on an even keel (for the time being, at least). This is followed by a period of transition in which individuals prepare themselves psycho- logically for their next move upward. During this period, they antic- pate the demands of their next stage and get ready to meet them, i When the expected promotion arrives, the cycle starts over again. In | short, the careers of many individuals are marked by a process in which they grow into each new position, become acclimatised to it, and then begin preparations for the next step on the ladder. TP 1e17s Repsesion and Pace |Questions 1-3 Label Schein's career cone to show the three basic types of movement involved in career change. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS fiom the passage for your answers. Ce KG S Figure 6.10 | Questions 4-12 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer of the Reading passage. Choose YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 4) There are not so many opportunities for promotion as there once were, | 5. The main reason people make horizontal career moves is because they are unhappy with their present work. 6 More people are changing careers because promotional opportunities are limited. 7 Promotions involving radial movement are not really promotions. The Reading Tox 658 Once a person has moved away from the centre of power they are unlikely to get back to it, 9 People generally prefer a vertical career change to a horizontal one. 10 The transitional stage of career growth occurs after the person is able to perform their present job effectively. 11 Itis not possible for one person to experience all three types of career movement. 12. The career cone illustrates the stages of career growth. Questions 13-19 Classify the following career changes as associated with V Vertical movement HH Horizontal movement R Radial movement 13 accountant to financial director 14 librarian to publishing editor 15 head office manager to overseas aifiliate director 16 accounts director to branch manager 17 class teacher to head teacher 18 factory worker to foreman 19 nurse to hospital registrar Summarising Questions HH ‘Summarising questions can be in the form of * a brief summary of part of the reading passage * a brief summary of the whole reading passage * notes on the reading passage. They are usually the last questions related to a reading. The information in the summary usually has the same sequence as the information in the reading. They require you to complete gaps in the summary with appropriate words: * from a box of possible answers © from the reading passage itself. The words you have to use are never articles (a, an, the) or prepositions (e.g at, in, over). They are always what we call content words. They are nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs. For this reason a good knowledge of grammar and vocabulary can help you a lot in answering these questions. 66 Ff YELTS Preparation aod Proctcele Practice As these are usually the last questions for a reading passage, the hest strat- egy for these questions is © to read the summary * ifthere are words given in a box, to guess an answer * if you have to find words in the passage, to guess a probable answer * if you can’t immediately guess an answer, to think about the kind of word you need ‘The practice and the exercises for summary questions are all based on passages you have already read in working through this book. This is because summary questions usually come last in a set of questions attached to a reading passage, so you will already be familiar with the content of the reading hefore you try to do these questions. Time target — 5 minutes To get the best practice, complete the summary before you read the iscussion. This practice involves a brief summary of one section of the reading, REAvING Passace Ste SynNIeESSCEEEEEEE| SPORT AND RECREATIC Ais nronarion of Austrians, regardless of social position, | income and age, participate in some form of sporting activity | The impact of sport extends over a wide range of associated activities in community and commercial fields. Sport is a large industry in Australia encompassing not only participants but also employment within the sporting infrastructure; manufacture of apparel, equipment and other goods (e.g. trophies); tourism and support industries (e.g Printing, media). The sporting activities of Australians include | range of organised and social sport, recreational and leisure activities | undertaken both at home and away from home Involvement in sport In March 1993, an ABS survey of persons 15 years of age and over was conducted throughout Australia to obtain information about involvement in sport during the previous 12 months. Involvement in sport was defined to include both paid and unpaid participation in playing and non-playing capacities. Spectator involvement in sport was excluded. ‘The survey found that one third of the Australian population aged 15 years and over were involved in sport, as players (3.1 million), non-players (0.5 million) or both players and non-players (0.9 The Reading Test | 6Ete ET ee TL million). More men than women were involved as players and as | non-players, Overall, 35% of males played sport compared to 23% of females, | and at all ages a greater proportion of males than females played | sport. Younger men and women were more likely to play sport than older men and women. Fifty-six per cent of men aged 15 to 24 played sport compared to 39% of women in the same age group. In the 25 to 34 age group 43% of men played sport, compared to 28% of women. Twenty per cent of men and 12% of women aged 65 and over played sport, For those involved in sport solely as non-players, the 35 to 44 years age group had the highest participation rate (8% for males, 9% for females). Their most common activities were as | administrators or committee members, Questions 1-8 Complete the summary of the first section of the Reading passage below. Choose your answers from the box below the summary. Note: There are more words than you will need to fill the gaps. You may use @ word more than once if you wish. SUMMARY In Australia, sport is not only a recreational and ..(1)... activity but also an industry. One survey looked at participation in sport based on whether participants were ..(2).. or .(3).. and whether they were paid or not. The survey did not consider ..(4).. to be ..(5). In general, women were found to be ..(6).. involved in sport than men and there were ..(7).. young people involved than older people. The results of the survey also showed that ..(8).. were generally involved in two different capacities business social women more players participants less non-players most fewer unpaid spectators | 68. JP eS Preproon ad PracticeDiscussion 1 This sentence summarises the information in the first paragraph. The passage tells you that sport is important in cwo ways: as an activity and an industry. One kind of activity is already mentioned ~ ‘recreational’. Note that this word is an adjective, therefore you need another adjective to complete the phrase. The possible answers must be either ‘business’, or ‘social’ . ‘Business’ is almost a synonym for ‘industry’, and therefore not appropriate for the answer. Therefore the answer is ‘social’. 2,3,4.and 5 The sentence containing these questions is a summary of the second paragraph. The words, which must he nouns, that might be applic- able are: ‘players’, ‘non-players’, ‘women’, ‘participants’ and ‘spectators For Questions 2 and 3, you must put two types of participants. One of these could be ‘women’, but women are not mentioned at this point in the text. Therefore the only possibilities are ‘players’ and ‘non-players’. It ‘would not matter which you put first as it would still mean the same thing, The second part of this sentence, Questions 4 and 5, is a rephrasing of the last sentence of the paragraph. Ir includes the information left out of the last sentence, which a reader would be able to supply for him/herself The complete meaning of that last sentence is: ‘Spectator involvement in sport was excluded [from participation|’. Therefore, the answer to ‘Question 4 is ‘spectators’. By definition, spectators cannot be players, and. spectators are automatically non-players. So neither of those words is pos- sible for Question 5. The answer is ‘participants’. In this ease you cannot reverse the order of the answers as it would not make sense 6&7 The sentence containing these two questions summarises the third paragraph of the reading. The structure of the sentence indicates that for ‘Question 6 an adverb in the comparative form is needed and for Question 7 an adjective in the comparative is required. The possible words in the box are: ‘more’, ‘less, fewer’ and ‘most’. The percentages of men and ‘women in sport indicate that the answer for 6 is ‘less’ as it is the only adverb given which reflects those figures. The rest of the paragraph indi- cates that the numbers of young people involved in sport is greater than, the number of older people involved; therefore the answer is ‘more! ‘Most’ is not possible as it is the superlative form, not the comparative, 8 This question summarises some of the information in the last paragraph about the activities on non-players. This paragraph tells you than non- players were involved ‘as administrators or committee members’. Therefore the answer to this question is ‘non-players’. This means that you have used this answer twice. Sometimes you have to use the same answer twice, although it is not common in the IELTS test The Reading Tox J 68| | x EXERCISE 10 Time target — 5 minutes This exercise is a summary of the last section of the Reading entitled “Utilising Women’s Skills’, For this exercise, we have put the summary and the answer choices first in order to encourage you to read the summary first and try to fill the gaps without referring to the reading. Questions 1-6 Complete the summary for the last section of the Reading passage Choose your answers from the box below the summary. Note: There are more wordiphrases than you will need to fill the gaps. You may use a word more than once if you wish. SUMMARY Two steps need to be taken for greater utilisation of women’s expertise: ..(1)...of logistical supports and better ..(2).. of women into all industrial activities. These can be achieved by ..(3).. such facilities as child-care facilities and by ..(4)...a system of keeping women up- to-date when they are away from work ..(8).. It is also useful ..(6).. communication systems so that women can put forward their ideas. to propose integration provision adopting providing utilisation adjusting on holidays for long periods consider to integrate creation READING PassaGE Effective Utilisation 9 In order to utilise female talents at all effectively, it may well be necessary, as many have already argued, to provide some simple logistical supports in the form of flexible work schedules, child-care facilities and the like. But it may be even more necessary to provide ‘greater opportunity for working women in general and part-time workers in particular, to become integrated into the mainstream of organised activity. 10 This can occur only if industry then treats them as worthy of it, no matter whether they are “merely” part-time or whether they choose to take some time out to start a family. Some organisations, especially those facing a tight labour market, do provide such opportunities and do attempt to keep those on leave of absence in touch with policies and practices. They are probably too few for 20 I IELTS Preparation and PracticePractice oe comfort and too often stimulated by extremely short-sighted and short-lived motives. Unless these activ s are integrated with the business strategy, they are unlikely to survive a slackening of the Jabour market or to give industry full benefit. 11 Finally, their potential is unlikely to be realised unless they are included in all the communication systems developed both to inform employees and to elicit their suggestions for improvement, Part- timers particularly, but also those who perform what have tradition- ally been regarded as women’s jobs, are often excluded from these, so that their often unblinkered views are ignored, ‘Time target — 10 minutes For this summary you have to find the words in the reading passage, READING PASSAGE A Under Pinochet, Chilean fruit exports boomed. The country has remained a major supplier of tem- perate fruits — grapes, nectarines, plums, peaches, pears and apples — to North America and Europe. More than 95 per cent of grape imports to the US are from Chile. Highly per ishable exports prompted Cardoen Industries, better Known for its weapons and explosives, to produce refrigerated containers for sea and ait shipments. Almost all Chile’s orchards are less than one hundred miles from a seaport. Over half of Chile’s fruit exports are controlled by five transnational companies B_ Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and sea- sonal. Over two-thirds of the labour force in Chile is now employed on a temporary basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector. C In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day; one hectare (2.5 acres) of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under $5000. D> Many of these workers used to be smallholders or agricultural workers who were evicted from plots in Chile’s central valley region to make way for commercial producers. Many temporary fruit workers migrate from north to south each year, following the peak moments in the harvest. E_ Workers complain of crowded, squalid barracks and limited washing and sanitary facilities, crit- ical for those regularly exposed to pesticides, Imports of pesticides increased more than eight-fold between 1976 and 1986. Some 80 per cent of workers in the fruit industry say the problem of health was either “very serious” or “serious”, The Reading Tow ff 71SSS SS SSS SS Te Questions 1-8 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE word from the passage for each answer: SUMMARY Chilean fruit exports, which are grown in ..(1).. not far from the coast, are sent mainly to North America and Europe in ..(2).. Most workers have only ..(3).. work. Many of the poorly-paid workers were ..(4).. from their own land and need to ..(5).. to wherever harvesting is at a .(6).. Living conditions for these workers are ..(7), | with limited facilities essential for workers who are exposed to other .(8).. health hazards such as pesticides Discussion This type of summary question is generally slightly more difficule than the \ cones where you are given answer choices in a box. One of the difficulties is that the word(s) you need may not be exactly where you expect to find them. You may have to look for them throughout the reading. 1 You might guess the answer for this one if you know that an orchard is | where fruit is grown. However, to find the correct word in the reading, you ‘must read all of Paragraph A and connect the fruit exports in the first sen- tence with the orchards in the second last sentence, 2. For Question 2 you also have to search Paragraph A. for something that fruit can be sent in. After ‘in’ you need a noun, and you know that fruit gocs bad quickly, so the answer is in the sentence ‘Highly perishable exports prompted Cardoen Industries, ..., to produce refrigerated con- tainers for sea and air shipments’. The question asks for only one word, so the cofrect answer is ‘containers’. It is important that you write this answer in the plural, as the singular would require an article and also it would not be logical to have only one container. 3 Paragraph B tells you that jobs are ‘temporary and seasonal’. Question 3 i paraphrases this information. Therefore the answer is either word, ‘tem porary’ or ‘seasonal’. It does not matter which you put. Either will be counted correct. 4 The information in this sentence summarises both Paragraphs C and D, However, all the words you need can be found in Paragraph D. ‘The workers used to be smallholders ... who were evicted from plots! has the same meaning as ‘the ... workers have been evicted from their own land, So the answer is ‘evicted’. You must have the ‘ed’ ending on the word to be scored correct. 5&6 The second half of this same sentence is a paraphrase and shortening of the last sentence in Paragraph D. The correct answers are ‘migrate’ and ‘peak’. ‘Migrate’ must be in this form as itis part of an infinitive 1 Tes Pepmation and Pactce7 This question requires you to know or guess that ‘barracks' is where people live in groups. The passage tells you that the barracks are crowded and squalid. Ie doesn’t matter whether you know what squalid means or not. The grammar tells you it is an adjective describing the barracks, or the place where the workers live. So you can give either adjective for your answer: ‘crowded’ or ‘squalid’ 8 The position of this question in the sentence should tell you that you need an adjective. It is quite clear from the text that a pesticide constitutes a health hazard and the best adjective you can find in the reading for the kind of health hazard is ‘serious’, The answer is ‘serious’ EXERCISE 11 ‘Time target — 10 minutes, For this exercise, go back to the reading for Exercise 5, “Training? (p. 42) Questions 1-7 Complete the summary notes using ONE or TWO words from the passage for each note, SUMMARY NOTES + Training is a prominent activity in labour reform + Focus of a Training Expenditure Survey was on employee training time and ..(1).. + Essentials of formal training were found to be the existence of a --Q)...and a format for developing skills related to the (3) + Reasons for providing training are to improve (4)... facilitate career development and increase the range of skills of (8) + Constraints on training consisted of ..(6)... and ..(7).. EXERCISE 12 ‘Time target ~ 7 minutes For this exercise, go back to the reading in Exercise 9, “The Changing Nature Of Careers’ (p, 63). Questions 1-11 Complete the summary using NO MORE THAN THREE words taken from the reading TheReading Tor JBSUMMARY Vertical movement is defined as a ..(1).. involving promotion up a : (2)... Both speed and timing of vertical movement vary and today there are ..(3).. for vertical movement. A change in ..(4).. function or field of work is called horizontal movement. Individuals often find that further study or ..() be necessary in order to lear new skills and acquire new types of expertise. Two reasons for making a horizontal career change are (0 obtain greater ..(6)... and/or to facilitate further ..(7), Sometimes vertical movement is associated with ..(8)... in which a person is transferred to a branch or affiliate. This movement away from the ..(9).. base involves both distance and level of ..(10)... Whichever type of movement person experiences, she ot he will undergo a process of ..(11).. before they are ready for the next career change. EXERCISE 13 Time target ~ 7 minutes For this exercise go back to the practice reading for viewpoint questions, ‘A Woman's Work is Never Done’ (p. 55). Questions 1-7 Complete the summary. Choose your answers from the words in the box below the summary. SUMMARY ‘The social and personal ..(1).. women have made by entering the ~2).. must be offset against the losses. While they may have won greater freedom, their high level of ..(3).. in the ..(4).. has left them at a disadvantage. They do not have the ..(S).. of men in full-time employment. ..6).., they are further disadvantaged because of their inescapable ..(7).. obligations. domestic paid labour force children trading official job market informal labour sector bargaining power salaries losses obligations freedom gains global market place nowadays furthermore however eee sasssssnaaaunan| To complete this section on summarising questions, do Reading Passage 3 from Practice test I (p. 13) again. Try to complete it in 15 minutes. Then you can check your answers in the Answer Key. 4 [ous Preparation and Practicepage 1 Make a copy of the Reading answer sheet on page 172 to write your answers on. IELTS PRACTICE TEST 2 READING TIME ALLOWED: 1 hour JMBER OF QUESTIONS: 42 Instructions All answers must be written on the answer sheet The test is divided as follows. Reading Passage 1 Questions 1-16 Reading Passage 2 Questions 17-32 Reading Passage 3 Questions 33-42 Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a particular question leave it and go on to the next. You can return to it later. The Reading Test I 3| page 2 | READING PASSAGE 1 | You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-16 which are bused on Reading Passage 1 on pages 3 and 4. Questions 1-6 Reading Passage ! has 7 sections A~G, Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes I-6 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more headings than sections so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once. EEO HEADINGS Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe Australian culture and The Bulletin Magazines in Australia today Australia’s first magazine The first magazines Australians depend on England for news Historical value of magazines Improvements in printing technology Printing of photographs F (x) Some magazines have died Questions 1-6 1. Section A 4 Section E : 2. Section B 5 Section F | 3. Section D 6 Section 96 FP ts Preparation and PraccceAUSTRALIAN POPULAR MAGAZINES A The magazine as a product for leisure reading, enjoyment and informa- tion, or, as the Gentlemen of the day would have put it ‘edification’, had its origins in England during the early years of the eighteenth century where the innovator was Daniel Defoe, the writer of Robinson Crusoe, The word magazine comes from the French magasin which originally meant a store- house, an apt term since the first printed magazines were holdings for a miscel- lany of writings on various subjects. Defoe titled his magazine The Review, which, five years after the first issue, was followed by two other now famous magazines The Tatler and The Spectator both publications founded by the same partner-writers Richard Steele and Joseph Addison. B_ As for Australian popular maga- zines, initially, during the founding days of the colonies, readers at the time depended on the slow sailing ships from ‘home’ to bring them, among the other necessary items, newspapers and jour- nals. It was not until 1855 that Australia produced its own, and first popular magazine. This was the highly suecess- ful Melbourne Punch, which had a life span reaching into the first quarter of the twentieth century. D_ Popular illustrated magazines rapidly became an important and significant factor to the literate in Australia, who were forming our national image, as were the singers of ballads and strolling entertainers who were also making a major contribution, Out of this background the now famous old Bulletin emerged in 1880. From the start The Bulletin policy was to foster and encourage Australian writers and artists: it succeeded in making the names and reputations of Henry Lawson, ‘Banjo’ Paterson, Steele Rudd and scores of others. It created a new, unique school of black-and-white art which, for instance, gave Phil May his big chance and eventual world recogni- tion. The influence of The Bulletin was such that this era of the legendary ‘nineties’ is regarded as the source of our national culture. From this Australian pre-Federation era anumber of fascinating magazines were not only founded, but many were origi- nated and owned by distinguished writers of the day. These included the writers Henry Kendall, Marcus Clarke, Rolf Boldrewood, Randolph Bedford; Edward Dyson, Norman Lindsay and C.J. Dennis among others. EAs they were developed technical advances were promptly exploited, the ‘most sensational being the development of photo-process engraving which allowed, for the first time, the reproduc- tion of ‘half-tone’ photographs. This, ingenious method simply required a page 3 ‘The Reading Test [@photograph to be re-photographed through a dotted glass screen on to a metal sheet where, after an acid bath, the tones are simulated by a pattern of minute, raised dots varying in size. When inked the metal sheet is ready for reproducing a facsimile photograph made of tiny dots. Previously, a scene or an event was drawn in reverse, or back to front, by an artist on to a prepared block of wood. This was then given to aan engraver who, with a variety of deli- cate cutting tools, would gouge away areas of the drawing leaving a raised surface which, when inked and pressure applied would give a black and white impression of the image. And for the first time too photo-engraving enabled an artist to draw a cartoon, for instance, in any manner or style he chose and the printed result, which could now be enlarged or reduced in size, would be accurate in every detail just as it was drawn, Other not so significant technical devel- opments have been high-speed printing presses, simultaneous multi-colour printing, and certain electronic ‘scanner’ equipment for preparing colour illustrations. F By and large contemporary Australian magazines today do not differ greatly in content from those of the last century. There are some new directions: the high political content of The Bulletin for instance, reflects an awareness that Australia is increasingly being drawn into the wider international community ~ the features and articles about “Big Business’, home and over- seas reflect this appreciation, Whilst some one-time popular and very successful magazines — Pix and the original People for example — have not survived the years following World War II into the 1980s, the long running Australasian Post has managed not only to survive for 120 years (with a slight name change in 1946) but the magazine has been, for quite some time now, heading the list of the largest circulation for an Australian magazine of its kind. A large part of this success has resulted from a conscious editorial policy of an emphasis on Australiana. Other contem- porary magazines like the Australian Penthouse and Playboy, Cleo and Cosmopolitan — there are others ~ have no policy to pursue national identity, but rather to embrace an international quality or, in the case of Penthouse, some other point of interest. G Today, at a time of renewed national assessment, publications of the past that may have seemed inconsequential assume fresh importance as a source for the broad study of our culture. The changes in social behaviour, tastes, atti- tudes, fashion and manners which they reflect have become a large part of our conception of ourselves. 18 [1817S Preparation aod Prastice