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Introduction to Sensors
Dr. Ir. Prianggada Indra Tanaya, MME.
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
@2006

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Question on Sensor

Do you have sensor ?

Why do we have/need sensor ?
What is sensor ?
How a sensor works ?
...

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Objectives
draw a block diagram of a process
control loop with a description of each
element
list three typical controlled variable
describe three criteria used to evaluate
the response of a process-control loop
define analog signal processing*
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describe the two types of digital process

control
define accuracy, hysteresis, and sensitivity
define the type of measurement time
response

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Introduction
control, control system
control industrial processes, process
control
what is the objective of control ?
if we don't need to control any processes, do
we need sensor ?
what is the different between sensor and
transducer ?
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in living organism, the logic of control

system is to maintain temperature, fluid
flow rate, energy, etc.
in industry, the logic of controlling a system
is to achieve production rate, quality,
quantity, positional accuracy, temperature,
humidity, ...etc.

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Process Control Principles

Observe manually !
The Process
Human-Aided Control
Automatic Control

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Servomechanisms
to force some
parameters to vary
in specific manner
to force controlled
variable value to
follow variation of
the reference value

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Discrete-State Control Systems

based on discrete
event
What is event ?
A sequence of
event
true-false, on-off,
open-close, etc.

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Block Diagram
a generic term to describe the working
process being controlled independent of
particular application
model to represent distinctive element,
connecting elements

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Control System Evaluation

e(t) = r(t) - c(t)

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objective of control system

error is zero (this is never been achieved)
The system should be stable (stability criteria)
The system should provide the best possible
steady-state regulation
The system should provide the best possible
transient regulation

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Analog & Digital Processing

analog value
temperature, speed, voltage, current, pressure,
etc.

digital value
0100, 11100110

ADC = Analog to Digital Converter

DAC = Digital to Analog Converter

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Sensor Signal Conditioning

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Some Definitions
error
difference of actual value of a variable and the
measured indication of its value

Block
Transfer Function
relationship between input and output
static & dynamic parts

Accuracy
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Accuracy
the maximum overall error to be expected from
a device
it can also mean as uncertainty of any value
being measured

System Accuracy
apply to overall elements in the system

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Sensitivity
a change of output of an instrument (or a
sensor) for a change of input
usually indicated by transfer-function, such as
5 mV/C

Sensitivity can not stand alone, add with

linearity
range
accuracy

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Reproducibility
ability to produce or
obtain the same
measurement value
at any time
it is inherent
uncertainity of any
sensors/measuring
elements, or system

Hysteresis
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Resolution
percentage of full scale range
how many division of a unit scale ( the smallest
scale )

Linearity
linear relationship between input to output
express in a straight line equation
the deviation of a value from the best straight
line expression (called %FS)
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Sensor Time Response

static transfer
function
dynamic transfer
function
First Oder Response
Second Order
Response

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time response
lag characteristics between input/output before
setting the final value

time constant
real-time effect
a sensor should be able to track any changes
in the physical dynamic variable in less than
one time constant

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Second Order Response

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Concluding Remark
Please explain ...

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