Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review
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AI Coordinator - CSC JournalsDigital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review
Uploaded by
AI Coordinator - CSC JournalsDigital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review
Pushpa Mala .S.
Research Scholar, Jain University, Bengaluru, India
& Sambhram Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
D. Jayadevappa
Dept. of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering,
JSS Academy of Technical Education, Bengaluru, India
K.Ezhilarasan
Research Scholar, Jain University, Bengaluru, India
& Sambhram Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
Abstract
Keywords:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FEATURES OF DIGITAL WATERMARKING SCHEMES
Robustness
Imperceptibility
Security
Verifiability
Computational Cost
Watermark Detection
Capacity
Tradeoff
parameters
FIGURE 1:
3. DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING APPROACHES
3.1. Visible and Invisible Watermarking
et.al
3. 2. Private and Public Watermarking
et al.
, was
.
et al.
also
3.3. Robust and Fragile Watermarking
NN
k
l,
Ak
PQ
et al.
ing scheme
the scheme was
3.4. Blind and Non-blind Watermarking
.
Nonblind watermarking schemes access
the host image during the detection phase and are private in nature.
et al.
schemes
et al.
et al.
3.5 Spatial and Frequency Domain Watermarking
4. FREQUENCY DOMAIN WATERMARKING APPROACHES
prior
ample
s
was
was
was
was
of
could be
NN
n
et al.
NN
et al.
88
t C w
X
X u*,v,b X u ,v,b u ,v,b u ,v,b
u ,v,b
if X u ,v,b tuc,v,b
otherwise
X u*,v,b
X u ,v,b
tuc,v ,b
wu ,v,b
t F w
X
X u*,v,l , f X u ,v,l , f l , f u ,v,l , f
u ,v,l , f
if X u ,v,l , f tlF, f
otherwise
u, v
X u , v ,l , f
*
f , X u , v ,l , f
tlF, f
u , v ,l , f
scheme
et al.
T
scheme
et al.
the watermark
scheme
scheme
88
lc-
lc
et al.
lc
lc
et al.
et al.
NN
I k1 , k2
N1 1 N 2 1
i ( n , n )e
n1 0 n2 0
j 2 n1k1 / N1 j 2 n2 k2 / N 2
M (k1 , k2 ) I (k1 , k2 )
P(k1 , k2 )
W (k1 , k2 )
NN
S
UW
A U S VT
S W U W S W VW T
AW U S W V T
W
VW
SW
SW
VW
AW
et al.
et al.
et al.
( x) (2 x e
x /2
where x x 2 y 2
1/ 2
* (k ) k
k k
/2
M x 2 (2 .x * A
Pi , j k M i x .M j x
i
Pi , j ( k )
M i ( x)
i
et al.
M2
l
al
et al.
et al.
et al.
et al.
5. EVALUATING WATERMARKS
5.1. Performance Evaluation Metrics
PSNR
NN
MSE
BER
C
H W
Transform
Adopted
Concept & Details
Results & Summary
SS
DCT
DFT
DWT
Multiwavelets
Contourlets
Ridgelets
Curvelets
Shearlets
TABLE 1:
SSIM
p,q
2
p
c1 2
p
2
p
2
q
2
p
pq
c2
c
2
q respectively
pq
MSE
MSE =
1 p q
N (i, j ) W (i, j )
pq i 1 j 1
p
q
N (i, j )
W (i, j )
5.2. Watermarking Attacks
et al.
1) Compression Attacks
2) Interference Attacks
3) Signal Processing Attacks
4) Geometric Attacks
5) Cryptographic Attacks-
6) Collusion Attacks-
7) Active Attacks
8) Passive Attacks
9) Histogram Equalization attacks
Attack
No Attack
PSNR
TABLE 2:
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES
Median
Filtering
Salt and
Pepper
Noise
Gaussian
Filter
