Rehabilitation and maintenance
of buildings - 03
Karel Mike
Contents
Properties of material
Failures of steel structures
Types of refurbishment
Methods of reliability verification
Basis of members design of steel structures
Basis of joint design
Assessment of steel structures
Strengthening of members
Strengthening and refurbishment of structures
Refurbishment of masonry structures using steelwork
Seismic upgrading using steel structure
2
Connections
Bolted
Welded
Riveted (history)
Realised:
In shop
On site
Calculation:
on resistance
on calculated internal forces
3
Connections
Bolted connections
Types:
According to static behaviour:
Normal (no preloading)
Slipresistant (controlled tightening)
According to loading:
Shear
Tension
Bolted connections
Shear loading
Common bolts:
shear
bearing
Slipresistant bolts:
slip
bearing
Bolted connections
Shear resistance
Fv .Rd
0,5 As fub
i
M2
Fv .Rd i
for bolt grades 4.8, 5.8, 10.9
0,6 As fub
for
other
M
2
bolt grades
As
Core area of cross section of bolt
fub
Ultimate strength of bolt
Number of shear planes
M2 =1,25
Bolted connections
Bearing resistance
Fb.Rd
d0
d
k1 b d t fu
M2
e1
;
3 d0
b min
p1
1
;
3 d0 4
fub
;
fu
Effect of bolt pitches
e1
p1
k1 2,5
t
d
d0
fub
fu
Fb.Sd
Minimum thickness in one direction
Diameter of bolt
Diameter of hole
Strength of bolt
Strength of material
Bolted connections
Resistance of slip-resistant bolts
Slip resistance
Fs .Rd
prestressing force
ks n
Fp.C
M3
Fp.C 0,7 As fub
As
Core area of cross section of bolt
fub
Ultimate strength of bolt
Number of friction planes
friction coefficient ... 0,2 to 0,5
M 3 1,25
Bolted connections
Bolts loaded in tension
Resistance in tension
Ft .Rd 0,9 fub As M 2
The same resistance for common and
preloaded bolts
9
10
Welded connections
Fillet welds
Butt welds
fully supply basic material
Welds = rigid connections (no slip)
Welded connections
Fillet welds
a
effective throat thickness of the fillet weld
direct stresses perpendicular to the throat
shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld
shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
direct stresses parallel to the axis of weld (neglected)
11
Welded connections
Check of fillet weld
3 2
0,9
II2
fu
fu
w M 2
M2
M 2 1,25
w correlation factor
depends of steel grade
12
Welded connections
Two fillet welds in parallel shear
0
ll
F
2a
fu
ll
w Mw
13
Welded connections
Connection of cantilever
V transferred by web:
F
ll
2a
M transferred by whole weld cross-section:
M
R
Wwe
M
2 Wwe
Wwe
Point 1: II, ,
Point 2: ,
14
Iwe
Welded connections
Flange-to-web weld
V
VSd
Longitudinal shear flow V:
VS
V
[ kN / m ]
I
ll
V
fu
VS
2 a I 2 a w M 2
15
Riveting
Assembly
Heated to white heat
Pneumatic hammer
(clamping rivets length max. s=4,5 d)
Function (after cooling)
Fully filled hole
Before riveting diameter is by 1 mm less then hole diameter
Prestressing connected sheets
Material
Rivet from steel with lower strength than basic material (when
they are exchanged can be cut off)
Head
Half spherical
(Countersink)
16
Riveting
Supply at the refurbishment:
Additional rivets or bigger diameter
Bolts slip resistant connection, retro heads of
bolts
Bolts injected by epoxy
Riveting is history
Exhibition on 3rd floor of Eiffel's tower
17
Riveted connections - Resistance
Shear
Shear
0,6 fur A0
M2
Bearing ... as for bolts
Tension
Fv,Rd
Ft,Rd
0,6 fur A0
M2
18
