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Chap5
1. 1.DigitalCommunication(GTU)51PulseCodeModulationChapter5:PulseCodeModulationSection5.9
:Ex.5.9.4:APCMsystemusesauniformquantizerfollowedbya7bitencoder.Thesystembitrateis50
Mbits/sec.Calculatethemaximumbandwidthofthemessagesignalforwhichthissystemoperatessatisfactorily.
.PageNo.526.Soln.:Ithasbeengiventhat:Bitrater=50Mbits/secandN=7Weknowthatbitrater=N
fsfs===7.14MHzMaximumsignalbandwidthBW=fs/2=BW=3.57MHz...Ans.Ex.5.9.5:The
bandwidthofavideosignalis4.5MHz.ThissignalistobetransmittedusingPCMwiththenumberof
quantizationlevelsQ=1024.Thesamplingrateshouldbe20%higherthantheNyquistrate.Calculatethe
systembitrate..PageNo.526.Soln.:BandwidthW=4.5MHzAsperNyquistratefs=2W=9MHzBut
fsshouldbe20%higherthanNyquistratefs=1.29MHz=10.8MHz...(1)Weknowthat,Q=N2,
1024=2NN=10...(2)Systembitrater=Nfs=1010.8MHzEx.5.9.7:Plotthecharacteristicsofa
lawcompressor..PageNo.530Soln.:Toplotthecharacteristicsoflawcompressor:Theexpressionforthe
normalizedoutputofalawcompressorisgivenby,Z(x)=.....x1Let=255.
2. 2.DigitalCommunication(GTU)52PulseCodeModulationNotethatinsteadof|x|/xmaxwehavewritten
only|x|andrestrictedthevaluesofxonlyupto1.Thishasthesameeffectasthatofnormalizing.Z(x)=...
(1)Substitutex=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8and1inEquation(1)togetthecorrespondingvaluesofZasshowninthe
followingtable.|x|00.20.40.60.81Z010.710.840.90.96Thereforethecompressor
characteristicsisasshowninFig.P.5.9.7.Fig.P.5.9.7:lawcompressorcharacteristicsSection5.15:Ex.
5.15.7:Ifavoicefrequencysignalissampledattherateof32,000samples/secandcharacterizedbypeakvalue
of2Volts,determinethevalueofstepsizetoavoidslopeoverload.WhatisquantizationnoisepowerNqand
correspondingSNR?Assumebandwidthofsignalas4kHz..PageNo.560.Soln.:Given:fs=32,000
samples/sec.PeakvalueofthesignalA=2V.BandwidthB=4kHz.1.Stepsizetoavoidslopeoverload:To
avoidslopeoverloadthefollowingconditionshouldbesatisfied.A=Substitutingthevaluesweget,
3. 3.DigitalCommunication(GTU)53PulseCodeModulation21.57Volt...Ans.2.Quantization
noisepower(Nq):Thequantizationnoisepowerforadeltamodulatorisgivenby,Nq==Nq=0.822W
...Ans.3.Signaltonoiseratio:SNR===19.45Ex.5.15.8:Acompactdisc(CD)recordsaudiosignalsdigitally
byPCM.Assumeaudiosignalsbandwidthtobe15kHz.Ifsignalsaresampledatarate20%aboveNyquist
rateforpracticalreasonsandthesamplesarequantisedinto65,536levels,determinebits/secrequiredtoencode
thesignalandminimumbandwidthrequiredtotransmitencodedsignal..PageNo.560Soln.:W=15kHz,fs=
1.22W=2.415kHz=36kHz,Q=65,536.1.Signalingrate(r):WeknowthatQ=2NN=log2Q
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N==16...(1)Signalingrater=Nfs=1636kHz=576kbits/sec....Ans.Thusthesignalingrateris576
kbits/sec.2.Minimumbandwidth:BT=Signalingrate=kbits/secMinimumbandwidthBT=288kHz
...Ans.Ex.5.15.9:InasingleintegrationDMscheme,thevoicesignalissampledatarateof64kHz.The
maximumsignalamplitudeis1Volt.1.Determinetheminimumvalueofstepsizetoavoidslopeoverload.2.
DeterminegranularnoisepowerN0,ifthevoicesignalbandwidthis3.5kHz.3.Assumingsignaltobesinusoidal,
calculatesignalpowerSoandsignaltonoiseratio(SNR).4.Assumingthatthevoicesignalamplitudeisuniformly
distributedintherange,(1,1),determineSoandSNR..PageNo.560Soln.:Given:fs=64kHzA=1
Volt1.Minimumstepsizetoavoidslopeoverload:A,
4.DigitalCommunication(GTU)54PulseCodeModulationmin===0.3436Volt...Ans.2.Granularnoise
power:Nq===2.15103W...Ans.3.SignalpowerSoandSNRo:Asthesignalissinusoidal,the
normalizedoutputsignalpowerSo=[A/]2=A/2=1/2Watt....Ans.SNRo===232.3or23.66dB.4.
Signalpowerforuniformlydistributedsignal:ThesignalPDFforauniformlydistributedsignalisasshowninFig.
P.5.15.9.Fig.P.5.15.9Meansquarevalueofthesignal,E[S2]=S2fs(S)dS=S2dS==1/3Assuming
R=1.NormalizedsignalpowerSo=Meansquarevalue=1/3W...Ans.Signaltonoiseratio=SNR==
155.03or21.9dB...Ans.Ex.5.15.10:Theinformationinananalogsignalvoltagewaveformistobetransmitted
overaPCMsystemwithanaccuracyof0.1%fullscaleaccuracy.Theanalogvoltagewaveformhasa
bandwidthof100Hzandanamplituderangeof10to+10Volts.(a)Determinetheminimumsamplingrate
required.(b)DeterminethenumberofbitsineachPCMword.(c)Determinetheminimumbitraterequiredinthe
PCMsystem.(d)DeterminetheminimumabsolutechannelbandwidthrequiredforthetransmissionofthePCM
signal..PageNo.561Soln.:Ithasbeengiventhat,1.Accuracyof0.1%offullscaleisexpected.2.W=100
Hzandamplituderangeis10to+10V(a)Samplingratefs:Bysamplingtheoremtheminimumsamplingrateis
fs(min)=2W=200Hz...Ans.(b)Numberofbitsperword(N):Asaccuracyisexpectedtobe0.1%offull
scale,themaximumquantizationerrorshouldbe0.1%offullscale.
5.DigitalCommunication(GTU)55PulseCodeModulationmax=0.1%offullscale=0.001[10
(10)]=0.00120max=0.02Volts...(1)Weknowthatthemaximumvalueofthequantization
errorismax=S/2...(2)S/2=0.02S=0.04Volt...(3)ButS=whereVH=10VandVL=
10VQ===500...(4)ButQ=2NNlog102=log10500N=8.969...Ans.(c)Systembitrate:
Systembitrate(r)=Nfs=9200=1800bits/sec...Ans.
6.DigitalCommunication(GTU)56PulseCodeModulation(d)Transmissionchannelbandwidth(BT):BTN
fsBT900Hz...Ans.Ex.5.15.11:Theinformationinananalogwaveformwithamaximumfrequencyfm=3
kHzistobetransmittedoveranMlevelPCMsystem,wherethenumberofpulselevelsisM=16.The
quantizationdistortionisspecifiednottoexceed1%ofpeaktopeakanalogsignal.1.Whatisthemaximum
numberofbitspersamplethatshouldbeusedinthisPCMsystem?2.Whatistheminimumsamplingrateand
whatistheresultingbittransmissionrate?.PageNo.561Soln.:Given:fm=3kHz,Numberofquantization
levelsM=16.1.Numberofbits/sample(N):Weknowthat,numberofquantizationlevelsM=2N.2N=16
N=4...Ans.2.Minimumsamplingrate:Bysamplingtheorem:fs(min)=2fm=23kHzfs(min)=6
kHz...Ans.3.Bittransmissionrate:r=Nfs=46kHzr=24kbits/sec....Ans.Numberofquantization
levels,Q=2=2=128N7...Ans.Ex.5.15.12:ATVsignalwithabandwidthof4.2MHzistransmittedusing
binaryPCM.Thenumberofquantizationlevelsis512.Calculate:1.Codewordlength2.Transmission
bandwidth3.Finalbitrate4.Outputsignaltoquantizationnoiseratio..PageNo.561Soln.:Given:fm=4.2
MHzandQ=512.1.Codewordlength(N):Q=2NN=N=9bits/word...Ans.2.Transmission
bandwidth:
7.DigitalCommunication(GTU)57PulseCodeModulationBT=Nfs=N(2fm)BT=94.2MHz=
37.8MHz...Ans.3.Finalbitrate(r):r=Nfs=92fm=184.2MHzr=75.6Mb/s...Ans.4.Signal
toquantizationnoiseratio:SincetheTVsignalisnotasinusoidalsignal,letususethegeneralexpressionofsignal
toquantizationnoiseratio.=4.8+6NdB=4.8+(69)=58.8dB...Ans.Thisisthemaximumsignalto
noiseratiothatweareexpectedtogetfromthissystem.Ex.5.15.13:Theoutputsignaltonoiseratio(SNR)ofa

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10bitPCMwasfoundtobe30dB.ThedesiredSNRis42dB.ItwasdecidedtoincreasetheSNRtothe
desiredvaluebyincreasingthenumberofquantizationlevels.Findfractionalincreaseinthetransmission
bandwidthrequiredforthisSNR..PageNo.561Soln.:Given:SNR=30dB,N=10DesiredvalueofSNR=
42dB.1.TofindNforSNR=42dBWithincreaseinNby1bitthevalueofSNRincreasesby6dB.
ThereforetoincreasethevalueofSNRby12dBitisnecessarytoincreaseNby2.N=10+2=12...Ans.2.
FractionalincreaseinBW:BWofPCMsystem=NfsBWwithN=10isgivenby,BW10=10fs=5fs
andBWwithN=12isgivenby,BW12=12fs=6fsChangeinBW=BW=6fs5fs=fs
FractionalchangeinBW==100%=20%...Ans.Ex.5.15.14:Atelephonesignalwithcutofffrequencyof4
kHzisdigitisedinto8bitPCM,sampledatNyquistrate.Calculatethebasebandtransmissionbandwidthand
quantizationS/Nratio..PageNo.561Soln.:1.TheNyquistrate=24kHz=8kHz.
8. 8.DigitalCommunication(GTU)58PulseCodeModulation2.Transmissionbandwidth,BT=Nfs=88
kHz=32kHz...Ans.3.SNRq=(1.8+6N)dB=1.8+(68)=49.8dB...Ans.Ex.5.15.15:Inasingle
integrationDMschemethevoicesignalissampledatarateof64kHz.Themaximumsignalamplitudeis2Volts.
Voicesignalbandwidthis3.5kHz.Determinetheminimumvalueofstepsizetoavoidslopeoverloadand
granularnoisepower..PageNo.561Soln.:Given:fs=64kHz,Amax=2V,fm=3.5kHz1.Minimumstep
sizetoavoidslopeoverload:WeknowthatAmax=min===0.6872Volt...Ans.2.Granularnoisepower
:Nq===8.6103W...Ans.Ex.5.15.16:Atelevisionsignal(videoandaudio)hasabandwidthof4.5
MHz.Thissignalissampled,quantizedandbinarycodedtoobtainaPCMsignal.1.Determinethesamplingrate
ifthesignalistobesampledatarate20%abovetheNyquistrate.2.Ifthesamplesarequantizedinto1024
levels,determinethenumberofbinarypulsesrequiredtoencodeeachsample.3.Determinethebinarypulserate
(bitspersecond)ofbinarycodedsignalandtheminimumbandwidthrequiredtotransmitthesignal.Ifabove
linearPCMsystemisconvertedtocompandedPCM,willtheoutputbitratechanged?Justify..PageNo.562
9. 9.DigitalCommunication(GTU)59PulseCodeModulationSoln.:Given:W=4.5MHz1.Samplingrate=1.2
Nyquistrate=1.22W=1.224.5106=10.8MHz...Ans.2.Giventhatnumberofquantization
levels,Q=1024ButQ=2NNumberofbinarypulseperword,N=log2QN=log21024N=10
...Ans.3.Binarypulserate(bitrate)=Nfs=1010.8MHz=108Mbps...Ans.Bandwidth=bitrate=54
MHz...Ans.Ex.5.15.17:Acompactdisc(CD)recordsaudiosignalsdigitallybyusingPCM.Assumetheaudio
signalbandwidthtobe15kHz.1.WhatisNyquistrate?2.IftheNyquistsamplesarequantizedintoL=
65,536levelsandthenbinarycoded,determinethenumberofbinarydigitsrequiredtoencodeasample.3.
Determinethenumberofbinarydigitspersecond(bit/s)requiredtoencodetheaudiosignal.4.Forpractical
reasons,thesignalsaresampledataratewellaboveNyquistrateat44,100samplespersecond.IfL=65,536,
determinenumberofbitspersecondrequiredtoencodethesignalandtransmissionbandwidthofencodedsignal.
.PageNo.562.Soln.:Given:W=15kHz1.Nyquistrate=2W=215kHz=30kHz....Ans.2.Numberof
quantizationlevelsQ=65,536weknowthatQ=2N2N=65,536N=16bits....Ans.Numberofbits
toencodeeachsampleisN=16.3.Numberofbitspersecond=Numberofsamples/sec.Numberof
bits/sample=1510316=240kbits/sec....Ans.4.Practicalsamplingratefs=44.1kHzNumberofbits
persecond=44.116103=705.6kbits/sec.TransmissionbandwidthB===352.8kHz....Ans.
10. 10.DigitalCommunication(GTU)510PulseCodeModulationEx.5.15.18:ADeltaModulatorsystem
operatesat3timesNyquistrateforsignalwith3.3kHzbandwidth.Thequantisationstepis250mV.Determine
themaximumamplitudeofa1kHzinputsinusoidforwhichtheDMdoesnotshowslopeoverload..PageNo.5
62.Soln.:Given:W=3.3kHz,fm=1kHz,=250mV,fs=32W=19.8kHz.1.Letthemaximum
amplitudeof1kHzinputsinusoidbeA.TheconditiontoavoidtheslopeoverloadisAMaximumvalueof
A==Substitutingthevaluesweget,Amax=Amax=0.787Ex.5.15.19:Anaudiosignalwithhighest
frequencycomponent3300Hzispulsecodemodulatedwithasamplingrateof8000samples/sec.Therequired
signaltoquantisationnoiseratiois40dB.1.Whatistheminimumnumberofuniformquantisinglevelsneeded?
2.Whatistheminimumnumberofbitspersampleneeded?3.Calculatetheminimumnumberofbitspersample
needed?.PageNo.562.Soln.:Given:fs=8000samples/sec.,fm=3300Hz.=40dB1.TocalculateQand
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N:AssumingtheinputsignaltobenonsinusoidalwewriteS/N=(4.8+6N)dB40=4.8+6NN=5.86
6...Ans.Thusthenumberofbitsperwordis6.Q=2N=26=64...Ans.Thusthenumberofquantization
levelis64.2.Thesignalingrate(r):r=Nfs=68103=48kbits/sec.3.Transmissionbandwidth:Minimum
BW,BT=r=24kHz.Ex.5.15.20:Deltamodulator(DM)givesoutputpulses+p(t)ofp(t).Theoutputof
DMis+p(t)wheninstantaneoussampleislargerthanprevioussamplevalueandisp(t)wheninstantaneous
sampleissmallerthanprevioussamplevalue(lastsample).Thep(t)has2microseconddurationand628mV
amplitudeandrepeatsevery10microsecond.Plot
11. 11.DigitalCommunication(GTU)511PulseCodeModulationtheinputandoutputofDMongraphpaperone
belowothertosamescaleiftheinputtoDMis1Voltsinewaveoffrequency10kHzforonecycleofinput
wave.Whatisthemaximumfrequencywith1Voltamplitudethatcanbeusedinthissystemwithoutslope
overloaddistortion..PageNo.562.Soln.PartI:ToplottheDMsignalTheD.M.SignalisasshowninFig.P.
5.15.20.Fig.P.5.15.20:DMsignalPartII:Maximumfrequency:Given:A=1V,fm=10kHz,fs=1/Ts=
1/10s=100kHz.=265mV.TheconditionforavoidingtheslopeoverloadisA>1=n=25.6
103rad/sec.
12. 12.DigitalCommunication(GTU)512PulseCodeModulationfmax=4074.36Hz...Ans.Thisisthe
maximuminputfrequencywithoutintroducinganyslopeoverloaddistortion.
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