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Chapter 7.2 Lifting Capacity of Drilling Fluids

This document is from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Petroleum Engineering Department and covers topics in drilling hydraulics, including fluid velocity in annulus, particle slip velocity, particle Reynolds number, friction coefficient, mud properties that affect velocity profiles, and methods for calculating slip velocity. It discusses how turbulent flow and pipe rotation improve hole cleaning effectiveness and outlines methods like Stokes' law and Moore's correlation for determining slip velocity of cuttings in drilling fluids.

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Eugene Tan
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618 views10 pages

Chapter 7.2 Lifting Capacity of Drilling Fluids

This document is from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Petroleum Engineering Department and covers topics in drilling hydraulics, including fluid velocity in annulus, particle slip velocity, particle Reynolds number, friction coefficient, mud properties that affect velocity profiles, and methods for calculating slip velocity. It discusses how turbulent flow and pipe rotation improve hole cleaning effectiveness and outlines methods like Stokes' law and Moore's correlation for determining slip velocity of cuttings in drilling fluids.

Uploaded by

Eugene Tan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Chapter 7.2

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


Internal

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Fluid Velocity in Annulus


Particle Slip Velocity
Particle Reynolds Number
Friction Coefficient
Example
Iterative Solution Method
Alternative Solution Method
API RP 13D Method

PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
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SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

Internal

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Historically, when an operator felt that the hole was not


being cleared of cuttings at a satisfactory rate, he
would:
Increase the circulation rate
Thicken the mud
(increase YP/PV)

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


Internal

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

More recent analysis shows that:


Turbulent flow cleans the hole better.

Pipe rotation aids cuttings removal.


With water as drilling fluid, annular velocities of 100-125
ft./min are generally adequate (vertical wells)

PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
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SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

Internal

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

A relatively flat velocity profile is


better than a highly pointed one.
Mud properties can be modified to
obtain a flatter profile in laminar flow
e.g., decrease n
PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Density & Velocity

Drilled cuttings typically have a


density of about 21 lb/gal.
Since the fluid density is less
than 21 lb/gal the cuttings will
tend to settle, or slip relative to
the drilling mud.
PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
Internal

Vslip
_

V f luid

Vparticle

V partic le V f luid V s lip


SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

Internal

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Velocity Profile

The slip velocity can be reduced by modifying the


mud properties such that the velocity profile is
flattened:
Increase the ratio (YP/PV)
(yield point/plastic viscosity)

or

Decrease the value of n


PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
Internal

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Plug Flow
Plug Flow is good for hole cleaning.
Plug flow refers to a completely flat
velocity profile.
The shear rate is zero where the
velocity profile is flat.

PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
Internal

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

Internal

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Newtonian Fluids:
The terminal velocity of a small spherical particle
settling (slipping) through a Newtonian fluid under
Laminar flow conditions is given by STOKES LAW:

138( s f )d s
vs

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

Internal

BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

vs
Where

138( s f )d s

v s slip velocity, ft/s


s density of solid particle, lbm/gal
f density of fluid, lbm/gal
ds diameter of particle, in
fluid viscosity, cp

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4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
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BY . ASIF ZAMIR

Internal

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Stokes Law gives acceptable accuracy for a particle


Reynolds number < 0.1

NRe

928 f v s d s

For Nre > 0.1 an empirical friction factor


may be used.

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

What forces act on a settling particle?

Non-spherical particles
experience relatively higher drag
forces

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Sphericities for Various Particle Shapes


Shape

Sphericity

Sphere

1.00

Octahedron 0.85
Cube

0.81

Prism
* * 2

0.77

* 2 * 3

0.73

Cylinders
h r/15

0.25

h r/3

0.59

h r

0.83

h 2r

0.87

h 20r

0.58

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Particle Reynolds Number

In field units,
PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
Internal

Based on real cuttings

vs 1.89

d s s
1

f f

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Slip Velocity Calculation (using Moores Correlation)


1. Calculate the flow velocity.
2. Determine the fluid n and K values.

3. Calculate the appropriate viscosity (apparent


viscosity).
4. Calculate the corresponding Particle Reynolds
number.

PCB
4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS
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SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Slip Velocity Calculation (using Moores graph)

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


Internal

SEMESTER- JANUARY 2015

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BY . ASIF ZAMIR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS


PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PCB
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PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Reference

Chapter 4, Applied Drilling Engineering by

Chapter 5, Drilling Engineering by J.J. Azar and


G. Robello Samuel.

PCB 4223 DRILLING HYDRAULICS


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