201-16704A

Table of Contents
1

Introduction............................................................................................................................... 3

Data Collection, Review and Summary.................................................................................... 5

2.1

Public and In-House Records........................................................................................ 5

Data Reliability ......................................................................................................................... 5

Chemical Structure and Composition ....................................................................................... 6

4.1

Sponsored Chemicals.................................................................................................... 8

4.2

Supporting Chemicals................................................................................................. 12

4.3

Synonymous chemicals............................................................................................... 13

4.4

The LAS/ABS Chemicals as a Category .................................................................... 15

Summary of Endpoints ........................................................................................................... 15

5.1

Physical-Chemical Endpoints ..................................................................................... 16

5.2

Environmental Fate Endpoints.................................................................................... 16

5.3

Ecotoxicity Endpoints................................................................................................. 18

5.4

Health Effect Endpoints.............................................................................................. 19

Ecological and Human Health Assessment ............................................................................ 28

References............................................................................................................................... 30

7.1

References Cited in the Text but not in Section 7.2 ................................................... 30

7.2

References for the Robust Study Summaries.............................................................. 31

Table of Tables
Table 1.1 All CAS RNs included in this LAS-ABS category for purposes of read-across ..... 3

Table 4.1 - Typical composition of LAS/ABS structures as a function of catalyst used ............... 8

Table 4.2 - Typical chain length distribution of linear LAS/ABS.................................................. 8

Table 5.1 Physical-Chemical Endpoints .................................................................................... 22

Table 5.2 - Environmental Fate Endpoints ................................................................................... 23

Table 5.3 - Ecotoxicity Endpoints ................................................................................................ 24

Table 5.4 - Human Health Endpoints ........................................................................................... 25

Introduction

This data availability summary and test plan is for a group of linear (LAS) and branched (ABS)
alkylbenzene sulfonates classified as high production volume (HPV) chemicals according to
criteria established by the United States Environmental Protection Agencys (U.S. EPA) HPV
Chemical Challenge Program, i.e., >1,000,000 pounds manufactured in or imported into the U.S.
annually. Nine chemicals, each described by one or more Chemical Abstract Service
Registration Number (CAS RN), are indicated in bold in Table 1-1. In total, they are
produced/imported into the U.S. at about 21,000,000 pounds on an annual basis. This estimate is
based on volumes provided by the consortium members named below from their 2002-2006
reporting data. While there may be other minor producers of these nine sponsored chemicals, it
is believed that 21 million pound is representative of the total in the U.S. for the category.
LAS/ABS chemicals are anionic surfactants used to lower the surface tension of water. These
chemicals are used in cleaning products for home, institutional, and industrial use. Typical
formulated products include car wash liquids, laundry detergents, liquid dish detergents, hard
surface cleaners, dry cleaning products, waterless hand cleaners, and industrial cleaners. They
are also used in emulsion polymerisation (e.g., some agriculture products), as dye dispersants in
the textile industry, in paint strippers, in some specialized personal care products, and for
bubble making solutions in children's products. Based on data provided by the Consortium
members, the volume produced or imported in the U.S. is used in the following manner: ~56% is
used in industrial/commercial products, ~24% is used as intermediates in chemical
manufacturing, and ~20% is used in consumer products. Industrial/commercial products usually
contain 60-90% LAS/ABS and consumer products 5-30% LAS/ABS.
Table 1.1 All CAS RNs included in this LAS-ABS category for purposes of read-across
# CAS RN
Chemical Name
1 26264-05-1 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with 2-propanamine (1:1)
2 68584-24-7 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16-alkyl derivs., compds with 2-propanamine
3 90218-35-2 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched, compd. with 2-propanamine (1:1)
4 27323-41-7 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with 2,2',2''-nitrilotris[ethanol](1:1)
5 68411-31-4 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., compds. with Triethanolamine
6 70528-84-6 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl, branched, compds. with Triethanolamine
7 26264-06-2 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, calcium salt
8 68411-32-5 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched
9 68608-88-8 Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs.
10 68608-89-9 Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs., sodium salts
11 68953-96-8 Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs., calcium salts
12 70528-83-5 Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched, calcium salts
13 42615-29-2 Benzenesulfonic acid, alkyl deriv., linear
14 68584-26-9 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16-alkyl derivs., magnesium salts
15 27176-87-0 Benezenesulfonic acid, dodecyl16 68411-30-3 Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13 alkyl derivs., sodium salt
Notes: 1) In bold, CAS RNs sponsored by this Consortium under the EPA HPV Chemical
Challenge program or Extended HPV (eHPV) initiative
2) dodecyl indicates C12, a twelve carbon chain
3

Nine CAS RNs (bolded in Table 1.1) are sponsored by The Soap and Detergent Association
(SDA) LAS/ABS Consortium. Because of nomenclature modifications adopted to provide more
descriptive characterization of the chemical entities, three of the sponsored chemicals are
identified by additional chemical names (commercial synonyms) and CAS RNs. These
synonymous chemicals are entry #2, #5 and #6; that is, chemical #2 is commercially
synonymous with the sponsored chemicals #1 & #3, and chemicals #5 and #6 are commercially
synonymous with the sponsored chemical #4. Both the old chemical names and CAS RN and
the new chemical names and CAS RNs currently are in use and describe the same chemical
entities in commerce before and after the 2002 IUR listing. Specifically, it should be noted that:
The commercial substance benzenesulphonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with 2-propanamine
(sponsored CAS RN 26264-05-1) is also known as benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16-alkyl
derivs., compds. with 2-propanamine, linear (synonymous CAS RN 68584-24-7), and as
benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched, compds. with 2-propanamine, branched
(sponsored CAS RN 90218-35-2).
The commercial substance benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with
2,2,2-nitrilotris[ethanol](1:1) (sponsored CAS RN 27323-41-7) is also known as
benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., compds. with triethanolamine, linear
(synonymous CAS RN 68411-31-4), and as benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl, branched,
compds. with triethanolamine, branched (synonymous CAS RN 70528-84-6).
Entry #13 and #14 in Table 1.1 (CAS RNs 42615-29-2 and 68584-26-9) are included as
supporting chemicals that are structurally very similar to the sponsored chemicals and for which
there are extensive toxicological data. Entry #15 and #16 in Table 1.1 CAS RNs 27176-87-0 and
68411-30-3) are two additional supporting chemicals for which there are extensive data from
previous OECD or EPA HPV chemical submissions.
The Consortium is comprised of the following companies:
Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC
Baker Petrolite Corporation
Rhodia Inc.
Stepan Company
The Consortium assembled and reviewed publicly available endpoint data including similar
submissions to the OECD and U.S. EPA HPV chemical programs. Also, they collected
proprietary data available within their organizations. They developed a summary of the available
data and a test plan for the sponsored chemicals1.
While this summary focuses on available publicly and privately held data for the nine sponsored
chemical entities that share close structural and behavioral similarities, there are also SIDS
endpoint data for four additional supporting chemicals included in this submission. These
additional data are clearly indicated in the document. The sources for these additional data
include: (1) the Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) Category sponsored by the Industry
1

The consortium provided an interim submission for this category in December 2002. That submission included 6
sponsored chemicals, 3 supporting chemicals, 3 synonymous chemicals, 32 references and 42 robust study
summaries. The current (2008) submission includes 9 sponsored chemicals, 4 supporting chemicals, 3 synonomous
chemicals, 91 references and 196 robust study summaries.

Coalition for the SIDS Assessment of LAS (in accordance with the International Council of
Chemical Associations (ICCA) High Production Volume Chemical Initiative), and (2) the Linear
Alkylbenzene (LAB) Sulfonic Acid Category sponsored by the LAB Sulfonic Acid Coalition (in
accordance with the U.S. HPV Challenge Program).
2

Data Collection, Review and Summary

The following steps were followed in the preparation of the submission:

1. comprehensive literature search and retrieval of SIDS-endpoint data (and some beyondSIDS endpoints) for the nine chemicals using complimentary CIS (Chemical Information
Systems) and EU (European Union) data sources,
2. search and retrieval by the Consortium member companies of previously unpublished
(in-house) SIDS-endpoint data (and some beyond-SIDS endpoints), along with volume
and use information for the nine chemicals,
3. review of all available data and determination of data quality,
4. preparation of robust study summaries for each of the reviewed studies,
5. development and justification of a category to support read-across as part of the
assessment (this includes the data for the nine sponsored chemicals, data for chemically
related substances, and results of structure-activity relationships (SAR) for physicalchemical properties and aquatic toxicity using the ECOSAR model (v0.99h)), and
6. construction of a SIDS data matrix and discussion of data adequacy and/or gaps.
2.1

Public and In-House Records

The literature search employed a strategy utilizing databases available from the U.S. Chemical
Information Systems and the European International Uniform Chemical Information Database
(IUCLID) and Institute For Systems, Informatics And Safety (ISIS) ECDIN (Environmental
Chemicals Data Information Network) databases. These databases include:










3

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS)

Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions (TSCATS)
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information (CCRIS)
GENETOX
The Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC)
The Environmental Teratology Information Center (ETIC)
The Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART)
The Catalogue of Teratogenic Agents (CTA)
ENVIROFATE, DATALOG, AQUIRE, PHYOTOX and TERRATOX
Data Reliability

In accordance with U.S. HPV Challenge Program guidance (i.e., Determining Adequacy of
Existing Data), data reliability was established following the rules described by Klimisch et al.
(1997). The Klimisch scoring system results are presented in the robust study summaries as
reliability values. Key features for scoring include: test substance identification; Good
Laboratory Practices (GLP) vs. non-GLP studies; details of test methodology; and the
5

importance of the availability of statistical analyses for establishing the difference between
treatment and control groups. The use of sound scientific judgement is acknowledged as an
important principle for assessing data adequacy and reliability. The following four categories of
reliability are identified in the Klimisch scoring system. Each study/data point included in this
assessment is assigned one of these four scores:
1
2

3
4

Reliable without Restriction: Includes studies or data complying with GLP procedures,
and/or with valid and/or internationally accepted testing guidelines, or in which the key
test parameters are documented and comparable to these guidelines.
Reliable with Restrictions: Includes studies or data in which key test parameters are
documented but vary slightly from test guidelines. Also included are citations from
published summary reports (e.g., European Commission IUCLID Datasets and other
synthesis type documents) where the original study reports were not obtained and
independently reviewed by the LAS/ABS Consortium, but the data sources are documented
and underwent a previous professional review that concluded the data are reliable.
Not Reliable: Includes studies or data in which there are interferences, or that use nonrelevant organisms or exposure routes, or which were carried out using unacceptable
methods, or where documentation is insufficient.
Not Assignable: Includes studies or data in which insufficient detail is reported to assign
a rating, e.g., listed in material safety data sheets, abstracts or secondary literature but
which generally are considered reliable sources of information.
Chemical Structure and Composition

Linear (designated LAS) and non-linear or branched (designated ABS) alkylbenzene

sulfonates are anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a hydrophobic (apolar) and a
hydrophilic (polar) group (see Figure 4.1). As a class of chemicals, they are generally mixtures
of closely related isomers and homologues. Each molecule contains an aromatic ring sulfonated
at the para position and attached to either a linear or a branched alkyl chain at any position
except the terminal carbons (Valtorta et al., 2000). Chain lengths vary but are predominantly in
the range of C10 to C14. Most commercial LAS/ABS products are mixtures but they can be
prepared as pure homologues (e.g., a pure C12).
The LAS/ABS chemicals are prepared by sulfonation of linear and non-linear alkylbenzenes.
Linear structures of alkylbenzene (sulfonic acid derivatives) are based on the reaction of an alpha
olefin (i.e., R-CH=CH2) with benzene, in the presence of sulphuric acid (SO3), with or without a
catalyst. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or some other salt is used to neutralize. Branched
alkylbenzene structures (ABS) can also be prepared by several methods. These include the
reaction of propylene (CH3CH:CH2) oligomers with benzene, or CH3-(CH)11-phenol ring, in the
presence of sulphuric acid (SO3), with or without a catalyst. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or some
other salt is used to neutralize.

O S O

O=S=O
|
O-

Figure 4-1. Example of structural formula for linear (left) and branched (right) benzene
sulfonates.

(a)

O S O
O

(b)

O S O
O

(c)

O S O

Figure 4-2. General structural formula for (in this case a linear) alkylbenzene sulfonate with the
phenyl ring attached to the (a) 2-position, (b) 3-position and (c) 4-position of the alkyl chain.

Using or not using a catalyst, as well as using different catalysts, will produce different amounts
of the 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-phenyl isomers. The 1-phenyl isomer is not formed. Figure 4-2 shows
illustrations of general structures of (in this case a linear) alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), with the
phenyl ring attached to the 2-, 3- or 4-position of the alkyl chain. Table 4-1 presents the typical
composition of the product as a function of the catalyst used during synthesis.
Table 4.1 - Typical composition of LAS/ABS structures as a function of catalyst used
Composition
1-phenyl
2-phenyl
3-phenyl
4-phenyl
5-phenyl
6-phenyl

4.1

HF catalysed
0
18.5-22.5%
18.5-25.5%
14.5-30%
0-24.5%
0

AlCl3 catalysed
0
25-33%
21-24%
13-28%
0-23%
0-16.5%

Fixed bed
0
25%
21%
20%
18%
14%

Sponsored Chemicals

The nine CAS RNs sponsored by the Consortium are each depicted below. Each depiction
includes the chemical name, the CAS RN, whether the chemical is a linear or branched structure,
a representative drawing of the structure itself, and the source of the chemical structure (sources
are: online US Library of Medicine ChemIDplus Advanced or TOXNET, online European
Chemical Substances Information System (ESIS), and US EPA ECOSAR v0.99h). It should be
noted that, of the several isomeric structures that an LAS/ABS compound can have, only a single
phenyl isomer is drawn in the representative structure drawings shown below. Also, the
commercial LAS/ABS products are mixtures of various alkyl chain lengths, typically from about
C10 to C14. Even the compounds named dodecyl (= C12) are, in fact, a mixture of alkyl chain
lengths. Table 4-2 shows the typical chain length distribution for the linear LAS/ABS
substances. The average carbon number for the alkyl chain for the branched LAS/ABS
substances is C12.

Table 4.2 - Typical chain length distribution of linear LAS/ABS

Chain length

< C10

C10

C11

C12

C13

C14

Amount (%)

25

~ 40

25

15

Where C10 + C11 50%; and C10 + C11 + C12 85%

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with 2-propanamine (1:1)

CAS RN: 26264-05-1 (linear)

O
S O H
O H N H

Source TOXNET, ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd. with 2,2,2-nitrilotris[ethanol](1:1)

CAS RN: 27323-41-7 (linear)

OH

O
S O
H N

OH
OH

Source TOXNET, ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, calcium salt
CAS RN: 26264-06-2 (linear)
Ca2+
O

O
O

H3C

CH 3

Source CHEMIDPLUS, ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched

CAS RN: 68411-32-5 (branched)
O
HO
S
CH3

CH3

Source CHEMIDPLUS, ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs.

CAS RN: 68608-88-8 (branched)
O

HO S

Source ESIS, ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs, calcium salts

CAS RN: 68953-96-8 (branched)
Ca 2+
HO

O
S
O

HO

O
S
O

Source - ECOSAR

10

Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13-branched alkyl derivs, sodium salts

CAS RN: 68608-89-9 (branched)

Source - ESIS
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched, calcium salts
CAS RN: 70528-83-5 (branched)
Ca 2+
HO

O
S
O

HO

O
S
O

Source - ECOSAR

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, branched, compd. with 2-propanamine

CAS RN: 90218-35-2 (branched)

H
N
H
H

HO S
O

Source ECOSAR
11

4.2

Supporting Chemicals

The four chemicals included as supporting chemicals for the LAS/ABS category are each
depicted below. Each depiction includes the chemical name, the CAS RN, whether the chemical
is a linear or branched structure, a representative drawing of the structure itself, and the source of
the chemical structure. Two of the four supporting chemicals are representative chemicals from
previous HPV Challenge submissions: benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl (27176-87-0) is in the 2003
US HPV submission for LAB sulfonic acids; and sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate or
benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13 alkyl derivs., sodium salt (68411-30-3) is in the 2005 OECD HPV
submission for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). Both of these previous submissions
include multiple chemicals in their respective categories. The chemicals in the LAS category are
anionic surfactants used in a wide range of industrial, commercial and consumer products. The
LAB sulfonic acids are all used as intermediates in the production of LAS. For the purposes of
this LAS/ABS submission, only a single, representative CAS RN is described for each of these
two supporting categories, along with its corresponding HPV endpoint data. So in fact, the entire
dataset for both of the categories could be used to support this LAS/ABS category submission.
Benzenesulfonic acid, alkyl deriv., linear
CAS RN: 42615-29-2 (linear)
O
=
S
=

HO

Source December 2002 submission

Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16-alkyl derivs, magnesium salts
CAS RN: 68584-26-9 (linear)
Mg
-

O
O S
O

++
-

O
O
O S

Source - December 2002 submission

12

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl

CAS RN: 27176-87-0 (linear)

O
O

Source ECOSAR; Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) Sulfonic Acid Category US HPV submission

Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate or Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13 alkyl derivs., sodium salt
RN: 68411-30-3 (linear)

O
O

Na

Source ECOSAR; Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) Category OECD HPV submission

4.3

Synonymous chemicals

As stated above, because of nomenclature modifications adopted to provide more descriptive

characterization of some of the LAS-ABS chemicals, three of the sponsored chemicals are
identified by additional chemical names (commercial synonyms) and CAS RNs. Structures for
the synonymous chemicals are provided below.

13

Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16-alkyl derivs., compds. with 2-propanamine

CAS RN: 68584-24-7
O

H
H

SOURCE: representative structure drawn based on compound name

Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., compds. with Triethanolamine

CAS RN: 68411-31-4

O
O

OH
X

H N
OH
OH

SOURCE: representative structure based on compound name

Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-13-alkyl derivs., compds. with triethanolamine

CAS RN: 70528-84-6

O
S OH

OH
H N
OH

O
OH

SOURCE: representative structure based on compound name

14

4.4

The LAS/ABS Chemicals as a Category

Chemical categories can be constructed on the basis of similar and/or patterned chemical
structures and compositions as well as on similar and/or predictable physico-chemical,
environmental fate and toxicological properties. As described previously, the nine sponsored
chemicals (and sixteen total chemicals) found in this category are derived from comparable
chemical reactions. The resulting structures are generally mixtures of C10 to C14 linear or
mono-branched alkyl chains with a single benzene ring sulfonated at the para position attached
(at various points) to the alkyl chain. Sponsored substances are either acid forms or they are salts
(ammonium, calcium, or sodium). Supporting substances are either acid forms or they are salts
(magnesium or sodium).
In water, all products of acid-base reactions at moderate to low concentrations are essentially
completely dissociated into solvated ions at environmentally relevant pH levels. The sulfonic
acids and their salts (other than ammonium) should dissociate almost completely up to the
critical micelle concentration. At or above this point, any additional surfactant exists in micelle
form and the counter ions are somewhat associated. The LAS/ABS surfactants will form micelles
with an apolar core of alkyl tails and a surface consisting of sulfonate groups, thus rendering the
surface negatively charged. The counter ions will be attracted by this negatively charged layer,
thereby forming a now positively charged layer around the micelle (electronic double layer).
Hence, semi-dissociation is observed for the LAS/ABS substances in aqueous solution above the
critical micelle concentration. The substances with functionalized ammonium cations
(26264-05-1, 27323-41-7, and 90218-35-2) are expected to remain intact in aqueous solutions.
The case for the nine sponsored chemicals to be considered a category on the basis of
comparable/predictable physico-chemical, environmental fate and toxicological properties is
made in the following pages that summarize these properties for the nine sponsored chemicals.
The four supporting chemicals also share close chemical structure as well as fate and
toxicological properties.
5

Summary of Endpoints

The available data are indicated in the following tables for each of the nine sponsored chemicals
and for the four supporting chemicals. The corresponding number of the source reference is
indicated in the column marked Ref. The same source reference number appears in Section
7.2 References for the robust summaries.
Table 5.1 physical/chemical endpoints
Table 5.2 environmental fate endpoints
Table 5.3 ecotoxicity endpoints
Table 5.4 health effect endpoints
A descriptive summary for each of the endpoints is provided below. Beyond-SIDS data, to the
extent they are available, are also included in both the tables and text.
When viewed as a whole, and considering the use and exposure characteristics of the nine
sponsored chemicals, no additional testing is deemed necessary to characterize the SIDS
15

endpoints for the LAS/ABS category. There is considerable reliance on read-across for all but a
couple endpoints, but the patterns point to the chemicals as having comparable and predictable
physical/chemical properties, environmental fate as well as ecotoxicity and mammalian toxicity.
5.1

Physical-Chemical Endpoints

The physical-chemical properties of the LAS/ABS category affect partitioning between air and
water and water and organic phases (i.e., soil, sediment and biota). The SIDS endpoints of
vapour pressure, water solubility and partitioning coefficient are the main drivers. Because of the
relatively narrow range of carbon chain lengths of chemicals in the category, it would be
expected that their physical-chemical properties would be generally similar. The significance of
linear versus branched alkyl chains can be seen in the available data which indicates that the
property patterns are generally similar.
There are vapour pressure data for four of the chemicals including three linear and one branched
structure (Table 5.1). Low vapour pressures for these four chemicals point to low volatility for
the LAS/ABS category. This is further supported by the Mackay fugacity model prediction
(Table 5.2) which indicates essentially 0% of these chemicals partitioning to air.
There are water solubility data/information for six chemicals including linear and branched
structures indicating they are water soluble (Table 5.1). The acid and salt forms of the chemicals
will be completely ionisable in water at environmentally relevant pH levels. Material safety data
sheets carry the term dispersible, while structure activity models predict mg/L solubility and
measurements are in the g/L solubility. Dispersible is an accurate descriptive term as surfactants
form micelles in water. Again, the fugacity model prediction (Table 5.2) indicates about one
quarter of the mass of any given chemical in this category would be in the water phase at
equilibrium.
Octanol-water partition coefficient estimates range from about log 2 to log 7 (Table 5.1) using
chemical structure activity relationships in several models including: the latest version of
ECOSAR (v0.99h - 2007), as well as the QSAR method of Leo and Hansch (1979) as modified by
Roberts (1991) for surfactant structures, and the Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC) PhysProp
method (1995). The relatively large range of Kow values is inconsistent with the structural
similarities across the category and between sponsored and supporting chemicals. In its 1996
review of LAS and related compounds, the IPCS noted that while the octanol-water partition
coefficient can be calculated in practice, it is impossible to measure Kow for surface-active
compounds like LAS.
Fugacity model predictions indicate about three-quarters of the mass of any given chemical in
this category would be in the solid phase, either soils or sediments, at equilibrium (Table 5.2).
5.2

Environmental Fate Endpoints

Based on the vapour pressure it is unlikely that significant amounts of chemicals in the
LAS/ABS category will be in the atmosphere. There is no evidence of photodegradation of these
chemicals in water under environmental conditions and the absence of photolyzable groups
suggests it is unlikely that this would be a significant mechanism for degradation. However,
16

photodegradation in water for a supporting chemical, CAS RN 68411-30-3, has been

demonstrated in the presence of photoactivating materials. Greater than 95% photolytic
degradation was measured in 20 minutes exposure to a 1200-watt mercury vapour lamp using
ferric perchlorate as a sensitizer (Table 5.2).
Abiotic hydrolysis is not expected to degrade the chemicals in the LAS/ABS category. This is
the conclusion of the single study reported for the supporting chemical, CAS RN 68411-30-3
(Table 5.2). The absence of readily hydrolyzable groups in the chemical structures of the
category substances and the use pattern in shelf-stable liquid cleaning products supports that
these chemicals should be stable in water.
Measured biodegradation data are available for two of the sponsored chemicals (including one
linear and one branched structure) as well as for supporting chemicals (Table 5.2).
Biodegradation is the primary mechanism by which the chemicals in the LAS/ABS category, as
well as those in the supporting categories, are ultimately degraded in the environment.
Biodegradation from 71-95% is reported for the sponsored linear structure CAS RN 27323-41-7.
Using the OECD 301B protocol, the sponsored branched structure CAS RN 68411-32-5
degraded 64-73% after 28-days at 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively. This result meets the
10-day window for readily biodegradable at 10 mg/L but not at 20 mg/L. An extensive database
of studies is available for the chemicals in the supporting LAS category, including
biodegradation in the range of 76-94% in 28 days for CAS RN 68411-30-3, a linear C11-C13
structure (Table 5.2). These data are from four different test protocols including: the OECD
301A DOC die away test, the OECD 301B modified Sturm test, OECD 301E ready
biodegradability screening test, and OECD 303A coupled unit test. In addition, there are two
published reports of iso-branched LAS biodegradation. Both Cavalli et al. (1996) and Nielsen et
al. (1997) report mineralization of the branched materials. The Nielsen study was performed
using radiolabeled test material. While not included in Table 5.2, there are two additional
biodegradation studies in the LAB Sulfonic Acid category submission that support the relatively
rapid and complete biodegradation of the C10-C16 alkylbenzene sulfonate materials.
All of the studies and data reported above are for aerobic biodegradation. There are far fewer
data on biodegradation under anaerobic conditions. Denger and Cook (1999) showed that strains
of anaerobic bacteria isolated from wastewater treatment plants in Germany were capable of
degrading LAS under anaerobic conditions in the laboratory when LAS was the sole source of
sulphur. A more recent study (Lara-Martin et al., 2007) of LAS in anoxic marine sediments
studied in the laboratory reported 79% degradation in 165 days and concluded that LAS may not
be persistent in anoxic environments as previously thought.
No bioconcentration studies were identified for the sponsored chemicals in the LAS/ABS
category; however, bioaccumulation has been reported for the supporting chemical
benzenesulphonic acid, (C10-13) linear alkyl (Table 5.2). The study was performed using
14
C-ring-labeled LAS and the whole body bioconcentration factor (BCF) was measured at 104
following steady state which was reached after 7 days. The chemical was depurated rapidly once
exposure was stopped. Based on these results, the chemicals in the LAS/ABS category are not
expected to have significant bioaccumulation potential.

17

5.3

Ecotoxicity Endpoints

Ecotoxicity of the sponsored chemicals is assessed for SIDS endpoints using two approaches;
acute toxicity measurements from studies with fish, invertebrates and algae, and toxicity
predictions using quantitative structure activity relationships. Both are used to establish the
patterns and trends in ecotoxicity that allow for read-across and thus an assessment for the entire
category of sponsored chemicals.
Measurements
Acute fish toxicity data are available for two of the sponsored and three of the supporting
chemicals. The measured LC50 values from 14 studies with eight fish species range from 1 to
20 mg/L (Table 5.3). The ECOSAR predicted LC50 value for the same five chemicals (all
having effective alkyl chainlengths = 12) is 2.6 mg/L and range from 0.46 to 3.5 mg/L for the
entire category. A range covering an order of magnitude or more is generally considered
comparable for aquatic toxicity tests across a wide range of species and reported by different
laboratories.
Acute daphnia toxicity data are available for the same two sponsored and two of the same three
supporting chemicals. The measured LC50 values range from 2.2 to 15 mg/L for the five studies
reported. ECOSAR predicts comparable toxicity for daphnia and fish for these chemicals (Table
5.3). Robust summaries are also provided for three additional aquatic invertebrates (the midge
and two worms); the LC50 values are 1.8 to 6.5 mg/L which fall in the same range as for the
daphnia and fish.
Algal toxicity is reported for one sponsored and two supporting chemicals. The EC50 values
range from 5 to 300 mg/L for a total of eleven studies with two green algal species (Table 5.3).
The ECOSAR predicted values are within the range of measured values; they are 96-hr EC50
values of 55-70 mg/L.
While not SIDS endpoints, there are robust summaries for six bacteria toxicity tests with one of
the supporting chemicals. The measured EC50 values range from 60 to 350 mg/L. There are also
robust summaries included for chronic toxicity for three fish species (a total of six studies) and
for daphnia (two studies) for the same supporting chemical. The No Observed Effect
Concentration (NOEC) values are all within an order of magnitude of each other (about 0.2 to
2.0 mg/L).
Finally, there are robust summaries for two additional beyond-SIDS endpoints, toxicity to
terrestrial plants and terrestrial invertebrates. Studies for two of the supporting chemicals
involving seven species of plants and two species of soil dwelling invertebrates (earthworms and
springtails) indicate toxicity in the hundreds of parts per million (mg/kg) in soil.
Predictions
Representatives from the Consortium met with EPA OPPT experts in ECOSAR to obtain
guidance on the proper use of the structure activity analysis for the LAS/ABS types of chemicals.
The experts provided direction to find and use ECOSAR version 0.99h (2007) and also provided
a printed table of predicted aquatic toxicity values (fish, daphnia and green algae) linked to the
number of carbons (C2 C22) in LAS-type anionic surfactants. The citation for the table is
18

OPPT SAR for Anionic Surfactants. The ECOSAR predicted aquatic toxicity values for linear
compounds in Table 5.3 are taken directly from the table provided by EPA. In order to predict
aquatic toxicity values for branched compounds in the alkylbenzene sulfonate class, the effective
chain length of each branched chemical had to be determined. This involves finding the closest
match between the predicted log Kow of the branched alkyl portion of the chemical (using
KOWWIN) and the predicted log Kow for a linear alkyl structure. This was accomplished in
several steps. First, the SMILES notation of a given branched chemical was derived by entering
its CAS RN into ECOSAR. Then the benzene ring and S-group were manually removed from
SMILES leaving the alkyl chain. Next, the logKow prediction was determined for that effective
chain length. The predicted logKow value was matched to logKow values for linear alkyl chain
compounds and that carbon chainlength was noted. Finally, that carbon chainlength was entered
in ECOSAR under special class anionic surfactant alkyl benzene sulfonates and the model
calculates corresponding aquatic toxicity values (96-hr LC50s) for fish, daphnia and algae. The
EPA OPPT experts indicated that the algal toxicity values in the printed table they provided are a
better approximation (than the ECOSAR generated value) for given carbon chainlengths. The
toxicity values listed in Table 5.3 for the branched chemicals are ECOSAR predicted values for
fish and daphnia and printed-table values for algae.
Example: 68953-96-8 benzenesulfonic acid, mono C11-13-branched alkyl derivs, sodium salts
The SMILES notation of the alkyl chain portion is c[c[c]cc[cc[cc[c]c]c]c]c; the KOWWIN
estimated logKow for this structure is 6.92; which is equivalent to the logKow for a linear C13.5
LAS; the ECOSAR anionic surfactant alkyl benzene sulfonate toxicity estimates for a C13.5
chainlength are: fish 96hr LC50 = 0.46 mg/L; daphnia 48-hr EC50 = 0.46 mg/L; and the
printed-table value for algae 96-hr EC50 = 55 mg/L.
Sponsored and supporting chemicals are listed in Table 5.3 starting with the largest effective
alkyl chainlengh at the top of the table and progressing to the smallest effective alkyl chainlength
at the bottom of the table. The predicted acute aquatic toxicity decreases as the effective alkyl
chainlength gets smaller.
5.4

Health Effect Endpoints

There are good reliability data for all of the SIDS endpoints (Table 5.4). However, read-across is
needed for most of the endpoints. The acute oral toxicity data and the beyond-SIDS skin and eye
irritation data establish a similar pattern of toxicity among the linear and branched chemicals in
the LAS/ABS category.
The acute oral toxicity for three linear sponsored chemicals, three branched sponsored chemicals
and for two supporting chemicals range from 520 mg/kg bw to 2320 mg/kg bw (or higher)
(Table 5.4). The single reported acute dermal study for a sponsored chemical reported an LD50
of >4199 mg/kg bw. Rat and mouse subcutaneous dose studies for one of the supporting
chemicals reported LD50 values ranging from 810 to 1400 mg/kg bw for males and females
combined.
There is a single acute inhalation study reported for a supporting chemical (Table 5.4). The
reported ALC value, defined as the lowest atmospheric concentration generated that caused death in
one or more rats either on the day of exposure or within 14 days post exposure, is 310 mg/m3 of
19

particulate. The robust summary points out however that the respirable size particles generated in
the study (2.5 micron) are considerably smaller than those found in products in the marketplace.
Direct extrapolation of the study results to human exposure and potential health effects is therefore
not advised.
Genotoxicity data are available for two of the supporting chemicals (Table 5.4). Ames tests were
negative for both chemicals. In addition, two in vivo tests, one conducted with Syrian hamster
embryo cells and the other with mouse micronucleus cells, were also negative. These results
support a conclusion that the chemicals in the category are not mutagenic.
A total of six repeat dose studies are reported for chemicals in the category; one for a sponsored
chemical and the other five for two of the supporting chemicals (Table 5.4). The six studies cover
a wide range of exposure routes and species including:, a 28-day simultaneous oral and
subcutaneous exposure in monkeys, a 30-day gavage study in rats, a 90-day dermal study in
rabbits, a 6-month drinking water study in mice, and 9-month diet and drinking water studies in
mice. Two of the six studies (28-day monkey oral+sc and 90-day rabbit dermal) reported No
Observable Adverse Effect Levels (NOAEL) above the doses administered, 60 mg/kg bw and 5
mg/kg bw, respectively. The 6-month mouse drinking water study reported liver cell effects at the
single dose of 17 mg/kg bw. The 30-day rat gavage study reported a NOAEL of 125 mg/kg bw
with effects at 250 mg/kg bw, and the 9-month mouse studies reported NOAELs of 250 and 500
mg/kg bw for drinking water and dietary exposures, respectively. The Lowest Observable Adverse
Effect Levels (LOAEL) for these studies were 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively.
Three reproductive toxicity studies are reported for three of the chemicals in the category, one
sponsored and two supporting (Table 5.4). They include two generation dermal and dietary
exposure of rats, and exposure of fertilized mouse embryo cells.
No treatment related effects were observed in pups over two generations following male
rats being dosed on shaved skin for 10 weeks to 1.5 mg a.i./kg bw and then mated with
untreated females. The NOAEL is therefore > 1.5 mg a.i./kg bw.
Continuous dietary dosing of male and female rats at 103 and 222 mg a.i./kg bw, over
two generations, was associated with slight retardation of somatic growth, but there were
no adverse effects upon reproductive performance or fertility, thus the NOAEL for
reproductive effects is >5000 mg/kg bw (>222 mg a.i /kg bw). The NOAEL based on
growth of F2 pups up through lactation is 1250 mg/kg bw (=50 mg a.i./kg bw).
Fertilized mouse embryo cells were exposed to a solution containing the test material
over a range of concentrations for either one hour or continuously for five days. The
NOAEL for blastocyst formation was 0.025% for a 1-hour exposure and 0.01% for a
5-day exposure.
Seven developmental toxicity studies are reported for the same sponsored and supporting
chemicals evaluated for reproductive toxicity (Table 5.4). Exposures included three species
(mouse, rat and rabbit) and both oral and dermal routes. The data indicate the chemicals in the
category are not teratogenic or embryotoxic. Toxicity to the dams was observed in some of the
studies and the NOAELs are consistent with those reported in the repeated dose studies.
No treatment related effects were observed on fetuses following repeated exposure of
female rats during 19 days of gestation to 10 mg/kg bw; NOAEL > 10 mg/kg bw.

20

 No teratogenic or embryopathic effects were observed when the dermis of pregnant rats
was exposed for 20 straight days at concentrations that elicit marked skin changes and 5%
reductions in maternal body weight. The NOAEL for developmental effects was > 400
mg/kg bw (= 82 mg a.i./kg bw).
No teratogenic or embyrotoxic effects were observed following oral gavage of female rats,
mice or rabbits exposed on days 6-18 of gestation to up to 600 mg/kg bw except in
situations where there was marked toxicity to the dam. The NOAEL for developmental
effects is >600 mg/kg bw. There were marked reductions in litter size following toxicity to
the dam. NOAEL for maternal toxicity was > 2 but <300 mg/kg bw for mice and rabbits
and 300 mg/kg for rats.
No teratogenic or embyrotoxic effects were observed following dermal exposure of female
rats, mice or rabbits exposed up to day 16 of gestation to up to 3% solution of test
substance except in situations where there was marked toxicity to the dam. The NOAEL for
developmental effects is >3% which is equivalent to >90, >60, >500 mg a.i./kg bw for
rabbits, rats and mice, respectively. NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 0.3% = 50 mg/kg
bw (mice), 0.3% = 9 mg/kg bw (rabbits) and 3% = 60 mg/kg bw (rats).
No teratogenicity or embryotoxicity effects were observed following oral exposure of
female rabbits from day 6 to 18 of gestation to as much as 250 mg/kg bw of the test
substance; thus the NOAEL for developmental effects is >250 mg/kg bw. However, the
NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 60 mg/kg bw based on post implantation loss.
No teratogenicity, embryotoxicity or maternal toxicity was observed following topical
application of up to 3% test solution to pregnant rabbits during days 6 to 18 of gestation.
Clinical signs were observed but not considered toxicologically significant. The NOAEL is
therefore >3%.
No teratogenicity, embryotoxicity or maternal toxicity was observed following dermal
application of up to 7% test solution to pregnant rats during days 7 to 17 of gestation. The
NOAEL is therefore >7%.
There are also a number of reported studies for the beyond-SIDS endpoints of skin and eye
irritation. They include results for three linear and three branched sponsored chemicals (Table
5.4). The results consistently show patterns of what amounts to irritating to moderately
irritating to skin and irritating to severely irritating to eye. A single reported guinea pig
sensitization test of 0.1% intracutaneous and 3% epidermal doses reports no sensitizing effects
observed. Products containing the chemicals in the LAS/ABS category carry labels cautioning
avoidance of exposure to skin and eyes.
Finally, the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of LAS have been studied in
several species, including rats, mice, guinea pigs, pigs and rhesus monkeys (Debane, 1978;
Michael, 1968; Havermann and Menke, 1959; Cresswell et al., 1978; and Sunakawa et al., 1979).
Robust summaries for these studies are provided in the OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (UNEP 2005). These studies are also cited in the WHO
Environmental Health Criteria for Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates and Related Compounds
(IPCS, 1996). Radiolabeled LAS was administered either topically (i.e., dermally) or orally.
Results showed that LAS can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorbed LAS is then
metabolized and excreted without accumulation in the major tissues or fat. The robust summary
for a representative study with CAS RN 68411-30-3 (Michael, 1968) is included in the Appendix
in Section 8.0.
21

Table 5.1 Physical-Chemical Endpoints

SPONSORED CHEMICALS
Linear Structures
Substance

26264-05-1

Ref

27323-41-7

Ref

26264-06-2

SUPPORTING CHEMICALS
Linear Structures

Branched Structures
Ref

68953-96-8

Ref

68411-30-3

Ref

Melting
point
Boiling
point

>149 C

22

Vapour
pressure

<3100 Pa

22

ca. 8 x 10-27 Pa

71

Partition
coefficient
(log Kow)

ca. log 6.18

83

ca. log 1.85

83 & 84

Water
solubility

dispersible

22

ca. 27.1 mg/L

71

ca. log 6.78

dispersible

83

21

117 C

3&4

733 Pa

3&4

ca. log 5.54

83

dispersible

3&4

27176-87-0

Ref

-10 C

74

205 C
at 1013 hPa

74

3 x 10-13 Pa

43

ca. log 3.32

42

ca. log 1.96

76

ca. log 2.02

83

ca. log 4.78

83

ca. 250 g/L

43

300 g/L

75

ca. calculated; methods not specified for other values, therefore not know if measured or calculated

22

Table 5.2 - Environmental Fate Endpoints

Substance

Linear Structures
26264-05-1

Ref

27323-41-7

SPONSORED CHEMICALS
Branched Structures
Ref

68411-32-5

Ref

68608-88-8

Ref

68608-89-9

SUPPORTING CHEMICALS
Linear Structures
Ref

42615-29-2

Ref

68411-30-3

Photodegradation

>95% in 20min

Hydrolysis

Stable in water

Distribution
Between
Environ.
Comparts.

air = 0%
water = 26%
soil = 56%
sediment = 18%

Biodegradation
Bioconcentration

biodegradable

40

71% in 28 days

20

biodegradable

41

95%

37

64-73%
in 28 days

25

biodegradable

38

biodegradable

39

BCF = 104

Ref

80

81

82

76-94% in
28 days

44 - 51

104

23

Table 5.3 - Ecotoxicity Endpoints

Substance

Type

Chemical Name

68608-89-9

SP

68953-96-8

SP

68584-26-9

SU

70528-83-5

SP

Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13

branched alkyl derivs, sodium salts
Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13
branched alkyl derivs., calcium salts
Benzenesulfonic acid, C10-16- alkyl
derivs., magnesium salt
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,
branched, calcium salts

42615-29-2

SU

Benzenesulfonic acid, linear alkyl

26264-06-2

SP

27323-41-7

SP

26264-05-1

SP

27176-87-0

SU

68411-30-3

SU

68411-32-5

SP

68608-88-8

SP

90218-35-2

SP

Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,

calcium salt
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,
compd. with 2,2',2''-nitrilotris[ethanol]
benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,
compd. with 2-propanamine (1:1)
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl
benzenesulfonic acid,
C10-13 alkyl derivs., sodium salt
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,
branched
Benzenesulfonic acid, mono-C11-13
branched alkyl derivs.
Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-,
branched, compds with 2-propanamine

Predicted Toxicity for

Anionic Surfactants
(mg/L)
Fish 96hr

Daphnia

Fish

Daphnia

Predicted
Toxicity for
Anionic
Surfactants
Algae

LC50

48hr EC50

96hr LC50

48hr EC50

96hr EC50

0.46

0.46

0.46

0.46

C13

0.75

0.75

C12.5

1.3

1.3

C12

2.6

2.6

C12

2.6

2.6

C12

2.6

2.6

1 - 5e

65
15.0e

C12

2.6

2.6

20.0f

70

C12

2.6

2.6

4.1h & 4.3i

2.2g
70
j

5.88 &12h

70

29j

C12

2.6

2.6

2.2 - 7.8a

1.62 9.3b

70

5 - 163c

C11.9

2.9

2.9

C11.8

3.5

3.5

C11.8

3.5

3.5

Effective
alkyl chain
length

C13.5
C13.5

Measured
Acute Toxicity
(mg/L)

Measured
Acute
Toxicity
(mg/L)
Algae 96hr
EC50

55
55

3.4 - 4.0d

70
60
70

11 - 300e

69
Table legend Chemicals are ordered from top to bottom to reflect largest to smallest effective alkyl chainlength. Predicted toxicity values are from EPA
structure activity models (ECOSAR v0.99h). Type refers to sponsored chemical (SP) and supporting chemical (SU). Sources68of measured values are indicated
by superscript following the data entry; i.e., a is references 42, 47 and 52 -55, b is references 42, 43 and 52, c is references 42, 43, 47, 52, 56-58 ,d is
68
reference 14 , e is 37, f is reference 10, g is reference 24, h is reference 77, i is reference 78, j is reference 79

24

Table 5.4 - Human Health Endpoints

SPONSORED CHEMICALS
Substance

26264-05-1 Ref
1836 mg/kg

Acute oral 1300 mg/kg

Linear Structures
27323-41-7

Ref

22 1653 mg/kg

32 >1953 mg/kg

SUPPORTING CHEMICALS
Linear Structures

Branched Structures

26264-06-2

Ref

68411-32-5

Ref

68608-88-8

Ref

90218-35-2

1300 mg/kg

21

1080 mg/kg

15

520 mg/kg

17

1.8 mL/kg

Ref 42615-29-2 Ref 68584-26-9 Ref

68411-30-3

1080 -1630 mg/kg

36

650 mg/kg

17
Refs 60 - 63

Acute
dermal

2320 mg/kg bw

37

>4199 mg/kg

810-1250 mg/kg
(subcutaneous)
Ref 63

Acute
inhalation

310 mg/m3
Ref 72

Genotoxicity
( in-vivo)
Genotoxicity
(in-vitro)

Repeat
Dose
Toxicity

Rabbit 90-day
dermal NOAEL
>5 mg/kg bw
(only dose
tested)

Negative in
SHE-cells

Negative in mouse
micronucleus assay
Ref 73

Negative in
Ames

Negative in Ames
Ref 70

Monkey 28
day oral +
5
subcutan.
NOAEL > 60
mg/kg bw
1

Mouse
6- mo.
drinking
30
water
NOAEL < 17
mg/kg
(single dose)

Rat 30-day gavage

NOAEL
125 mg/kg bw
Refs 63 & 68
Mouse 9-mo
NOAELs
250 mg/kg bw in
drinking water,
500 mg/kg bw in
diet
Refs 42, 68, 69

25

SPONSORED CHEMICALS
Substance

26264-05-1 Ref

Linear Structures
27323-41-7

Ref

Reproduction /

Rat 2-gen.
dermal
NOAEL >1.5
mg/kg bw (only
dose tested)

Developmental

Rat dermal
teratox NOAEL
F0 & F1 >10
mg/kg bw
(only dose)

26264-06-2

Branched Structures
Ref

68411-32-5

Ref

68608-88-8

Ref

90218-35-2

SUPPORTING CHEMICALS
Linear Structures
Ref 42615-29-2 Ref 68584-26-9 Ref
Mouse
embryo
incubate
NOAEL
0.025% for
1-hr 0.01%
for 5-day

68411-30-3

29
Rat 2 gen.
dietary
NOAEL repro
= 5000 (222
a.i.); F2
growth =
1250 (50 a.i.)
mg/kg bw

Rabbit oral 26
teratox
NOAEL >250
mg/kg bw;
Maternal tox
NOAEL = 60
18
mg/kg bw

Rat dermal 2
teratox
NOAEL > 82
mg ai /kg bw
3 sp. oral
teratox
NOAEL >
600 mg/kg
bw for 3
species.
Maternal tox
NOAEL rat
= 300,
rabbit
>2<300,
mouse
>2<300
mg/kg bw

3 sp. dermal
19
Teratox
NOAEL >
60, 90, 500
mg a.i./kg
bw for 3
species.
Maternal tox
NOAEL rat
= 60,
rabbit = 9,
mouse =50
mg/kg bw

Rabbit dermal 27
teratox
NOAEL - F0
& F1 >3%
(max. dose)

Rat dermal 28
teratox
NOAEL - F0
& F1 >7%
(max. dose)

26

SPONSORED CHEMICALS
Substance

26264-05-1 Ref

Linear Structures
27323-41-7

Ref

26264-06-2

Ref

68411-32-5

Ref

68608-88-8

Ref

Irritation

skin

eye

sensitization

Irritating

Irritating

31

23

Irritating

11

Irritating

37

Moderately
Irritating

Severely
Irritating

SUPPORTING CHEMICALS
Linear Structures

Branched Structures

21

21

Irritating

11

90218-35-2

Ref 42615-29-2 Ref 68584-26-9 Ref

35

Irritating

13

Moderately
Irritating

Irritating

12

Non Corrosive 33

Highly
Irritating

34

68411-30-3
Irritating
Ref 64

Irritating
Refs 65 - 66

Not Sensitizing
Ref 67

27

Ecological and Human Health Assessment

Detailed ecological and human health assessments have been published for linear alkylbenzene
sulfonates as part of the OECD High Production Volume Chemicals Program. These reports
include the SIDS Initial Assessment Report of LAS (UNEP 2005 and CLER 2005) and the
Human and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) of LAS (CLER 2004). The Council for
LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER) continues to assemble and report new studies and
update the assessment findings; the most recent being the CLER REVIEW (2007).
The USA (EPA) was the sponsor country for the OECD SIDS Initial Assessment of LAS. The
conclusions in the SIDS initial assessment profile for the LAS category (UNEP 2005) are: 1) the
chemicals in the LAS category are currently of low priority for further work because of their low
[human health] hazard potential except for skin and eye irritation and acute inhalation. Other
countries may desire to investigate any exposure scenarios that were not presented by the
Sponsor Country; and 2) the chemicals in the LAS category possess properties indicating a
hazard for the environment (fish, invertebrates and algae). However, they are of low priority for
further work due to ready and/or rapid biodegradation and limited potential for bioaccumulation.
The human and ecological exposures and risk assessments detailed in the UNEP and CLER
documents are based on current LAS volumes, concentrations by product type, and product uses.
On the human side, occupational exposure scenarios include workers in production and
manufacturing where facility and equipment design practices and personal protective equipment
limit exposure. Quantitative risk assessments were performed for a number of human exposure
scenarios including: drinking water and fish consumption following environmental release;
dermal exposure, and incidental and accidental ingestion and inhalation from a wide range of
consumer product uses. Labelling of consumer products containing LAS and other surfactants
include warnings of the potential for eye irritation as well as first aid instructions. On the
ecological side, quantitative risk assessments were performed for representative manufacturing
facility releases to the aquatic environment and for consumer product down-the-drain releases to
wastewater treatment facilities that discharge treated effluent to the aquatic environment. Both
monitoring and modeling information were used to predict human and ecological risks.
In lieu of quantitative exposure and initial risk assessments for the LAS/ABS category, a
comparative evaluation is provided below by direct reference to the detailed assessments for the
LAS category (UNEP, 2005; CLER 2005). The conclusion of such a comparison is that the LAS
category can be extrapolated to the LAS/ABS category with rough equivalency for human
exposures and risks whereas the aquatic exposures and risks would be proportionately smaller,
based on a 98+% smaller down-the-drain volume of LAS/ABS category chemicals; more
supporting details follow.
The chemicals in this LAS/ABS category generally have similar uses in industrial, commercial
and consumer product uses as do the chemicals in the LAS category; that is, they are anionic
surfactants. Chemical concentrations are generally the same for comparable uses. The
industrial/commercial products typically contain >50% of the anionic surfactant and consumer
products typically contain <30% of the anionic surfactant. The OECD SIDS for the LAS
category (UNEP 2005) reports 390,000 metric tonnes produced/used annually in the US (2000).
28

That is equivalent to about 860,000,000 pounds/year. The chemicals in the LAS/ABS category
are produced/used at about 21,000,000 pounds/year or roughly 2.5% of the volume of the much
larger LAS category. The 21,000,000 pounds includes about 5,000,000 pounds used as
intermediates in the production of LAS and about 12,000,000 pounds used in
industrial/commercial products. The balance, about 4,000,000 pounds, is used in consumer
products. Human exposure to the LAS/ABS category of chemicals would be generally
comparable in industrial, commercial and consumer products. Therefore, the exposure and risk
assessments for the LAS category can be used as reasonable surrogate estimates for the
LAS/ABS category. On the ecological side, the difference between 16,000,000 pounds in
industrial, commercial and consumer products for the LAS/ABS category and 860,000,000
pounds per year for the LAS category equates to <2% in the amount of chemical going down
the-drain, being treated and the residual being released to surface waters. Predicted ecological
exposures and risks would therefore be proportionately smaller (98+% smaller) for the LAS/ABS
category.

29

References

7.1
References Cited in the Text but not in Section 7.2
Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER). 2004. Human and Environmental Risk
Assessment (HERA) of LAS, in The CLER REVIEW, Vol 9(1), 83 pp. Washington DC, USA.
Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER). 2005. OECD SIDS Initial Assessment
Report of LAS, in The CLER REVIEW, Vol 10(1), 104 pp. Washington DC, USA.
Council for LAB/LAS Environmental Research (CLER). 2007. The CLER REVIEW, Vol 11(1),
149 pp. Washington DC, USA.
Cresswell DG, GA Baldock, LF Chasseaud and DR Hawkins. 1978. Toxicological studies of linear
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67. Murmann, P.

68. European
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71. Neely, W.B. and

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73. Kishi, M., Satoh,

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77. Knie, VJ, Halke
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78. Douglas, MT,
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85. Scholz, N.
86. Henkel KGaA
87. Maki, A.W.

88. Taylor, M.J

89. USEPA
90. USEPA
91. Lara-Martin, PA,
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Effect of diet on the sensitivity of
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