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Nervous System Ws

This document provides information about the coordination and response systems in living organisms. It discusses how organisms like plants, rabbits, and humans can detect changes in their environment and respond through behaviors learned from experience or innate response systems in the body. The focus is on the nervous and endocrine systems, which act as coordinators to monitor cells and trigger responses. It includes examples of receptors, effectors, stimuli, and reflex arcs to illustrate how coordinated responses work in the human body at the cellular level. Diagrams and tables are provided to label the main parts and functions of the nervous system, including neurons, synapses, and key organs like the eye.

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396 views

Nervous System Ws

This document provides information about the coordination and response systems in living organisms. It discusses how organisms like plants, rabbits, and humans can detect changes in their environment and respond through behaviors learned from experience or innate response systems in the body. The focus is on the nervous and endocrine systems, which act as coordinators to monitor cells and trigger responses. It includes examples of receptors, effectors, stimuli, and reflex arcs to illustrate how coordinated responses work in the human body at the cellular level. Diagrams and tables are provided to label the main parts and functions of the nervous system, including neurons, synapses, and key organs like the eye.

Uploaded by

api-309893409
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Co-Ordination and Response


Remember one of the characteristics of living organisms is that they are sensitive
(Mrs Gren) to changes in their environment. This will involve looking at both plants
and animals to see how they are designed to detect changes and respond to them.
Examples of organisms responding are:
A rabbit gets scared and runs away
You are hot and start sweating
It starts raining so you take out an umbrella
Plants grow towards the sunlight

We can respond to changes through a) learned behaviour in which you were taught
how to respond to different stimulus such as taking out an umbrella when it rains
or b) through our bodies own coordinated systems which control our responses
such as sweating when it is too hot.
This unit will be looking at b) only.
We will begin with an overview of your nervous and endocrine systems, as these
two organ systems act as co-directors of all of the activities that occur in your
body.
To put it simply, your nervous and endocrine systems continuously monitor the wellbeing of each of the billions of cells in your body, and they continuously take action
through messenger systems to keep all of your cells as healthy as possible.

Nervous Control in Humans


The

central

nervous

system

is

composed

of

CNS and PNS

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Use the diagram to help you complete the sentences below.


The nervous system is made up of the:
Central nervous system (CNS). This consists of the
_________ and ________.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS). This consists of
________ and sense organs.

The CNS and PNS together work together to serve and coordinate bodily
functions.

Task: Use the board to help you complete the following


Important word

Meaning
Cells that detect the change (stimuli, singular stimulus).
The actions that take place
The system in mammals and other vertebrates that
responds to changes. Deals with short, rapid responses.
The part of the body that connects information about
the stimulus to the effector.
Changes in the environment that are detected.
Organs such as muscles and glands that bring about the
change.
Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli:
light, sound, temperature, touch and cheimcals

Fill in the missing words to show the sequence of events in a coordinated response
in the nervous system.

Name___________________Class __________
->

Receptor

->

Teacher: Miss Walsh


->

Effector
Response
Coordination (CNS)

->

Stimulus

Receptors
Receptors are groups of specialised cells. They can detect changes in the
environment, which are called stimuli, and turn them into electrical impulses.
Receptors are often located in the sense organs, such as the ear, eye and skin.
Each organ has receptors sensitive to particular kinds of stimulus.
Sense Organs
Skin
Tongue
Nose
Eyes
Ears

Receptors sensitive to
touch, pressure, pain and
temperature
chemicals in food
chemicals in the air
light
sound and position of the
head

Effectors
An effector is any part of the body that produces the response. Here are some
examples of effectors:

a muscle contracting to move the arm

a muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland

Neurones
A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of special cells called nerve cells or
neurones.
Neurones carry electrical messages called impulses throughout the
body from the receptors to the coordinators and back to the effectors. A nerve
impulse as an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

A nerve- the picture shows


hundreds of severed neurons

Complete:
A ________ detects the change in conditions ( a ________). A message is carried
from the receptor to the CNS (voluntary actions- message goes to brain and
involuntary reactions goes to nearest part of CNS which is often the spinal cord)
along a special neuron called a ______ neuron. After processing, a message is sent
from the CNS to an organ ( an _______
) that carries out the _______. A
special type of neuron called a _____ neuron carries this message.
You see a cake and reach for it
eye

brain

arm and hand muscles

A soldier hears the bullets and ducks under fire:


brain

leg muscles

Fun Fact:
Where can the largest cells in the world be found?
The giraffes sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the
bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!!

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Label the different types of neurone then


complete the table below.(page 144 in your
textbook will help).
Type of neurone
e.g Sensory neurone

What it does
Carries message (as
an electrical impulse)
from receptor to the
CNS to process.

Relay Neurone

Motor Neurone

Voluntary and Reflex Actions


Reflex actions are important in preventing harm and are a protective measure such
as pulling your hand away from a hot object, blinking when dust gets in your eye,
coughing when food enters your trachea. A reflex action is a means of
automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with a response. A
reflex action is processed in the nearest part of the CNS which is usually the
spinal cord.

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Fill in the missing words to show the sequence of events in a reflex response in the
nervous system.
->

->
Effector

->
Response

->

Name___________________Class __________
Receptor

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Co-ordinator (spinal chord)

Stimulus

Reflex Arc
A reflex arc shows the pathway the message travels along in a reflex action.

Label the diagram using page 145 in your textbook to help.

Direction of nerve impulse

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Synapses
Complete the notes below, filling in the blanks with the following terms
decrease
synapses
chemical

nanometres
reabsorbed
touch
binds

released
receptor
diffuses
presynaptic
impulses
neurotransmitters
postsynaptic
stimulates

Neurons do not __________ each other there is a tiny gap between one neuron

and the next in a neural pathway. These gaps are called ________.
Nerve _________ cannot cross these synapses: information is passed from one

neuron to the next using


_________
messengers called _________________.
Presynaptic
membrane
When an impulse arrives at the end of the ____________ neuron, the chemical
Postsynaptic membrane
messenger is ___________ into the synapse.

This chemical messenger _________ across the synapse: because the synapse is
only about

20 ________________ wide this takes a very short time.


On the other side of the synapse, the neurotransmitter binds with a ___________
molecule on the membrane of the __________________ neuron. As the
neurotransmitter _______ to the receptor it ______________ a new nerve

impulse in the postsynaptic neurone.


Finally, the chemical messenger is ______________ back into the presynaptic
neuron, ready to be used again. As levels of the neurotransmitter in the synapse
________ stimulation of the postsynaptic nerve ends.

Label the diagram below

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

The Eye
The eye is a
composed of different tissue.

complex organ

Complete the table below.

Part of eye

Its function
Refracts the light and protects the eye.
Controls how much light enters the pupil.

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Focuses light onto the retina.


The bundle of sensory neurones that carry the impulses
to the brain.
contains light receptors (rods and cones), some sensitive
to light of different colours
Area of the retina with highest concentration of cone
cells that provides sharp vision.
Maintains the pressure in the eye and nourishes the
cornea.
Maintains the shape of the eye and attaches to the
retina.
Help change the shape of the lens in accommodation.
Tough outer layer that extraocular muscles can attach to.
Hole in the center of the eye that lets light in.

Accommodation

Pupil reflex

Rods and Cones

Name___________________Class __________

Teacher: Miss Walsh

Rods are very sensitive to light and therefore only functional in dim light. There are @ 120 million
rods in the retina, (none in the yellow spot) and their density is greatest at the periphery of the
retina. They can only sense the brightness of light and not colour.
Cones are sensitive to one of three wavelengths of light, blue, green or yellow-orange so are
responsible for colour vision. There are @ 6 million cones concentrated in and around the fovea
which has the greatest density of cones (and no rods). It therefore has the higher visual acuity
(detail) and the eyes move to focus objects of interest on the fovea in bright light

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