The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable. This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is it to be treated as such. While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found their way into this book. Copyright © 2009 Trishna Knowledge Systems Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A), Sector-62, Noida Registered Office: 14 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’ prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which itis published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. ISBN: 978-81-317-2837-6 First Impression Typeset by Tantla Composition Services Pvt, Ltd., Chandigarh Printed in India at Rahul Print O Pack‘Systems of Units 2 CHAPTER2 Kinematics, 26 Distance and Displacement 2B Equations of Motion 7 ‘Equilibrium of Bodies ‘Simple Machines BORBRE BR CHAPTER4 Hydrostatics Laws of Liquid Pressure ‘Atmospheric Pressure Pascalslaw ‘Upthrust Relative Density ‘Boyle's Law ‘Bernoulli Principle Surface Tension BES 5 BENE Ee Copyrighted materialCHAPTER 5 Wave Motion and Sound Simple Pendulum Wave Motion, Sound CHAPTER 6 Heat Flow of Heat Energy and Thermal Equilibrium Specific Heat Capacity Measurement of Temperature and Thermometer Change of State CHAPTER Z Light Properties of Light Reflection of Liaht ‘Magnification Refraction Human Eye CHAPTER 8 Electricity Sthictute of Atom Electric Circuit Units of Electrical Energy CHAPTER Magnetism ‘Magnetic induction CHAPTER 10 Electromagnetism CHAPTER 11 Sources of Energy Fossil Fuels Detailed Contents 289 310 333 335 vCass 8 Cass 9 CHAPTER 1 Measurements CHAPTER 2 Kinematics CHAPTER 3 Dynamics CHAPTER 4 Hydrostatics CHAPTER 5 Wave Motion and Sound CHAPTER 6 Heat CHAPTER 7 Light CHAPTERS Electricity CHAPTER 9 Magnetism CHAPTER 10 Electromagnetism CHAPTER 11 Sources of Energy CHAPTER 1 Measurements CHAPTER 2 Kinematics CHAPTER 3 Dynamics CHAPTER 4 Simple Machines CHAPTER 5 Gravitation CHAPTER 6 Hydrostatics CHAPTER 7 Heat CHAPTERS Wave Motion and Sound CHAPTER 9 Light CHAPTER 10 Electricity CHAPTER 11 Magnetism CHAPTER 12 Modern PhysicsKinematics CHAPTER 2 Dynamics “CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 Light CHAPTER 5 Hydrostatics CHAPTER 6 Wave Motion and Sound (CHAPTER 7 Electricity. CHAPTERS: Electromagnetism CHAPTER9 Modern Physics ‘CHAPTER 10 ‘Sources of Energy CHAPTER 11 Electronics Copyrighted materialAbout the IIT Foundation Series ‘This book is a perfect companion not only for the students of 8th Grade, but also for higher ‘grades. It will help them achieve the much-needed conceptual clarity in the topics which form the basis for their higher study. Some of the important features of the book are listed below: + Builds skills chat will help students succeed in school and various competitive examinations. * The methodology is aimed at helping students thoroughly understand the concepts in Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. * Helps develop a logical approach to Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, thereby enabling more effective learning. + Lays stress on questions asked by board/school examinations as well as application of concepts, + The concepts are explained in a well structured and lucid manner, using simple language. This aids learning. * A large number of examples have been included to help reinforce the concepts involved. * Different levels of practice exercises have been provided which help students develop the necessary application and problem-solving skills. + The exercises have been designed keeping in mind the various board/school examinations and competitive examinations, such as the NTSE, NLSTSE, Science Olympiad and Cyber Olympiad. + The book will not only help the students in better understanding of what is taught in regular school classes (and hence enable them to do well in board examinations) but will also help in developing the acumen, resulting in a distinctive edge ovr their peers, + Given below are a few examples that demonstrate how the course will help students in understanding the fundamentals How does a kingfisher catch fish? The kingfisher flies vertically over the position of the fish, then plunges into the water at a 90" angle The concept here is that the normally incident rays do not undergo refraction, hence the fish lies exactly where it appears to be.At any other angle, the apparent location of the fish would be different from its real location.About the HT Foundation Series ix Why do we normally swing our arms while walking, and why not when we carry a load in our hands? ‘The center of gravity of a body depends on the distribution of mass in the body. As we walk, the movement of the legs tends to cause a shift in the centre of gravity. To compensate for this shift we swing our arms. When we are carrying a load in the hands, however, the effective C.G is lower, making it easier to maintain balance. Why does salt become damp when kept exposed during the rainy season and not when kept exposed during summer? In the rainy season humidity in the atmosphere is very high, ie., there is a lot of moisture in the atmosphere. Thus, calcium chloride, which is the impurity present in common salt, absorbs this moisture and makes the salt damp. In summer, however, as the temperature is high, calcium chloride tends to loose moisture through the process of evaporation, and the salt i left free- flowing.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Measurements ane cra INTRODUCTION Physics deals with nature and its laws, It describes laws of nature quantitatively and qualitatively. This description involves measurement of various physical quantities like height, weight, time, etc. To understand the importance of measurements, let us take a few examples. To decide who is the winner in a running race the time taken by runners to cover a certain distance is measured. Similarly, to determine the mileage of a vehicle, the distance travelled by it is measured. Thus measurement of quantities play an important role in our everyday life. In this chapter, we make an attempt to identify different physical quantities and associate them with proper units. We also discuss some important techniques used for measuring physical | quantities. Physical quantity The quantities that can be measured are called physical quantities. | > Example mas, length, volume, area, etc. Physical quantities and their units In order to measure any physical quantity, the quantity is compared with a known standard quantity. This well defined standard quantity is called unit. For example, the unit kilogram (kg) is defined as the mass of a certain platinum-iridium block kept at the international bureauMeasurements of weights and measures. Now any body having the same mass as this lump is said to have a mass of 1 kgand a body having double the mass as this lump is said to have a mass of 2 kg and so on. Hence in order to express any physical quantity, we need to state its numerical value and the unit. Characteristics of a unit A unit used to measure a physical quantity should have the following characteristics. 1, Itshould be well-defined. 2. Itshould be reproducible. 3. Itshould be unchangeable. 4, Itshould be of measurable size. Based on their independency from other quantities, physical quantities can be classified into two categories. Fundamental quantity A quantity which is independent of other quantities is called a fundamental quantity. Mass, length, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity and the amount of substance are the fundamental quantities. Derived quantity ‘A quantity which is dependent on other physical quantities and can be derived from the fundamental quantities is called a derived quantity. Area, volume, density, force and velocity are some examples of derived quantities. Fundamental unit The unit of a fundamental quantity like mass or length is called a fundamental unit. These are kilogram, metre, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, mole. Derived unit ‘The unit of a derived quantity like volume or velocity is called a derived unit. © cxample mst, g om, ms®, ete. ) Systems of Units A system which defines the fundamental units, in comparison with which a fundamental quantity can be expressed is referred to as system of units. Different systems have been developed over a period of time. 0,Measurements 3 ‘The following systems of units are in common use: () FPS, system: In this system, the units of mass, length and time are pound, foot and second respectively. (ii) C.GS. system: In this system, the units of mass, length and time are gram, centimetre and second respectively. (iii) M.K.S. system: In this system, the units of mass, length and time are kilogram, metre and second respectively. (iv) S.1—Systeme intemational d’ unites: This system is an extended version of M.K.S system. This system has seven findamental and two supplementary quantities. In this system the units of metre, kilogram and second have been redefined for more accuracy. As of today S.1. system is accepted and used all over the world for scientific work. Units and their symbols of fundamental quantities in various systems of units are tabulated as shown below. 1. Length centimetre (cm) foot ‘metre (m) metre (m) 2. Mass gram (g) pound kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) 3. Time second (s) second (6) second (6) second (6) 4. Amount of substance - = = mole (mol) 5. Intensity of light - - - candela (ed) 6. Strength of electric current ~ = = ampere (A) 7. Temperature z 2 2 kelvin (K) Q DEFINITIONS OF UNITS (@ Metre: Initially metre was defined as one ten millionth part of the distance on the earth g from the pole to the equator. As per the modern definition one metre is the length of 2 certain platinum-itidium rod maintained at 0°C and kept in the Intemational Bureaa of Weights and Measures at Sevres near Paris. (OR) ‘One metre is 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength of orange light emitted by a krypton atom at normal pressure. Gi) Kilogram: One kilogram is the mass of a certain lump made from an alloy of platinum- iridium maintained at 0°C in the International Bureau of weights and measures. (ili) Second: One second is defined as (1/86,400)th part of the mean solar day. As per the modern definition, one second is the time taken by a cesium atom (Cs!) to complete 9,192,631,770 vibrations.4 Measurements MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH . Different instruments are used for measuring length depending upon the length being measured, For measuring the length of a room, width of road, length of a piece of cloth etc, which are larger quantities, measuring tapes may be used. But while measuring smaller lengths, like the diameter of a rod or wire, the length of a small rod, the thickness of a lamination sheet, etc. more accurate instruments need to be used. Vernier calliper is one such instrument. The accuracy with which an instrument can measure a physical quantity is determined by its least count. Least count of an instrument is the smallest measurement that the instrument can make accurately. ‘The least count of a metre scale is 0.1 cm. Metre scale Metre scale is graduated in millimetres, i.c., its least count is 1 mm. While measuring the length of any object using a scale, the observations should be taken by keeping the eye vertically above the ends of the object. This avoids the parallax crror. Figure 1.1 ‘To measure the length ofa rod or diameter of a sphere, etc. the objects can be held between two blocks as shown in figure (i) and figure (ii) Fig (i) Figure 1.2 ‘The readings x and y correspond to the positions of the ewo edges that hold the object. 2em—1em= =x =17-08a0 Length of rod = y Diameter of sphere = 0.9 cm.Measurements 5 Vernier calliper Vernier calliper is an instrument which uses a combination of two scales, main scale and vernier scale sliding over cach other, such that the least count of the instrument is less than the least count of the main scale. The principle of a vernier is to make ‘N’ vernier scale divisions equal to (N~ 1) main scale divisions. Figure 1.3 Description of vernier calliper A typical vernier calliper consists of a steel strip which is generally marked in centimetres and millimetres along the lower edge. This scale is known as the main scale. The end of the main scale is provided with the fixed jaws, J, (external jaw) on the lower side and J, (internal jaw) on the upper side. A sliding frame with graduations marked on the lower side slides over the main steel strip; this scale is known as the vernier scale. DESCRIPTION | | Generally the vernier scale ofa standard vernier calliper is provided with 10 graduations | to coincide with 9 main scale divisions, ie., the 10 divisions on vernier scale measure 9 mm. | The vernier frame is also provided with the movable jaws, J, (external jaw) on the lower i side and J, (internal jaw) on the upper side. | To determine the least count of the vemier calliper: | The least count of a vernier calliper can be determined as follows: j | For a standard vernier caliper, Least Count (L.C.) = ee, | Numberof VSDs | Least Count (L.C. 1MS.D.-1V.S.D. | | =1mm-09 mm 0.1mm 1mm |= 0.01 cm or = 1 mm = 0.01 emMeasurements Procedure for taking measurements using a vernier calliper, 1, Determine the least count of the given calliper. 2. To mezsure dimensions of any object, that object should be held tightly and gently between the external Jaws (for external dimensions) or with internal jaws (for inner dimensions) as shown below. Figure 1.4 Inner diameter of tube Observations to be made 1. Main Scale Reading (M.S.R.) It is the smaller of the two values of the main scale between which the zero division of vernier scale lies. 2. Vernier Coinciding Division (V.C.D. or n) It is the vernier scale division which coincides with any one of main scale divisions. It is denoted as ‘n’. 3. Observed reading Length of the rod = y - x =@-x)t+y-2) = MSR. + (y-2)Measurements 7 The fraction (y — 2) can be determined using the Vernier scale y— z= (w—z)— (wy) Let ‘n’ be the V.C.D. Then, (w=2) =nxMSD. (w-y) =nx VSD. 2 = n(M.S.D. - V.S.D.) =nxLc, ©. Length of the rod, y- x = M.S.R. + nx LC, ‘Thus observed measurement = M.S.R. + 0x L.C. MEASUREMENT OF AREA Area is the extent or measure of a surface. Area is a derived quantity and its units can be deduced from the units of length. The S.L. unit of area is m? and 1 m* = 10000 cm’, The area of regular geometrical figures like squares, rectangles, circles, triangles, etc. can be calculated by using appropriate formulae relating the areas of these figures to their length, breadth, radius, etc. For instance, the area of a square is given by A = (ide); so by knowing the measure of the side of the square, its area can be calculated. The area ofan irregular object may be determined by tracing out the given shape on a graph sheet and counting the number of squares that the object counts. The number thus obtained will be equal to the area in mi Measurement of the area of a leaf Procedure 1. Place a leaf on a graph paper and draw its outline. 2. The area of the leaf in mm? is the number of squares that fall within this outline, 3. Generally, the squares with half or more than half of its area within the outline are counted and others can be neglected. Figure 1.68 Measurements @ Example Q In the above figure, the squares labelled as 1, 3, 8, 7, 5, 9, 10 will be counted and remaining can be neglected, Thus the area of leaf taken is = 7 mm. MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME Measuring jar Ic is graduated in millilitres and used to measure the volume of liquids in millilitres. Measuring flask and pipette These two are used to take fixed amounts of liquids. Burette It has a nozzle vent at the bottom with a screw system and graduated in millilitres and is used to take the desired amount of a liquid. To determine the volume of a single drop of water Fill a clean burette clamped upright to a stand with water. Remove air bubbles by opening the tap for some time. Note the level, V,, of water in the burette. Allow the water to trickle slowly, drop by drop, counting the number of drops (n) at the same time. Close the tap after 20 cm? of water has been drained. The average volume of a drop of water = 2c MEASUREMENT OF MASS. Mass It is the amount of matter contained in a body. It is a fundamental quantity and its unit in S.L system is kilogram (kg). Mass is different from weight, as weight is the force with which a body is attracted towards the earth and changes from place to place. Mass of a body always remains constant and is generally measured using a common balance. Common balance works on the principle of moments according to which a beam remains horizontal and ‘balanced’ when equal weights are placed at equal distances from the point of suspension, which isat the middle of the beam, Figure 1.7, Common Balanceaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.10 Measurements The density and relative density values for some common substances are listed in the table given below: eNaueune Water Kerosene Mercury Ghss Copper Gold Hydrogen at S.T.P. Air at 1x 10° 0.8 x 10° 13.6 x 10° 2.5% 10° 8.9x 10° 19.3 x 10° 8.9 « 107 19 1 08 13.6 25 8.9 19.3 8.9 x 107 29 x 107aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.39. How do you measure the area of an irregular shaped plane figure? Describe the graphical method to find the area of a leaf 40. Describe a method to determine the volame of a single drop of water. 41. A piece of iron has dimensions 3 cm X 13 cm X 20 cm. If'its mass is 7020 g, calculate the density of iron in S.L system. 42. Calculate the mass of a body in S.1. system whose volume is 2 cm and the density is 0.52 g cm 43. Taking the value of the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m s®, find its value in km h? 44, The surface area of a sphere is 1000 cm?, Find its surface area in S.1. system. 45. Express 1g cm"in S.L. units, Which ofthese two units C.G.S or SL, is a bigger uni? Essay type questions 46. Explain the need for standards and systems of units in measurements. 47. Explain the principle of vernier. Draw a neat diagram of a vernier calliper showing the various parts. 48. Describe a vernier calliper and explain the method by which the inner diameter of a hollow cylinder is determined. 49. Draw neat labelled diagrams of a pipette and a burette 50. Draw neat labelled diagrams of a vernier calliper showing the positions of external and internal jaws in the measurement of exterior and interior dimensions. eRe ec eT RO te eT NPN 13aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.D. ampere C) d. Derived unit Krypton () pound F. Area G) f£ kilogram G. newton (.) g& Derived quantity H. Pipette ©) h, Fundamental unit 1. Cesium-133 a) i, Measurement of mass J. FPS system a) j. Definition of second Directions for questions 16 to 30: For each of the questions, four choices have been provided. Select the correct alternative. 16. Ifthe unit of mass is doubled, and the units of length and time are halved, how much is 20 N of force in new unit? (IN = Ikg ms?) (1) G5 N (2) 5 new units of force @)5N (4) 0.5 new units of force 17. Which among the following physical quantities does not possess a unit? (1) Area (2) Volume (3) Density (A) Specific gravity 18. Which of the following is not a derived quantity? (1) The floor area of a room (2) The height of a room 9) The volume of air in a room (4) The weight of air in a room 19. While measuring the diameter of a sphere using a vernier calipers the main scale reading was found to be p while the vernier coinciding division was q, If the least count of the instrument is r, then the radius of the sphere is given by the expression atp pr+q 2) HP 3) p+ @ Sa 2) 2 G3) pt+ar @ z 20. Which of the following equations is/are true with reference to a vernicr calipers? (1) Least count = 1M.S.D.— 1 V.S.D. 2) 1MS.D. = (L.C.) x number of divisions on the Vernier scale ( ptatr (3) Ifthe least count is 0.1 mm, then 1 M.S.D. = nm (4) All the above 21. The following information is given in respect of a vernier caliper. 1 main scale division = 30 VS.D. =29MSD. ‘The least count of this vernier caliper is (1) 01 mm 2) 0.1 cm (3) 0.03 em (4) 0.1 mm 0.3 em 1522. To determine the diameter of a rod a student wound a thread 5 times round the rod and measured the length of thread as 156 mm ona metre scale. Using this value he calculated the diameter of the rod. Ifthe actual diameter of the rod is 9.94 mm, what is the error that could result in the method followed by the student? Take 7 =2 (1) +£0.01 mm (2) -0.01 mm (3) + 0.02 mm (4) - 0.02 mm 23. Ina vernier calipers 1 M.S.D. = 0.1 cm and the least count is 0.05 mm. If the reading on this vernier calipers while taking a measurement is 12.8 mm, then the vernier coinciding division is Z (1) 20 24 Qs (4) 16 24, Which of the following is true about the density of a substance? (1) Itis a derived quantity. (2) The unit of density in S.1 system is kilogram per cubic metre. (3) The density of a substance can be measured if the mass of the substance for a certain volume is known. (4) All the above 25. The main scale readings of a vernier calipers (1 M.S.D. = 1 mm) having least count 0.01 cm for the internal and external diameters of a hollow tube are 11 mm and 12 mm. The minimum thickness of the tube is - (1) Imm 2) 0.1mm (3) 0.05 mm (4) 0.5 mm 26. The following information is noted in respect of two vemier calipers A and B. A tmm 20 B 3mm 30 IfN V.S.D. = (N - 1) M.S.D. in both the vernier calliper then which of the following statements is true? (1) The least count of A is less than that of B. (2) The least count of B is 0.01 em, (3) The largest measurement that can be made between 10 mm and 11 mm with the vernier calliper Ais 10.95 mm, (4) All the above. 27. Three cylindrical flasks A, B and C of diameter 50 mm, 75 mm and 100 mm respectively have graduation marked in mm and are used for measurement of volume of liquid. Which of the following ‘statements is correct? (1) Ais more accurate than B and C (2) Chas better least count than B 16ie (2) The least counts of all three are the same, (4) B has better least count than A. 28. RD. of ‘x’ and ‘y’ are 3 and 2 respectively. Then the density of ‘x’ with respect to that of 'y'is . (1) 6 25 @) 15. 4a 29. The initial and final readings of burette while draining out 50 drops of a liquid are 10 ml and 40 ml respectively. Then the volume of each drop is (1) 0.6 mi 2) 0.06 em? @) 6 x 107 litres (4) 6x 10% m? 9 30. Ifthe ratio of density of ice to that of wood is > and the relative density of ce is 0.9, then the density of wood is kg m™ (Take density of water = 10° kg nr*). () 08 (2) 800 (3) 8x 10° (4) 80 Concept Application Level—2 31. Taking 1 ly (light year) = 9.3 x 10"'m and one day = 86400 s, express the speed of light (= 3 x 10° ms") as ly (day). 32. The amount of heat absorbed by a body while raising its temperature is given by the equation. Q= sO, here Q is the amount of heat, m is the mass of the body, sis the specific heat capacity and @ is the rise in temperature. Determine the S.I. unit and C.G.S. units of the specific heat capacity, given that the C.G.S. unit of heat is erg and S.1. unit is joule. 33. A ruler marked in inches is used to measure the diameter of a rod as shown in the figure below. 3 5 why hulu Figure 1.9 Find the diameter of the rod in inches. If one inch is approximately equal to 25.4 mm, express this diameter in cm (correct to 2 decimal places). 34, If p divisions on the vernier scale of vernier calipers correspond to q main scale divisions (p > q), derive an expression for the least count of the instrument in terms of p and q. If 1 M.S.D. = k mm, express the least count in cm. X / 17aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.If the levels of water before and afier immersing the sinkes—wood combination are 102 ml and 170 ml respectively, find the volume of the wooden piece. 42. On heating, the length, the breadth and the height ofa cuboid structure was increased by 20%, 10% and 5% respectively. If the original volume of the structure is 1000 cm’, determine the increase in its volume. 43. Two spheres made of different materials have their masses in the ratio of 1 : 2. If the diameter of the fist sphere is equal to the radius of the second sphere, then determine the ratio of their densities {rotume of sphere far ). 44. A vernicr calipers has 25 divisions on the vernier scale. An object is held between the external jaws of this instrument. If the zeroeth division of the vernier scale isto the left of the 32nd division of the main scale and the 20th division of the vernier scale coincides with a main scale division, determine the measurement of the object. (Take 1 M.S.D. = 0.5 mm) 45. If the length of a body is to be measured accurately upto 0.05 mm using a vernier calliper with main scale divisions equal to 0.5 mm, how many divisions should be engraved on the vernier scale? Concept Application Level—3 46. A vernicr calipers has two sliding jaws with scales marked as shown in the figure. When a brass rod of length 5.23 cm was held between the jaws, the zero of jaw A was found to lie between the 34th and 35th main scale division with the 3rd division on the vernier scale coinciding with a main scale division. Find the M.S.R. and V.C.D. for the vernier scale on jaw B. 0 tem Bom Bem Tom Bom bibl [HTTP ITT PITTI o 5 0 | o 40 ‘igure 1.12 47. Two metal blocks A and B were placed on the two pans of a common balance and the beam of the balance was horizontal. However, when the blocks were interchanged and block B was placed in the left pan and block A in the right pan, the beam was not balanced and tilted down towards the left. Discuss the various factors that could be the cause of this. Are the masses of the two blocks equal? Figure 1.13 1948. 100 ml of liquid A (density = 1200 kg m™*) and 100 g of liquid B(lensity = 0.8 g cm) are mixed to form a homogeneous mixture. Assuming that the two liquids do not chemically react with each other, find the density of the resultant mixture. 49. If the number of divisions on the vernier scale of a standard vemier calliper is N, then N is always equal to (N ~ 1) main scale divisions. Would the vernier calliper be rendered useless if N is equal to fewer number of main scale divisions, for example N = (N - 3) M.S.D.? Why? How would the least count calculations be modified? 50. We know that every derived quantity can be written in terms of some of the fundamental quantities. length For example, volume = (length)’, speed = "8" _ Using the definitions of the following quantities, time express force in terms of fundamental quantities, Represent mass as [MJ, length as [L] and time as [T] (@ Displacement = shortest distance between the initial and final positions. displacement time (i) Velocity = Gi), Momentum = mass x velocity (i) Force = omentum time 20ee Very short answer type questions 1. Quantities that are independent of other quantities. 2. Ns (newton second) 3. CGS, FPS, SI, MKS. 4. 1,650,763.73 5. The mass of a certain lump made from an alloy of platinum-iridium maintained at 0°C. 6. one 7. (a) newton (b) ms* (©) kgm? (@) no units 8. 129 x 10> 9.) 1mm (b) 1 second (©) 1°C @) 0.1mm 10. 7850 kg mr? 11. Internal jaws 12. length 13. The ratio of density of substance to density of water at 4°C. 14. 7.85 15.LC 05 mm 16. 1 ms 17. 1 litre = 1000 cm’ = 10% m* 18. burette 19. Single pan analytical balance 20. 1000 cm? 21. Quantities that depend on other quantities for their derival 22. One metre is 1,650,763.73 times the wavelength of orange light emitted by a krypton atom at nommal pressure. key points for selected questions | 23. The time taken by a cesium atom. (Cs-133) to complete 9, 192, 631, 770 vibrations. 24. The smallest measurement that can be made accurately, 25. To measure length upto 0.1 mm. 26. The ratio of mass to volume 27. Principle of moments 28. 1 cm? = 10m? 29. (a) km (b) feet (m @ mm (©) an 30. A glass bottle used to determine relative density of liquids, Short answer type questions 31. (1) Well defined Q) Reproducible (8) Unchangeable (4) Measurable size Tength—m Mas—kg Time—s Amount of substance—mol Intensity of light—cd Strength of electric current —A ‘Temperature—K 33. (1) Smallest measurement made by an instrument accurately. Q) L.C=1M.S.D.-1V.S.D. 34. 0.25 mm 35. 4.66 cm 37.18 mm. 38. 0.02 em 39. (1) Rules while counting the squares. (2) Units 21aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Concept Application Level—1 True or false 1, False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. Tue 6. False 7, False Fill in the blanks 8. 0.05 cm 9. 86400 10. 6cm* 11. 9.15, 12. 17.8 13. 10cm? 14. 0.05 mm. Match the following 15. A comoammoae Multiple choice questions 16. Choice (2) 17. Choice (4) 18. Choice (2) 19. Choice (2) 20. Choice (4) 21. Choice (4) 22. Choice (2) 23. Choice (4) 24. Choice (4) 2. Choice (3) 26. Choice (4) 27. Choice (1) 28. Choice (3) 29. Choice (1) 30. Choice (2) Concept Application Level—2,3 Key points for select questions 31. 2.79 x 10° ly day" 32. (i) SL. unit of heatis 1J (= 1 kg m? 5%) and its CGS unit is 1 erg (= 1g em’ s*) @) egg °C", Jkgt K* 33. (i) 0 inch to 2 inch = 32 division 2 inch to 3 inch = 8 division @ 1Binch, 4.60 om 16 34, (i) Least count = 1MS.D. ~1 VS.D. 35. Express “G” in terms of F, r, m, and m,. I€C.G.S. unit of F, r, and m are dynes, cm and g respectively then on substituting these values, is it possible to obtain C.G.S. unit of “G'? IfS.1. units of F, r and m are N, mand kg, respectively then on substituting these values, is it possible to obtain S.1. unit of ‘G’? 36. (i) The value of 1 M.S.D. = Imm (given) The comect least count of vernier calliper is 0.01 cm. Then what is the formula of the 1MS.D. least count (ee = How many divisions are present on the vernier scale? LA tc tt A eR 23‘The formula for the length of a vernier calipers is = MSR. + V.C. xLC— (1) Is the value measured by the student a mistake? ‘What is its value? Then the value of MSR i Then, what is the value of V.C.D.? = By inserting the values of MSR, V.C.D. and LC. in (1), the correct length of the rod is obtained. (i) MS.R. = 49 mm, V.C.D. = 9, Original reading = 49.9 mm. 37. (i) Outside diameter = Inside diameter + @ x thickness) Gi) 21.9 mm 41. Dem, 38. (i) Area of triangle = 2 awe x (height) 2 Area of a circle = mr? Area of a semi circle = =m? Gi) 688.5 cm? 39. (i) What is 1 MSD. for given height guage? The apparatus 42. formula for L.C. of an 43. =1MS.D.-1VS.D. ‘What is the value of L.C. of given instrument? ‘Then whatis the number of divisions present on vernier scale? Then the value of 1 V.S.D. M.D. ~ L.C. If the valuc of N is 50, and 1. M.S.D. = 1 mm, then what is the value of Lc? Minimum length of the vernier scale = 9.9m (ii) Least count = 0.02 mm =1 my 44, () Relative density = Density of a substance Density of water i 24 () Volume == density i) Will wooden piece float on water? The relative density of the sinker = 7.85 So, the density of the sinker = 7.85, gem”. Given the mass of the sinker = 157 g. Then the volume of the sinker d m Given the volume of (sinker + wooden piece), find the volume of the sinker? ‘What is the change in the volume of water due to the immersion of sinker and the wooden piece, Then find the volume of the wooden piece. (i) New volume = (1.21x 1.1 bx 1.05 b) Original volume = Ibh (ii) 386 cm? 9 Posy Samad Mw = m, vy od OF Gi) 441 (@ MS.R. = (the first M.S.D. to the left of the zero of the vernier scale) in mm or cm. (i) 15.9 mm45. 46. 47. 48. (i) Given, LC. of vemier calipers= 49. 0.05 mm. 1M.S.D. of the V.C. = 0.5 mm Then the formula for lease count, IMSD. ="N ims. This means, N= Tc From the above formula, find the number of V.S.D., (N) (i) N=10 @ Length or diameter = [difference of the observed readings on the two jaws with the object held] ~ [difference of the observed readings when the jaws are closed). (i) MS.R. = 10.2 em VC) () Consider the weights of the empty pans. How would the beam be balanced if the empty pans have unequal masses? @) m>m, (i) Density of mixture = 50. cotal_mass total volume Gi) # gcm secesiiiciinsihaeneansiinatittitenpinmiiiticiiaanitibiaen {i) What is least count? Should the value of least count be large or small? Will the accuracy of the vernier calipers be increased by decreasing the value of the least count? IMS. The least count, L.C. = =1MSD.~-1V.SD. -- (1) Given the principle of vernier is N | V.S.D. = (N= 1) MS.D. ‘This implies that, 1 V.S.D. (SS) N MSD.-—- On substituting (2) in (1) find the value of L.C Consider, if N VSD. = (N - 3) MSD. S1VSD. ome = 3) N M.S.D. ----- (3) Substituting (3) in (1), find the value of L.C. In which case is, the LC. is the least? * _ distance (i) Speed === @ 1 Gi) LT] (iv) [IMLT"] (v) [MLT™] 25aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Kinematics 29 Consider a particle moving along the path ABCD as shown below: D Figure 2.2 The distance travelled by the particle = 6 +2 +5 = 13m, The displacement is the vector AD , whose magnitude is the length of the line segment AD. '@ Example A.cop gets information that a thief is 5 km away from the police station. Is it possible for the cop to trace the thief with the given information? It is not be possible to trace the thief, as the cop doesn’t know the direction in which to chase the thief. Thus, the information about distance alone is not sufficient to locate the position of a body. Nore: 1. The distance covered by a body is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of displacement. 2. The distance travelled and magnitude of displacement of a particle will be equal if and only if, the particle travels along the shortest path from the initial to the final position without change in direction of motion. 3. ABBA, as for AB the initial position is A and final position is B and for BA the initial position is B and final position is A. 4. The magnitude of displacement is expressed in centimetres (cm) in C.G.S. system and in metres (m) in M.K.S. and S.I. system. @& Example Anhonse is tied to a rope of length 5 m and the other end of the rope is tied to a pole. Find the displacement and the distance travelled by the horse in the following cases. (When the horse makes half revolution along a circular path. (@) When it makes one full revolution. (iil). When it makes 3 th of the revolution.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Kinematics 31 Instantaneous speed (ii) The speed of a particle at a given instant is known as instantaneous speed. The speedometer of a vehicle indicates the instantaneous speed of the vehicle. Uniform Speed: A body or particle is said to possess uniform speed if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time. Consider a person travelling from A to B through O. If he walks at a constant rate of 1 m/s" ie, for every 1's if he travels 1m, then the person is said to posses uniform speed. Uniform speed indicates that the instantaneous speed of particle remains the same throughout the motion. Variable spec is said to be moving with variable speed. Average speed A 1s 1s ° Figure 2.6 f the instantaneous speed of a particle changes with time then the body (vi) Average speed: Defined as the ratio of the total distance travelled to the total time taken by she particle to cover that distance. Total distance A eed = eee e ‘Total time Velocity: It is displacement of a body in unit time or rate of displacement. displacement time Velocity = Velocity is a vector quantity. S.L unit of velocity is'm s“! CG unit of velocity is ems" @ Example Consider a person moving 3 km east of A. He then tums north and moves 4 km in total time 2 hours. {as shown in the figure.) Displacement = AC = 5 km along AC. c 5km 4km A 8 3km Velocity = = 52.5 km h“along AC. £2 Figure 2.732 Kinematics Time = 2 hours Distance _7 km time 2 5 km he. Speed = Uniform and non-uniform velocity ‘A body in motion is said to move with uniform velocity if it has equal displacements in equal imtervals of time, however small these intervals may be. Ifa body covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time (or equal displacements in unequal intervals of time) it is said to be moving with non-uniform velocity. The following activity involves observing a body moving with uniform velocity: () Arrange a trolley (T) with an ink dropper 3 S attached to it as shown in the figure. (i) Tie one end of a thread wo the trolley and the other end to the central shaft of the seconds hand of a clock. (iil) As the trolley driven by the clock moves forward, drops of ink fall on a white paper placed on the table, at reguhr Figure 2.8 intervals. (iv) Measure the distance between successive drops and note down the time intervals between the drops. It is observed that distance between the drops time Hence it can be concluded that the body is moving with uniform velocity = constant. '@& Example Figure 29 Consider a body moving along a straight line AB = 10 m. Ifthe body covers 1 m in every 1s, then the velocity is uniform, Speed and magnitude of velocity is the same along the linear path.Kinematics — 33 © Example 10ms~ toms B (ii) “ Figure 2.10 (Consider the motion ofa particle from A to Cas shown infig i). The particle travelsacarate of 10 ms“ from A to B and again at 1 m s" trom B to C. Consider the motion of particle al. curve as in fig (ii). In both cases, the speed of the parti" remains constant but the velocity changes since the direction of the velocity changes. (Magnitude of velocity remains the same.) "@ Example A 8 c > pe 10ms™ zoms* 15ms_ Figure 2.11 ‘The motion of particle is as shown above with the varying speed from A to D. Here the velocity of the particle is not uniform since the magnitude of velocity changes though the direction remains the same. @& Example 20m *e sme ae Figure 2.12 Examine the motion of a particle as shown above. It is seen that the magnitude and direction of velocity changes. Hence the velocity is not uniform. ‘Thus, the particle is said to possess variable velocity if there is change in its magnitude or direction or both.34 Kinematics Instantaneous velocity The velocity of a partide at a given instant of time is called its instantaneous velocity. The direction of the instantaneous velocity is along the tangent to the path at that instant. Instantaneous velocity of the particle changes if the body is travelling with variable velocity. Average velocity: It is the ratio of total displacement to total time taken. Total displacement A locity =§ ———_—_———_———— erage velocity Total time Average velocity ¥,. Note: 1 km = 1000 m 1 hour = 3600 s. Timbt= 000m 5 as 36008 18 @& Example Abirdsitting on atree top at a height of 10 m from the ground, picks upsticks lyingon the ground to build a nest on the tree top. It starts picking up the sticks at 7:00 a.m. and ends up 7:10 a.m. During this interval it makes 5 trips up and down. Find the average speed and average velocity of the bird. Solution Total distance travelled = 2 x 10 x 5 = 100 m. Time taken = 7:10 - 7:00 am. = 10 minutes aT = 10 x 60s = 600s Total distance Average speed = —2= Sane ae Total time 0 1001 ms = Mts 600 6 = 0.166 m st e Total displacement = zero _ ©. Average velocity = zero Figure 2.13 @& Example ‘A clock has its minute hand 14 cm long. At what speed and at what velocity does the tip of the minute hand move in a halfan hour duration?Kinematics 35 Solution Length of the minute hand of the clock = 14 cm During a half an hour duration, the tip of the minute hand moves between two diametrically opposite positions. Thus, the distance moved by the tip of the minute hand is equal to half the circumference of the circulie path along’ which the tip moves = ; nr) where ‘r’is the length of the minute hand. «. Distance = 3 x2x 2 x 14em=44em, Displacement of the tip of the minute hands equal to the diameter of the circular path along which the tip moves = 2. .: Displacement = 2 r= 2(14) cm = 28 cm The time of travel of the tip of the minute hand, t = 30 min = 30 x 60s = 1800s. Speed of the minute hand = Distance time _ 44em_ 11 ‘ = seme, 1800s 450 Velocity of the minute hand = Displzcement time _ 28em_ 7 ‘ = = ams 1800s 450 ACCELERATION A particle moving with variable velocity is said to possess acceleration. When a particle executes non-uniform motion, its velocity changes. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. Changein velocity time . Acceleration = Thus, mathematically, acceleration, t where ‘u’ is the initial velocity, ‘v’ is the final velocity. Considering only the rectilinear motion, we can replace the vector quantities by scalar quantities. vou Thus a = taa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.38 Kinematics @ Example A train moving at a speed of 100 m s" comes to rest in 5 seconds. Find its retardation. Solution In velocity of the train, u = 100 ms” Final velocity of the train, v = Om s" time taken by the train to come to rest, t= 5 u_0=100 t 5 Hence retardation of the train = 20 m s®. «Acceleration of the train, a =-20 ms? '@ Example A car accelerates uniformly at 4 m s* from rest, Find its velocity at the end of 5 seconds. Solution Given acceleration of the car, a = 4m s*. Initial velocity of the car, u = 0 ms". Time interval, t = 5s, Final velocity of the car, y =u + at 0+ (4) 6) 10 m GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF MOTION Motion of a body can be represented by graphs. These give the visual representation of motion -~€ ofthe body. There are three types of graphs, namely s—t, v—t and a—t graphs. Here we discuss s—tand v~t graphs, (1) Displacement-time graph In this graph displacement is plotted along y-axis and time along x-axis. @ Example Time ins oft [2 ]3]4[5 Displacement in m | 0 [5 [10]15]20] 25 Significance of displacement—time graph 1, Displacement of a particle at any instant of time can be determined.Kinematics 39 2. Nature of motion of the particle can be studied. 3. Slope of the graph at any point gives the instantaneous velocity of the body. (2) Velocity-time graph If velocity is plotted along y-axis and time along x-axis then the graph is called v-t graph. "@ Example Time in min oti t2 [3745 76 [7][s Velocity inms' [5 | 10 | 15 [ 20 [ 20 [ 20 [ 15 | 10 [5 TesatseTs Time (min) Figure 2.15 Significance of v—t graph 1. Nature of motion of body can be determined. 2. Slope of the linear part of the curve gives the acceleration. 3. Area under the curve gives the displacement of the body. 4. Velocity at any instant can be found out.test your concepts ere % Very short answer type questions 1. What are the different branches of mechanics? 2. What is kinematics? 3. How do you representa vector geometrically? 4. What does the length of the line in geometrical representation of a vector signif)? 5. A body is first displaced by 5 m and then by 12 m in different directions. The minimum displacement it can have is m 6. Motion and rest are relative. How do you justify this? 7. You are walking towards India Gate. Is India Gate at rest with respect to you or in motion with respect wyew? —___ + * 8 8. A passenger, seated in a train is at rest with reference to 9. Define scalar quantities and vector quantities. Give some examples. 10. The average value of acceleration due to gravity at sea level is ms 11. A particle moved 5 m towards east and then moved 8 m towards west. What is the total distance travelled and the magnitude of displacement? 12. Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration. 13. Why is displacement referred to as a vector quantity? speed. 15. When does a partie in motion have uniform speed? 14. Speedometer of a vehicle measures its 16. When does a particle in motion have non-uniform velocity? 17. What is instantaneous velocity? 18. The ratio of the toual distance travelled by a body to the otal time taken is known as its. 19. Convert the following speeds into m (1) 18km ht Q) 63kmb* (6) 99 kmh (4) 108 km bt 20. Conver: the following speeds into km h-, ()2ms! Q)10ms'— @)125ms! 4) 15 mst 2.1 ms km bh? 22. A car attains a velocity of 20 m sin 2.5 s. If initially it had been at rest, its acceleration must be _ 23. What is the acceleration of a particle moving with uniform velocity? 24, Rate of decrease in the magnitude of velocity is abo known as 4025. The displacement-time graph of a body is shown in the figure below. The part of the graph that represents the uniform motion of the body is : A s o 1—> Cc Figure 2.16 26. What is acceleration due to gravity? 27. A bus moves by 8 m from its position of rest in 2 s, along a straight road. If it covers 10 m in the next second, it is moving with 28. What are the different types of graphs that can be drawn to represent the motion of a particle? 29. Give the equations of motion of a particle undergoing retardation along a straight line. 30. In a displacement versus time graph is taken on the x-axis. Short answer type questions 31. Explain briefly what is mechanics and mention the different branches of mechanics. 32. Compare and contrast scalars and vectors. 33. Arrace horse runs straight north and covers a distance of 12 m, then tums east and travels a distance of 5 m, Draw the diagram showing the displacements and from the figure, calculate the net displacement of the horse. 34. Redraw the following figure to scale and find out the distance and displacement of a particle moving along the path A~B-C—D. Figure 2.17 35. Tabulate the difterences between distance and displacement. 36. A crow picks up pebbles and puts them into a pot which is 10 m away from the pot. In doing so, it makes 5 trips within 80 seconds. What is the average speed of the crow?37. Differentiate between speed and velocity. 38. Write short notes on instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity. Give examples. 39, Write short notes on uniform speed and uniform velocity. Give examples. 40. A bike starting from rest picks up a velocity of 72 km bh”! over a distance of 40 m. Calculate its acceleration. 41. Explain, with an example, how a particle moving with uniform speed has variable velocity. 42. A pencil is tied to one end of a string of length 5 cm and the other is fixed to a nail. Ifthe time taken to draw a half circle and a fall circle with the pencil is 2 and 4 seconds respectively, find the speed and velocity 1. to draw half circle. 2. to draw full circle. 43. Write short notes on acceleration and deceleration. Give examples. 44. A particle travelled along a semi-circular path A~ C ~B as shown in the figure below. The radius of the semi-circular path is 7 m. Figure 2.18 (Q) Find the distance travelled by the particle. (b) Find the displacement (magnitude and direction). (©) What would be chese quantities if the particle completes the circle? 45. In the previous question, find the speed and velocity in each case if the time taken @) to travel from A to Bis 11's (b) to complete the circle is 22's. Essay type questions 46. Describe an experiment to demonstrate uniform velocity. 47. A particle takes 8 s to travel from A to B through P (see the figure given below) and another particle travelling through Q takes 7 s. Find the speed and velocity of each particle.a am 8 6m 6m a om P Figure 2.19 48. A particle moving along a straight line has instantaneous velocities during the first 5 seconds as given below. Draw a velocity-time graph. Time () i Velocity (v) in m 5 s 0 Lo [as]s [75 10 [12.5 49. Draw a displacement-time graph for the data given below with respect to a particle moving in « straight line. Time () ins of1[2]3 [4 Displacement() inm | 0 | 5 | 20 | 45 | 80 50. In the previous question, calculate the acceleration in each time interval and plot acceleration-time graph. Does the particle have uniform velocity or uniform acceleration? ee 4344 CONCEPT APPLICATION Concept Application Level—1 Directions for questions 1 to 7:State whether the following statements are true or false 1. Uniform speed is a vector quantity. 2. Fora body moving along a circular path the average velocity and average speed can never be equal. 3. A body can have constant speed and stil have varying velocity 4. The magnitude of average velocity is always equal to the average speed. 5. Velocity-time graph cannot be used to find instantaneous velocity. 6. Average velocity can be calculated by taking the average of initial and final velocities for a given time interval irrespective of type of acceleration. 7. The travel of a train from one station to another is an example of translatory motion. Directions for questions 8 to 14: Fill inthe blanks 8. In velocity-time graph, velocity is taken on _axis. 9. The ratio of the total displacement of a body to the total time taken is 10. The velocity-time graph of 1 body moving with uniform velocity is a straight line parallel to 11. A body moving with constant speed has zero acceleration only when the particle is in dimensional motion. 12. The average speed of a bus in its whole journey when it tavels a given distance bewween ewo places with a speed of 20 km hr and returns back with a speed of 12 km hr” is 13. When a body has unequal displacements in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with 14, When a particle moves in a straight line from point A to point B the distance covered is the magnitude of the displacement. Directions for question 15: Match the entries given in Column A with appropriate onesin Column B. 15. SEGRE ee A. Scalar quantity (-) a One dimensional motion B. Vector quantity (.) b. Displacement in nth second Cc. s/t Cy 6 ues A D. v-u Ck € ES, ()__& Two dimensional motion (Continued on the following page)F. Motion ofashell fired) 2as by agun G. Motion of a kite (.) g. Uniform velocity. H. Motion ofacarona () bh. _ Three dimensional motion straight road Los () oat o¥ () js Average speed Directions for questions 16 to 30: For each of the questions, four choices have been provided. ‘Select the correct alternative. 16. Two persons X and Y take 10 hours and 12 hours respectively to travel from Bangalore to Hyderabad, then the 1. average velocity of X is equal to the average velocity of Y. 2. average velocity of X is less than that of Y. 3, average velocity of X is more than that of Y. 4, We cannot compare their velocities 17. A car starting from rest trav along, stra ht path with uniform acceleration covers S,, S,, and S, distances in the first, second and third seconds of its travel. Then the ratio of S 34 is (1) 3:5 (2) 1:2 Q) 1:3 (tt 18. The displacement-time graph of a body is shown in the figure below. Figure 2.20 ‘The part of the graph that represents the body at rest is (1) OA 2) AB 3) BC («) cD 19. A body is first displaced by 5 m and then by 12 m in different directions. The minimum displacement it can have is m, (yo Q17 @7 1B 4546 20. A person, seated in a bus at rest, is at rest with reference to (1) the bus. (2) a jeep moving in the opposite direction to the bus 3) the trees on the ground. (4) both (1) and (3). 21. A body starting from rest along a straight line is traveling with an acceleration of 6 ms, then the distance traveled by it in the 3rd second is m. (27 2 18 @) 15 (4) 21 22. A body stars from rest and moves along a straight line path with uniform acceleration. The ratio of velocities at t = Isand t = 2 sis (1) 2:1 (2) 1:2 @) 1:v2 (4) 2:1 23. A body undergoes a displacement of 3 m in the Ist second, 4 m in the 2nd second, 5 m in the 3rd second and so on. The body is moving with a/an (1) uniform velocity (2) uniform acceleration (3) uniform deceleration (4) None of these 24.45 kmh"! ms“, (1) 162 (2) 125 8) 25 (4) 75 25. A body moving from its initial position of rest along a straight line covers 1 m in 1 s. Ifit covers 8 m in the next 2 s then the body is moving with (1) uniform velocity (2) an acceleration of 2 m s* in the first second (3) average t =1 s to 3s of 2 m $* from acceleration (4) both (2) and (3). 26. The ratio of average velocity to average speed is always one. (1) greater than (2) less than or equal to (3) greater than or equal to (4) less than 27. A bus travels one third of the distance with a speed of 12 km h' and the remaining distance with a speed of 20 km h'. The average speed of the bus is__km hr. (1) 14 (220 (3) 12 (4) 16.4 28. The ratio of distances traveled by two bodies A and B starting from rest moving along a straight line with equal accelerations is x, where x2 1, then (1) time taken by body A > time taken by body B. (2) time taken by body A < time taken by body B. (9) time taken by body A 2 time taken by body B. (4) time taken by body A < time taken by body B.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.48 32. A bus moving along a straight highway with a speed of 72 km hr is brought co rest within a distance of 50 m. How long does it take for the bus to stop? 33. A train of certain length traveling with a uniform speed of 36 km h"! crosses a bridge of 600 m in 80 s. Find the length of the train. 34. The length of a minute hand of a clock is 3 cm. Find the average velocity of the tip of the minute hand when it moves during a time interval from 4:00 p.m. to 4:15 p.m. 35. Give examples of variable velocity, when (a) the magnitude is constant and the direction is changing. (b) the magnitude is changing and the direction remains the same. (c) both the magnitude and direction are changing, 36. The distance between two places A and B is 180 km by road and 120 km by air. An aeroplane takes 20 min to go from A to B whereas a deluxe bus starting at A takes 5 h to reach B. Find the average speed and average velocity by both means of transport. (Ignore the vertical ascent of aeroplane). 37. A car starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration ona straight road travels for sometime such that the paths described by it in the last second and in the penultimate second of its motion are in the ratio 4 : 3 respectively. Calculate the total time traveled by the body. 38. On a 60 km stretch of road a cyclist travels first 20 km at a uniform speed of 20 km h'. How fast must he travel the remaining distance so that his average speed is 10 km h” for the entire trip. 39. A car starting from rest and moving along a straight path with uniform acceleration covers distances p and q in the first two successive equal intervals of time. Find the ratio of p to q. 40. A bus starts from rest with an acceleration of 5 m s*. A man who is ona motorcycle, 24 m behind the bus, overtakes the bus in 2s, If the motorcyclist moves with uniform velocity, find his velocity. 41. The dimensions (measurements) of a hall are 12 m, 4 m and 3 m respectively. An ant starts at one corner of the hall, travels only along the edges and reaches a diagonally opposite corer, taking the shortest possible route. Find the distance travelled by the ant and its magnitude of displacement. 42. A car takes 25 s to stop after the application of brakes. What is the distance uaveled by the car, if the brakes produce a uniform retardation of 0.4 m x? 43. A bus starts moving with uniform acceleration from its position of rest. It moves 48 m in 4 s, On applying the brakes, it stops after covering 24 m. Find the deceleration of the bus 44. A bus traveling along a straight highway covers one-third of the total distance between two places with a velocity 20 km h”. The remaining part of the distance was covered with a velocity of 30 km Ir" for the first half of the remaining time and with velocity 50 km hr! for the next half of the time. Find the average velocity of the bus for its whole journey. 45. A particle starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration along a straight path to attain 64 m sin ts, [fat t = (t+ 3)s the speed is 76 m s“!, then find the acceleration of the particle and ‘t’Concept Application Level—3 46. A Bullet Train in Japan starting from rest accelerates uniformly at 0.5 m s? for 2 minutes. It then maintains uniform speed for 20 minutes and then retards uniformly at the rate of 0.25 ms? and comes to rest. Calculate the average speed of the train. 47. A car A has just overtaken car B which is moving in the same direction as A. Given below are few cases explaining the motion of the cars at that instant. Identify the given cases as cases that are necessarily true, cases that can be true only under certain conditions and cases that are necessarily filse. (i) The car A is accelerating and car B is decelerating. (ii) The car A is decelerating and car B is accelerating. (ii) Both cars are accelerating. (iv) Both cars are decelerating. (*) Both cars are moving with uniform velocity. (vi) Car A is moving with uniform velocity and car B is accelerating. (vii) Instantaneous speed of car A is less than that of car B. (viii) Instantaneous speed of car B is less than that of car A. 48. Find the initial velocity and acceleration of a body, if the distance traveled by that body in nth second. is (5.96 + 0.08n) m. 49. “The direction of motion of a particle is decided by either velocity or acceleration or bath.” Discus, 50. In the following graphs, the displacement of a body in one dimensional motion is plotted against its time of travel. Analyse each graph and discuss the type of motion the body exhibits. (1) 2) 8) 49aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.45. (9 Speea = Distance +) Spee Time Velocity = Displacement Time 1 ste (i) 2mst, ms" AB, 2 ms", zero. 46. (i) Apparatus (i) Procedure (iii) Observation Gv) Conclusion Sis OSoed= Lengh ofthe path, e Velocit Displacement from initial to final position Time key points for selected questions Gi) Speed = 2 ms". 3 mst AB and 12 ms AB 4 7 Velocity 48. Plot time on x-axis and velocity on y-axis. 49. Time along x-axis and displacement along y-axis, 50. a= (ii) Time along x-axis and acceleration along yranis, (ii) a = 0 = uniform velocity. (iv) The graph is a straight line parallel to the x-axis implies uniform acceleration.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. aa. 200 m () Conditions at which constant velocity becomes equal to velocity or speed (i) 0.0047 cms" () A particle executing circular motion with uniform speed. (il) A freely falling body or a body projected up. (iii) Consider a vehicle moving on a busy road. () Calculate the total time and total distance to find the average speed. Gi) 36 km b", 360 km hb 24 km be, 360 km ht 455 8 kmh" 1:3 () What is the initial velocity and acceleration of the bus? Find the distance travelled by the bus in 2s, by using the formula, (ly Is the distance travelled by the motorcycle equal to (s+ 24) m? 2 Find the time taken by the motorcycle to overtake the bus. Find the velocity of the motorcycle from the formula, distance/time. Uniform velocity of the motorcyclist =17ms" What are the dimensions of the hall? Ifthe ant moves along the edges, then find the distance? Js the total distance equal to the sum of the lengths of the dimensions? ‘The displacement of the ant is a straight line joining initial and final positions of the ant. ts s=ut+ cat -——— Gi) Find the length of the diagonal of the face having 12m and 4 mas dimensions by using the Pythagoras theorem. Find the length of the hypotenuse drawn over this diagonal and side edge “3 m’ by using the Pythagoras theorem. 42. 125m 43. (i) What is the initial velocity of the bus? If the bus moves 48 m in 4 s, find the velocity of the bus at the end of 4s. Use the formule, s= ut 3 a and veutat ‘When brakes are applied, the bus stops after covering 24 m. What is the final velocity of the but Then find the deceleration of the bus by using the formula, v? - u? = 2as. Gi) 12ms? 44, 30 km ht 45.4ms? 46.53 ms" 47. What is instantaneous velocity? ‘When car A has just overtaken car B, which one has higher instantaneous velocity? If the instantaneous velocity of A is greater than that of B, then is it a ‘must that it should be accelerated or decelerated? Is it not possible that both the cars have acceleration or deceleration or move with uniform velocity? 48. (i) Arranging the given equation in the form of S, = u+ 5 Qn +1) to find the w and a. . (i) 6 ms", 0.08 ms? sent a Oe ee tt tt te