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Figure 1: Common Emitter Transfer Characteristic

1. An electret microphone captures sound waves and converts them into an electrical audio signal. A voltage divider and transistor Q1 amplify this signal 100 times. 2. C2 blocks the DC component and passes the amplified AC audio signal to the circuit around Q2. 3. Q2 forms a Colpitts oscillator that generates a radio frequency signal whose frequency is determined by inductors L1 and capacitors C4 and C5, though tolerances mean the actual frequency varies and must be experimentally adjusted.

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23 views

Figure 1: Common Emitter Transfer Characteristic

1. An electret microphone captures sound waves and converts them into an electrical audio signal. A voltage divider and transistor Q1 amplify this signal 100 times. 2. C2 blocks the DC component and passes the amplified AC audio signal to the circuit around Q2. 3. Q2 forms a Colpitts oscillator that generates a radio frequency signal whose frequency is determined by inductors L1 and capacitors C4 and C5, though tolerances mean the actual frequency varies and must be experimentally adjusted.

Uploaded by

karthikeyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principle of operation:

1. Sound is captured using an electret microphone which is a


piezoresistive element whose resistance varies with the sound
pressure. R1 along with the mic forms a voltage divider whose output
voltage varies with the amplitude of sound.
2. C1 is a DC blocking capacitor which blocks the DC component of the
signal produced by the above voltage divider and passes only the AC
component of the signal that represents the audio signal.
3. Q1 is an NPN transistor that is configured as a common emitter
amplifier to amplify the audio signal. R2 and R3 are the biasing
resistors that establish the DC operating point of the common emitter
amplifier, so that the transistor is biased in the active region of the
transfer characteristic.

Figure 1: Common emitter transfer characteristic

At low frequencies (audio signals are considered low frequency


signals), the voltage gain of the amplifier is roughly the ratio of the
collector resistance to the emitter resistance, ignoring the effect of the
load resistance (here, the input resistance of Q2). Hence, the voltage
gain is 10,000 / 100 = 100. The input signal is thereby amplified 100
times at the output of the common emitter amplifier.

4. C2 is another DC blocking capacitor that keeps apart the DC


operating points of the two transistor circuits and passes the amplified
AC component of the audio signal.
5. The circuit around Q2 is a colpitts oscillator in common base
configuration. The ideal frequency of oscillation is given by
C = C4 in series with C5 = ( C4 x C5 ) / ( C4 + C5 )

f=

1
2 LC

However, the ceramic capacitors used in our circuit have huge


tolerances and the observed frequency of oscillation will vary from the
one calculated above. Also, it is important to note that the above
formula does not take into account the emitter capacitance of the
transistor. Hence, the frequency of oscillation has to be experimentally
adjusted by varying C4 or by varying the number of turns or length of
the inductor L1.

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