22 2008
Building a Medical Vocabulary: A Guide for Medical Students
Gregory V. G. ODowd
English
Abstract: Medical terminology consists of so many new words and terms that medical students often
have a difficult time learning and understanding them. This paper outlines how medical words are
constructed and offers a few simple rules for students to follow to enable them to acquire, understand and
develop a high degree of proficiency in medical terminology.
Key words: medical terms, vocabulary building, medical language
1. Introduction
Medical language is a special language. It is made up of a vast pool of words and terms, labeled
medical terminology, that have been made specifically for doctors to use in their work and especially
for doctor-to-doctor communication. Medical students in particular are required to spend many years
studying and remembering medical terminology and medical language as they progress through to
graduation as doctors. Indeed, it has been estimated that students need to learn approximately 13,000 new
words in their first year of medical study1. This is not an easy task, with an ever-expanding number of
medical names and terms used to describe the human body and its various parts, symptoms, diseases,
health problems, procedures, research and the development of new medical terms.
Many medical terms (e.g. hypotension, angiograph, myocardial infarction) are incomprehensible or
barely so for many laypeople as these terms are outside their regular daily vocabulary, depending on their
socio-economic background and life experience. Some medical vocabulary is used specifically to
describe medical purposes and practices, and some add precision or solemnity to descriptions of a
patients condition. And although these terms are often beyond the comprehension of everyday people
about whom these terms are used, medical terminology is indispensable to the study of medicine and so
should be undertaken with both seriousness and due diligence.
This paper outlines how medical words are constructed and offers a few simple rules for students to
follow to enable them to acquire, understand and develop a high degree of proficiency in medical
terminology.
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Building a Medical Vocabulary: A Guide for Medical Students
2. The roots of medical terminology
Medical terminology is the special vocabulary developed over time for use by physicians to accurately
describe the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and procedures in a sciencebased manner.2 Medical terminology has also been defined as the science which deals with the
investigation, arrangement and construction of medical terms. 3 It is this second definition that has
developed the corpus described in the first definition, the roots of which can be found in the historical
records of medical history. Although the history of medicine is quite long, virtually as long as human
history itself, modern medical terminology rests primarily upon a Greek and Roman foundation. Indeed,
early Greek physicians certainly learned and accumulated a great deal of medical knowledge from other
civilizations, especially from ancient Egypt and India, but it was the Greeks who assimilated this
knowledge and gave it names that spread to other lands, e.g. throughout the Roman Empire, that gave its
use force and weight. This subsequent mixture of Greek and Latin medical terms and word formation is
the basis for many of the currently used medical terms used today by medical professionals. For example,
the word diabetes was derived from the Greek word meaning a siphon.; the 2nd-century A.D. Greek
physician, Aretus the Cappadocian, named this condition diabetes after he observed that patients with
this problem passed water like a siphon.4 However, many more medical words are often cobbled
together from two or more building blocks, also derived mainly from Greek or Latin origins, along with
many prefixes and suffixes that form the components of many polysyllabic medical terms.
Fortunately, there are far fewer components (prefixes, roots, and suffixes) than there are words that
combine these components, so memorizing the meaning of the components can reduce how much needs
to be memorized, and can help in understanding words that are unfamiliar but are based on these
components. Thus, if medical students can acquire some understanding of the linguistic structure and
components that form the basis of common medical terms, they will find the task of acquiring them much
easier. It should also be noted that numerous other languages have also contributed to the vast pool of
medical terms now in common use, as well as new terms derived from eponyms (named after those who
make discoveries, e.g. Alzheimers disease); nevertheless, the foundations of most basic terms are Greek
and Latin. This paper will now look at how some of the most commonly used terms are constructed and
how this may facilitate the building of a wider medical vocabulary for medical students.
3. A systematic approach
Medical students need to take a systematic approach to medical word building and term comprehension. In order to facilitate the building of this knowledge, students will first need to become familiar with
the most common word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. In brief, a word root is a component derived from a
source language such as Greek or Latin, and usually describes a body part. A prefix is a segment that can
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be added to the front of a term to modify a word root by giving additional information about the location
of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. Suffixes are segments attached to the end of a word
root to add meaning such as condition, disease process, or procedure. If students can learn and understand
the origins of medical terms and realize that complex words are just an assembly of smaller components,
then building a medical vocabulary becomes much easier.
In the tables below, I have arranged information into a simple format (segment, root, example) and in
small-sized chunks for easier acquisition. I suggest medical students study each table in turn, employing
whatever learning strategies work best for them, and endeavor to make more word associations with each
primary root, prefix or suffix to anchor these most common segments in their memories. Later, when
coming across new medical terms, students should first de-construct the term and examine its various
parts for the segments they are familiar with and attempt to formulate a meaning; of course, when time
permits, they should also check an appropriate medical dictionary for accuracy.
4. Word roots
A good place to start is with root words for major parts of the human body and for descriptors. The
following tables contain sets of common terms5 for body parts and color. It is important that students pay
particular attention to how the Greek or Latin root is used in the formation of the example medical term
shown at the end of each row; in these examples, the root word is used as the head of the medical term
with a suffix added to indicate a particular function, event or disease.
4.1 Root words for body parts #1
Body element
Greek root
Latin root
Examples
abdomen
lapar(o)-
abodomin-
Laparoscopy
artery
arteri(o)-
Arteriosclerosis
blood
hemat-, haemat-
sangui-, sanguine-
Hemorrhage
(haem-, hem-)
blood clot
thromb(o)-
Thromboembolism
bone
osteo-
Osteoarthritis
brain
encephal(o)-
cerebr(o)-
Encephalitis
breast
mast(o)-
mamm(o)-
Mastectomy
chest
steth(o)-
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-
Thoracotomy
ear
ot(o)-
aur-
Otisis
eye
ophthalm(o)-
ocul(o)-
Ophthalmoscopy
heart
cardi(o)-
cordi-
Cardiograph
intestine
enter(o)-
Enterotoxins
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Building a Medical Vocabulary: A Guide for Medical Students
4.2 Root words for body parts #2
Body element
Greek root
Latin root
Examples
kidney
nephr(o)-
ren-
Nephrology, renal
liver
hepat- (hepatic-)
Hepatitis
lungs
pneumon-
pulmon(i)- (pulmo-)
Pneumonia
mind
psych-
Psychology
neck
trachel(o)-
cervic-
Tracheotomy,
nerve; the nervous system
neur(o)-
nerv-
Neurology
nose
rhin(o)-
nas-
Rhinitis, nasal
skin
dermat- (derm-)
cut-, cuticul-
Dermatitis
skull
crani(o)-
Cranium
stomach
gastr(o)-
ventr(o)-
Gastritis
4.3 Root words for body parts #3
Body element
throat
Greek root
Latin root
Examples
pharyng(o)-
Pharyngitis
laryng(o)-
Laryngitis
tooth
odont(o)-
dent-
Dentist
tongue
gloss-, glott-
lingu(a)-
Glossitis
tumor
cel-
Celotomy
urine, urinary System
ur(o)-
urin(o)-
Urologist, urinalysis
vein, the veins
phleb(o)-
ven-
Phlebitis, venous
(upper throat cavity)
throat (lower throat
cavity/voice box])
4.4 Colors
Body element
Greek root
Latin root
Examples
black
melano-
Melanoma
blue
cyano-
Cyanosis
gray, grey
polio-
Poliomyelitis
green
chlor-
Chlorine
red
erythr(o)-, rhod(o)-
rub-, rubr-
Erythrocyte, ruby
red-yellow
cirrh(o)-
Cirrhosis
white
leuc-, leuk-
alb-
Leukemia, albino
yellow
xanth(o)-
Xanthoma
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5. Medical prefixes
A large number of medical terms have been constructed by adding a prefix to the front of another
medical word to modify the root word to give it additional information about the location of an organ, the
number of parts, or time involved. Examples 6 of prefixes used in medicine are shown in the following
tables.
5.1 Directional prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
Circum-
around
Circumcise (cut around)
Peri-
around
Perianal (around the anus)
Retro-
behind
Retrosternal
(behind the breastbone)
Sub-
below
Subclavian (below collar bone)
Trans-
through
Transfusion, transplant
Epi-
upon, on top
Epidermis
Endo-
within, inside of
Endoscopy (to inspect an internal organ or body cavity )
Intra-
within
Intravenous (inside the veins, e.g. IV fluids)
Inter-
in between
Intercostal muscles (between the ribs)
5.2 General prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
A- (an-)
Not, without, -less
Anemia (less blood)
Ab-
Away, from
Abnormal (away from normal)
Ad-
To, towards
Adrenal (toward the kidney)
Ante-
Before
Ante-position
Anti-
Against, opposed to
Antibody, antibiotic
Contra-
Against, opposed
Contraceptive
Dia-
Through, throughout, completely
Diagnosis, dialysis
Dys-
Bad, not, ill, abnormal
Dysfunction, dysentery
Extra-
Outside of, beyond, in addition
Extraordinary
Homeo-
Similar, same
Homeostasis
Hyper
Over, above, excessive
Hypercalcemia
Hypo-
Lack, deficiency
Hyposensitivity
Macro-
Large, long
Macrocyte (large cell)
Mega-
Great
Megacardia (too large heart)
Micro-
Small
Microscope
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Building a Medical Vocabulary: A Guide for Medical Students
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
Neo-
New
Neonatal, neoplasm
Patho-
Suffering, disease
Pathogen, pathology
Photo-
Light
Photonic
Post-
After, behind
Post-natal
Pro-
Forward,
Prothrombin
Re-
Back, again
Relapse
Tox- , toxi-
Poison
Toxic
5.3 Numbering prefixes
Prefix
Meaning
Examples
Bi- , bis-
Two, twice
Bilateral
Demi-, semi-
Half
Semicoma
Di-
Two, double
Diplegia
Hemi-
One-half
Hemisphere
Pan-
Total
Pancytopenia
Poly-
Many
Polycystic
Uni-
One
Union
6. Suffixes
Suffixes, segments attached to the end of a word root to add meaning, used in medical terminology can
be divided into three basic groups:
1. suffixes used for diagnostic terms,
2. suffixes used for operative terms, and
3. suffixes used for symptomatology.
Again, with regard to the linguistic origins of the word blocks, the convention is that Greek suffixes are
used with Greek terms and Latin suffixes are used with Latin terms. And as a general rule of thumb,
diagnostic and surgical terms usually have a Greek origin, and terms for anatomy usually have Latin
origins. The following tables list common medical suffixes, along with their meaning, word origin and
root, and English examples.
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6.1 Suffixes used for diagnostic terms
Suffix
Suffix Meaning
Origin; Etymology
Examples
-cyte
A hollow, a cell
Greek; hollow
-emia
Blood condition
Greek; blood illness Leukemia
-ia
Diseased condition
Greek; sickness
Insomnia
-osis
State or condition of
Greek; condition
Prognosis
-itis
Inflammation
Greek; flaring
Bronchitis
-oma
Indicating a morbid condition, often a tumor
Latin (crab); cancer Carcinoma
-pathy
Denotes a disease or disorder
Greek; disease
(with a negative sense)
-trophy Relating to nourishment
Leukocyte
Sociopathy,
neuropathy
Greek; nourish
Dystrophy
6.2 Suffixes used for operative terms
Suffix
Suffix Meaning
Origin; Etymology
Examples
-ectomy A surgical operation or removal of a body part
Greek; excision
Mastectomy
-plasty
Denotes surgical repair
Greek; repair
Rhinoplasty
-tomy
Denotes a surgical operation or removal
Greek; remove
Appendectomy
Greek; freeing
Dialysis
of a body part; incision, cutting
-lysis
Denoting loosening or freeing up
6.3 Suffixes used for symptomatology
Suffix
Suffix Meaning
Origin; Etymology
Examples
-algia
Pain
Greek; hurt
Neuralgia
-itis
Inflammation
Greek; flaring
Laryngitis
-penia
Denotes a deficiency or lack
Greek; without
Lymphopenia
Greek; to digest
Dyspepsia
-phagia Denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion
Greek; to eat
Polyphagia
-rhea
Greek; breakout
Diarrhea
-pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion,
or the digestive tract.
Flowing through
7. Examples
Students should first learn to examine the whole medical word and then break it down into its various
parts. For example, the term pancytopenia should first be broken down into its component parts - Pancyto-penia - and then the meaning can be determined. In this example, pan means all or total, cyto
refers to cells, and penia indicates a deficiency. So the definition of pancytopenia is a deficiency of all
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Building a Medical Vocabulary: A Guide for Medical Students
blood cells.
For another example, lipodystrophy can be broken down into lipo referring to fat, trophy is about
growth or development, and dys here means an abnormality. Therefore, lipodystrophy can now be
understood as an abnormal development of fat.
Another approach involves breaking down the medical term by evaluating the meaning of the suffix
first, then prefix, and finally the word root. This will generally produce a reasonable understanding of the
terms meaning. Of course, when in doubt, the result should be verified by a medical terminology
dictionary.
Finally, students need to be aware of another general rule of medical terminology. That is, when more
than one body part is used in the formation of a medical term, the individual word roots are joined
together by using the combining form using the letter o to indicate the joining together of various body
parts. For example, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines would be written as gastro and enter
plus itis to form the term gastroenteritis. In this example, the o signals the joining together of the two
body parts.
8. Conclusion
Being able to decoding medical term is an important skill that medical students need to master early in
their studies. Once students gain experience in the process of examining and decoding medical terminology, the process begins to make sense and becomes easier. Although the process of learning medical
terminology is challenging, as with any new language, it is an attainable goal once the basic rules are
learned and put into practice.
Notes
1. Durkin, J. What Aptitudes Do Doctors Typically Have? Retrieved 5 December 2007 from
http://www.jocrf.org/resources/AptitudesofPhysicians.html
2. Wikipedia. Medical terminology. Retrieved 14 October 2007 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical terminology
3. Kamiyama, S., Opacic, R., Imamura, K. 1994. English for Medical Students. Nanun-Do, Tokyo.
Page 9.
4. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39756
5. Wikipedia. List of medical roots. Retrieved 4 December 2007 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots
6. Wikipedia. Medical Prefixes. Retrieved 4 December 2007 from
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Prefixes,_Suffixes,_and_Combining_Forms
References
Kamiyama, S., Opacic, R., Imamura, K. 1994. English for Medical Students.
Nanun-Do, Tokyo.
. 2004
.
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