Chapter I

THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Nowadays, youth are prone in various activities that is not appropriate with
their ages. Youth are fun drinking alcoholic beverages, using cigarettes, taking
drugs, watching pornography, visiting famous bars and worst having a sexual
intercourse with their partner. The number of women who experienced early
pregnancy or teenage pregnancy were still increasing. This alarming condition
bothered the researchers most. So, they came up to a research study concerning the
teenage pregnancy of college women.
Sexual desire is a motivational state and an interest in sexual objects or
activities, or as a wish, need, or drive to seek out sexual objects or to engage in
sexual activities. Synonyms for sexual desire are libido, sexual attraction, and lust.
Sexual desire is an aspect of a person's sexuality, which varies significantly from
one person to another, and also varies depending on circumstances at a particular
time. Sexual desire may be the single most common sexual event in the lives of
men and women. Sexual desire is a subjective feeling state that can be triggered by
both internal and external cues, and that may or may not result in overt sexual
behavior. Sexual desire can be aroused through imagination and sexual fantasies,
or perceiving an individual who one finds attractive. Sexual desire is also created

and amplified through sexual tension, which is caused by sexual desire that has yet
to be consummated. Scruton
Sexual desire can be spontaneous or responsive. Sexual desire is dynamic,
can either be positive or negative, and can vary in intensity depending on the
desired object/person. The sexual desire spectrum is described by Stephen B.
Levine as aversion, disinclination, indifference, interest, need and passion.
These stated facts supports the reality of the growing number of the
unplanned teenage pregnancy throughout the world. In 2013, in the United States,
a total of 273,105 babies were born to women aged 15-19 years, for a live birth
rate of 26.6 per 1,000 women in this age group. The age of the women falls in
college years of education, thus, college teens unplanned pregnancy contributes a
big portion to the aforementioned rate. With these circumstances in the United
States, a need to assess this kind of dilemma is also necessary in the Philippines.
College years are said to be the most difficult part in students educational
journey. College years contributes not only to formation of the person, but also to
self- affirmation of the person, stimulates his/her social- being, creative activity
and opens his/her own individuality.
Meanwhile, family is considered as the smallest unit of the Institution and
basic organization of the society within the Philippines. It is commonly composed
of a father, mother and their children. It is a group of individuals living under one
roof. (Merriam Webster Dictionary) Family is a place where every individual

should feel that he or she is unique and be encouraged to pursue his or her own
dreams. But, how can college women pursue their dreams if they did not set aside
the factors that can affect their studies?
According to Gat. Jose Rizal, youth are the hope of nation. But, how can
youth prove that they are the hope of our nation if numbers of teenage pregnancy
continue increasing? This research study has an aim of discovering the causes why
college women experiencing teenage pregnancy and how college women can
avoid this unwanted activity. The researchers wanted to emphasize the possible
problems that college women may encounter upon engage in teenage pregnancy.
The researchers will conduct an extension activity that aims to lessen or to
eliminate the occurrence of teenage pregnancy among college women in Rosario
District, Division of Batangas.
Statement of the Problem
This research study aims to know the perceptions of college women in
Rosario District towards teenage pregnancy, and the reactions of college women
who experienced teenage pregnancy and their parents.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is teenage pregnancy?
2. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of :
2.1 age;
2.2 school; and
2.3 department?
3. What are the causes of teenage pregnancy among college women?

4. Is there any significant relationship between the profile of respondents and

the causes of teenage pregnancy among college women?
5. Based on the findings, what extension activities can be proposed to lessen
the occurrence of teenage pregnancy?
Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study
This research study will focus primarily on the perceptions of college
women towards teenage pregnancy including the causes and the problems that
may encounter of the women who experienced teenage pregnancy and to their
families. The main respondents will be selected college women of the college
schools in Rosario District, Division of Batangas. In order to supply other essential
information, interview with the women who experienced teenage pregnancy while
they are in college as well as their parents will be done.
For the survey questionnaire, those selected college women of Rosario
District will be a part of this study. On the other hand for the needed interview,
theres no problem if the respondents already graduated or still attending school
and even if they have stopped continuing their studies, still they are all qualified to
be respondents.
Whatever their ages are, they will be also an element of the research. In
relation to that, the age, the school, the department enrolled will not hinder the
respondents to be a part of the study. In addition, the civil status, educational
attainment including family background will not hinder the respondents of the

interviews to be a part of this undertaking. Furthermore, the researchers were also

suggested to develop certain action plans about proposed extension activities to
lessen the occurrence of teenage pregnancy. Within the phase of the study, it will
also give a prudent outlook with regards to feminism.
However the study will be delimited to college women in other Batangas
State University Campuses and other college schools and universities.
Furthermore, this study is also delimited to the high school women. Moreover the
males point of view towards teenage pregnancy will not be tackled by this study.
In addition, this study will be limited to the college women of college
schools in Rosario District, Batangas State University- Rosario, Teodoro M.
Luancing College of Rosario and MKA (Magno, Katrina, Angelica) College &
Institute of Technology Incorporated.
Significance of the Study
The findings from this study were significant for several groups, including
local government, administrators, guidance counselor or psychologists, teachers,
parents, students, those interested on women issues, researchers and future
researchers.
Local Government. They could be able to implement and facilitate
projects concerning the rate of teenage pregnancy issues. They could be able to
understand also the deeper cause of inflating rate of teenage pregnancy.

Administrators. Administrators may use the result of this study to better

understand the needs of college women who experience teenage pregnancy. More
knowledge about this populations needs may enable colleges and universities to
respond appropriately to these needs.
Guidance Counselor or Psychologists. They can also be benefitted of this
study because it provides a description of the causes and effects of teenage
pregnancy among college women. Professionals who intervene in a womans life
during this period may better guide, assist or prepare a young woman for what
may be unseen implications as a result of teenage pregnancy.
Teachers. Integrating values in every lesson is a vital task for every teacher.
This study will help them to realize that their moral support and guidance will
redirect students negative attitude or behavior towards premature sex.
Parents. This study will be benefitted to the parents because this study will
let them realize how family affects ones life. Through this study, they will know
their responsibilities as a parent to their children. Parents must look for the welfare
of their children, comfort their children during their depressed days, support their
childrens interests and activities and understand their childrens wants and needs.
Parents must be supportive yet protective.
Students. Above all the students will be the beneficiary of this study. The
students will be conscious to the effects of teenage pregnancy in terms of their
study, family and future family. Students, also, will aware about their weaknesses.

Those interested in womens issue. For those interested in womens

issues, this study provided further insight into the experience of college women.
This study focuses on the woman and the experience she had due to her pregnancy.
This study calls attention to specific details of womens sexuality in a social
context that has often ignored. The study affirms past and present notions that
reproduction or the prevention of it is still continues to be the primary
responsibility of women. This study furthers the story of womens lives. Few
studies on college women have examined the issue of teenage pregnancy. The
results generated from this study may spur further research into the experience of
women.
Researchers. As a college students, this study would be a weighty
reminder for them that such incidences might also happen to them if ignored
heedlessly. They will be aware about its consequences and be guided to assess
their weaknesses.
Future Researchers. This study will be a great help for the future
researchers with the same or related study because they may use the results of this
study to validate their own results and the research literature to enhance their
study. The results of this study could also be a factor in supporting their statements
and concerns.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the conceptual and research literature that provides
information for the enrichment and better understanding of the study.
Conceptual Literature
Teenage Pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy or Early Pregnancy was defined
by the World Health Organization as under aged girls or women who have not
reached legal adulthood becoming pregnant. Nonetheless, Hayward said that the
term teenage pregnancy is widely used to mean unmarried adolescent girls who
become pregnant. Teenage age is considered as the most challenging and critical
period of human development. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
reported that a total of 329,797 babies were born by women aged 15-19 years.
Between 14 million and 15 million girls and young women give birth each year;
accounting for more than 10% of births worldwide.
Alan Guttmacher Institute (2010) The number of teen pregnancies and the
pregnancy outcomes are often used to support claims that teenage pregnancy is a
serious social problem. Mollborn, et al. (2011) delineates important aspects of
teenage pregnancy (race, poverty, and religious influences) that help explain why
teenage pregnancy is considered a problem in some circles.
According to Cherry and Dillon (2003), since 1950, teenage pregnancy has
attracted a great deal of concern and attention from religious leaders, the general

public, policymakers, and social scientists, particularly in the United States and
other developed countries. The continuing apprehension about teenage pregnancy
is based on the profound impact that teenage pregnancy can have on the lives of
the girls and their children. Demographic studies continue to report that in
developed countries such as the United States, teenage pregnancy results in lower
educational attainment, increased rates of poverty, and worse life outcomes for
children of teenage mothers compared to children of young adult women. Teenage
pregnancy is defined as occurring between thirteen and nineteen years of age.
There are, however, girls as young as ten who are sexually active and occasionally
become pregnant and give birth. The vast majority of teenage births in the United
States occurs among girls between fifteen and nineteen years of age. When being
inclusive of all girls who can become pregnant and give birth, the term used
is adolescent pregnancy, which describes the emotional and biological
developmental stage called adolescence. The concern over the age at which a
young woman should give birth has existed throughout human history. In general,
however, there are two divergent views used to explain teenage pregnancy. Some
authors and researchers argue that labeling teen pregnancy as a public health
problem has little to do with public health and more to do with it being socially,
culturally, and economically unacceptable.
Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines, (Cesanne, 2010). Initially, much of
the research on the causes of adolescent sexual activity focused on the individual

level, the influence of the teens own physical and psychological characteristics.
More recently there has been growing interest in contextual variables, aspects of
the teens environments, such as the community and school. These studies have
consistently found that the community where teens live influences their sexual
behavior. Adolescents who live in communities with more social disorganization
and fewer economic resources are more likely to engage in sex at an early age and
become pregnant. The level of education, unemployment rate and income level of
the adults in the community are all associated with the sexual behavior of teens.
Sexual Desires. Sigmund Freud defined libido as "the energy, regarded as a
quantitative magnitude of those instincts which have to do with all that may be
comprised under the word love. It is the instinct energy or force, contained in
what Freud called the id, the strictly unconscious structure of the psyche.
Freud developed the idea of a series of developmental phases in which the
libido fixates on different erogenous zonesfirst in the oral stage (exemplified by
an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's
pleasure in controlling his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage, through a
latency stage in which the libido is dormant, to its reemergence at puberty in the
genital stage. Karl Abraham would later add subdivisions in both oral and anal
stages.

Freud pointed out that these libidinal drives can conflict with the
conventions of civilized behavior, represented in the psyche by the superego. It is
this need to conform to society and control the libido that leads to tension and
disturbance in the individual, prompting the use of ego defenses to dissipate the
psychic energy of these unmet and mostly unconscious needs into other forms.
Excessive use of ego defenses results in neurosis. A primary goal of
psychoanalysis is to bring the drives of the id into consciousness, allowing them to
be met directly and thus reducing the patient's reliance on ego defenses.
Freud viewed libido as passing through a series of developmental stages
within the individual. Failure to adequately adapt to the demands of these different
stages could result in libidinal energy becoming 'dammed up' or fixated in these
stages, producing certain pathological character traits in adulthood. Thus, the
psycho-pathologized individual for Freud was an immature individual, and the
goal of psychoanalysis was to bring these fixations to conscious awareness so that
the libido energy would be freed up and available for conscious use in some sort of
constructive sublimation.
Meanwhile, according to Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, the libido is
identified as psychic energy. Duality (opposition) creates the energy (or libido) of
the psyche, which Jung asserts expresses itself only through symbols: "It is the
energy that manifests itself in the life process and is perceived subjectively as
striving and desire." (Ellenberger, 1697)

Furthermore, theorists and researchers have usually employed two different

frameworks in their understanding of human sexual desire. The first is a biological
framework where sexual desire comes from an innate motivational force like
an instinct, drive, need, urge, wish, or want. Also known as sex drive. Second, a
socio-cultural theory where desire is conceptualized as one factor in a much larger
context (i.e. relationships nested within societies, nested within cultures). In the
biological approach, sexual drive is likened to other biological drives such
as hunger, where an individual will seek out food, or in the case of desire
pleasure, in order to reduce or avoid pain. Sex drive can be thought of as
a biological need or craving that inspires individuals to seek out and become
receptive to sexual experiences and sexual pleasure. However, members of
all species (including humans) will not seek to engage in sexual activity with
any conspecific, attraction plays a large role in sexual desire. Incentive motivation
theory exists under this framework. This theory states that the strength of
motivation

towards

sexual

activity,

depends

on

the

strength

of

the stimuli (immediacy of stimuli), and if satiety is achieved, the strength of the
stimuli/incentive will be increased in the future. Sex drive is strongly tied to
biological factors such as chromosomal and hormonal status, nutritional status,
age, and general health. Sexual desire is the first phase of the human sex response
cycle. The traditional model for the human sexual response cycle can be
represented as: Desire - Arousal -Orgasm - Resolution. Sexual desire, though a
part of the sexual response cycle, is believed to be distinct and separate from

genital sexual arousal. It has also been argued that sexual desire is not a distinct
phase in sexual response. Rather, it is something that persists through arousal and
orgasm and can even persist after orgasm. Although orgasm might make it difficult
for a man to maintain his erection or woman continue with vaginal lubrication,
sexual desire can persist nevertheless.
In the sociocultural framework, sexual desire would indicate a longing for
sexual activity for its own sake, not for any other purpose than purely for
enjoyment and ones own satisfaction or to release some sexual tension. Sexual
desire and activity could also be produced to help achieve some other means or to
gain some other rewards that may not be sexual in origin, like increased closeness
and attachment between partners. Sexual desire is not an urge; this may imply that
individuals have more of a conscious control of their own desire. That being said,
sociocultural influences may push males and females into gender-specific
roles where the use of social scripts dictating the appropriate feelings and
responses to sexual desire and activity are expected. This may lead to conflict
where an individuals wants may be unfulfilled due to the anticipated social
consequences of their actions, causing frustration. Some theorists suggest that the
experience of sexual desire may be socially constructed. However, some argue that
although sociocultural factors are very influential over the experience of sexual
desire, they dont play a large role until after biological initially influences

desire. Another view is that sexual desire is neither a social construction nor a
biological drive.
According to James Giles, it is rather an existential need that is based on the
sense of incompleteness that arises from the experience of being gendered.
There are many researchers who believe that stressing any single approach to the
study of human sexuality and excluding others is

not logical and

counterproductive. It is the integrations of and interaction between multiple

approaches and disciplines that will allow us the most comprehensive
understanding of human sexuality from all angles. One single approach may
provide necessary factors for studying desire, but it is not sufficient. Sexual desire
can

manifest

itself

in

more

than

one

way;

it

is

variety

of

different behaviors, cognitions, and emotions, taken together. Levine suggests

that sexual desire has three components which link several different theoretical
perspectives together. The first component is drive. It is the he biological
component. This includes anatomy and neuroendocrine physiology. Next is the
motivation, it is the psychological component. This includes the influences of
personal mental states (mood), interpersonal states (e.g. mutual affection,
disagreement), and social context (e.g. relationship status). Lastly, the wish, it is
the cultural component. This considers cultural ideals, values, and rules about
sexual expression which are external to the individual.

Family. Family plays the most important role in childrens development and
education. Many researches and studies found out this result. Researchers and
educators view parents as an essential part of early childhood education. Parents
are often said to be the first and best teacher for a child. (The Early Years
Framework, 2008)
David (2009) found that the role of family on children is very much
influential. He described that changed roles of the family has great impact on
childrens development and education. Family pattern has a lot to do with childs
moral development as well. Families where there is strong foundation of love,
children there learn about family bonding and mutual trust. Family values also
help developing childrens mental and intellectual strength.
In addition, United Kingdom Governments Department forEducation
defines the importance of family in childs education like this.
The research shows that parental involvement in childrens learning is a
key factor in improving childrens academic attainment and achievements, as well
as their overall behavior and attendance. The role of parents during a childs
earliest years is the single biggest influence on their development. Good quality
home learning contributes more to childrens intellectual and social development
than parental occupation, education or income.

Sex Education. (Kearney, 2004), Girls living in lower socio-economic

circumstances are more likely than their wealthier peers to become pregnant. And
explain that teens who experience despair are more likely to turn to motherhood
as any to find out meaning in a world where they see few other options.
Educating children about sex will likely to help lessen those unwanted
activities. The first access on education about sex will start at home but in spite of
campaign of Philippine government, Filipino families remain hesitant to open up
sex to their children. Instead the government has find hard to implement sex
education because of Filipino beliefs and values. (Billy & Brewster,2002).
They also added that the family members of an adolescent exert
considerable influence over his or her sexual behavior. Many aspects of family life
influence a teens decision to become sexually active, use contraception, or
continue with a pregnancy. Socio-economic status, family structure, parental
attitudes, and parental communication and support all play an important role in a
teens decision-making. Children of parents with low educational attainment,
occupation and income are more likely to have sex at an early age, not use
contraception consistently and become pregnant or cause a pregnancy. The values
and behavior demonstrated by family members regarding sexual risk taking and
early childbearing influence the teens own attitudes and behavior.
Research Literature

Some studies were conducted and have been found to be of significant

relations with the present study.
The study of Lehman (2001) examined adolescent pregnancy and its effect
on the family life. The researcher focused on three main areas of interest. They
included, the socioeconomic impact, sociological impact, and the emotional
ramifications that adolescent pregnancy has on the teenage mother. The problem
has also indicated that adolescent pregnancy has an adverse effect upon the
immediate family structure. In terms of the socioeconomic impact, not only does
teen pregnancy affect the immediate family; it also extends outward to a national
concern. The cost of raising a child to the age of eighteen is difficult in the best of
conditions and the difficulty only increases for the un-experienced adolescent
mother. The research also confirms that adolescent pregnancy has a detrimental
effect on the sociological impact of the immediate family. Parents and siblings
alike are affected by the choices of the adolescent. The continuous alteration of
roles and responsibilities becomes complex and misleading, which can result in
lack of family harmony for an extended period of time. Recommendations were
given for schools to develop a more comprehensive human growth and
development program for students in orienting them about the family, cultural
norms and teenage pregnancy.
Meanwhile, in a study conducted in Nepal, created by Akina Shrestha
(2011), it has been stated that Nepal is committed to achieve healthy life including

sexual and reproductive health of its adolescents. So, since 1994, it adopted
different policies and programs focusing on adolescent reproductive health.
Despite of all efforts for addressing issues related to adolescents sexuality, Nepal
is not yet meeting the adolescents need. Additionally, trend of early marriages still
exist resulting high adolescent fertility rate. The aim of the study was to explore
and analyze the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and motherhood in
Nepal, its consequences, current policy and program responses in order to improve
the adolescent reproductive health program. Also, the study was carried out doing
literature review, articles, published and unpublished literature. The conceptual
framework was adapted and modified from Ecological and Health Belief Model.
The study finds out that Worldwide and in Nepal, early pregnancy and motherhood
of adolescents girl is threat to the mothers and their new born children with
serious impact on health, social life and economy. The main factors are
intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, structural and public policy. And also,
the part of the vulnerability of pregnant teenagers is related to the social
determinant that leads to early pregnancy. The study also concluded that despite
the government and NGOs having policies and programs recognizing adolescents
issues and trying to solve problems associated with adolescent reproductive health,
Nepal is not yet meeting the needs of its adolescents. Therefore, efforts for teenage
pregnancy reduction call for addressing these influencing factors collectively
through multiple interventions. Following recommendations were also given to
minimize teenage pregnancy in Nepal such as retention of girls into school,

delivery of effective sexual health education programme for both in and out of
school adolescents involving health workers, teachers, and parents. Provision of
adolescent friendly reproductive health services following World Health
Organization framework.
On the other hand, the study of Nava (Loyola University Chicago 2012)
shed light on parents' perceptions and attitudes about adolescent pregnancy. The
study aims to reveal how parental perceptions and attitudes may impact parental
communication with their children about teen pregnancy. Considering that parents
play in important role in adolescent pregnancy prevention, the research study
attempts to shed light on the nature of how parents perceive adolescent pregnancy
and communication about teen pregnancy. The goal of Mayras study was to know
some of the variables that influence how parents of high school students at an
urban school perceive teen pregnancy and how do perceptions of teen pregnancy
influence how parents of high school students at an urban school communicate
with their children about adolescent pregnancy. Given that the study seeks to
provide an understanding of parental perceptions which may influence teen
pregnancy, qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach were used.
Focus group discussions were conducted with parents at a public high school in
Chicago in order to obtain a contextual understanding of parents perceptions and
attitudes toward teen pregnancy.

Additionally, the study of Adzitey et al;, examined the knowledge of

teenagers in teenage pregnancy and the factors that lead to teenage pregnancy in
the Builsa District as a case study. The study also provides suggestions to curb
teenage pregnancy. Questionnaires were also administered to twenty teenagers
between the ages of fourteen and twenty years. The study showed that 80% of the
teenagers had knowledge in teenage pregnancy while 20% had no idea of what
teenage pregnancy is about. Sixty five percent (65%) indicated that their parents
are able to meet their needs and wants. Of the 35% whose parents are unable to
meet their needs and wants, they make ends meet from other family members
(44%), boyfriends (33%), prostitution (22%), and husbands (4%). Forty percent
(40%) indicated that their parents have ever discussed sex and sexuality with
them, of which abstinence and the changes that occur during adolescence were the
main issue often discussed. The teenagers (80%) suggested that abstinence is the
best practice to control teenage pregnancy and their reasons were that
contraceptives were not 100% safe to use due to their side effects on human
health, they also added that prevention was better than cure. The remaining 20%
also said they would go in for contraceptives because they could not abstain from
sex. The study also stated that teenage pregnancy can lead to several unwanted
implications in the life or future of teenage girls, especially in under developed
countries.

Furthermore, the study of Agustino et al. (2014) in the Philippines

determined the lived experiences of early pregnancy among high and low
performing students in terms of the causes, effects, challenges and their coping
mechanisms. The naturalistic paradigm was used in the study with the purposively
chosen informants with varied tools to cross-check their responses. Results show
that curiosity, lack of sexual knowledge, financial and family problems and
uncontrolled emotions cause pregnancy among teenagers. Teenage mothers have
less possibility to finish their studies after engaging in early pregnancy. Teenage
mothers face a lot of challenges after pregnancy like providing proper care and
needs of their child. They also concluded that high-performing teenage mothers
are college levels and work for a living to support the needs of their child. Low
performing teenage mothers ended up as housewives.
Lastly, the study of Orbiso (2011) that was focused on the Barangay of
Sawang Calero, Cebu City, Phillipines, found out that teenage pregnancy is one of
the rapid predicaments in the locality. The study looked into the respondents who
had experienced this problem and to the perception of the parents with regards to
this matter. On the other hand, the results was posed to the Barangay Officials for
them to give action in such a way that this will be mitigated or even solved and to
awaken the teenagers especially women from the unconsciousness of the bitter
effects and of the decadence of moral values to sexual relationships which is the
main reason of teenage pregnancy.

Synthesis
Studies and investigation that bear similarities and differences were
gathered to enrich and give proofs to the present study.
The information gathered by the researchers gave them a wider perspective
on their proposed plan of action to provide them the valuable information and
significant background so as to go deeper into the solution of the problem. Hence
all of them contributed to a great extent to successful venture of the present study.
The study of Lehman (2001) will be relevant to the present study because
both study tackles about teenage pregnancy. Moreover, the study of Ronnete
contains several effects of teenage pregnancy with the family which make an
implication to the present study since it covers the possible cause and effect of the
unwanted pregnancy of college women.
The study of Shreztha (2011) is related to the present study because
it deals primarily with the causes and the consequences or effects of early
pregnancy. Also, both study is designed to generate possible recommendations
after understanding all the factors included to help minimize the occurrence of
teenage pregnancy or unplanned pregnancy. But even the study conducted by
Akina is very similar to the present study, the inferred difference is the study of
Akina is clearly meant to enhance the policies and programs of Nepal focusing on
adolescents reproductive health unlike the present study which involves a smaller
unit of respondents, emphasizing only on causes and effects of unplanned

pregnancy among college women. Moreover, the study was also created through a
more complex way of data gathering method including the statistical data of
Nepal.
On the other hand, the study of Nava (2012) is supplemental to the present
study since it deals with the parents view about teen pregnancy. The study of
Mayra will complement other studies related to unplanned pregnancy like the
present study. Knowing how the parents look upon teen pregnancy will result to a
better understanding and better finding of solutions that will minimize the rate of
early pregnancy among teenagers. But then again, the study of Mayra is different
to the present study because it focuses on the parents perspective while the
present study gives more emphasis to the lives of college women who experienced
unplanned pregnancy.
The study of Adzitey (2013) et al; was significant to the present study
because both study discussed the existence of teenage unplanned pregnancy and
the factors that lead to teenage pregnancy. Both study utilizes the descriptive type
of research method and both study also uses questionnaire as the data gathering
instrument. The only difference is the present study does not only include the
causes or the factors that lead to unplanned pregnancy but it also does include the
effects of this dilemma. Furthermore, the present study does highlights on the
experiences of college woman while the study of Sylvia et al; focuses on the
teenagers of Builsa District in India.

In addition the study of Agustino et al. (2014) is parallel to the present

study because both study seeks to find out the possible causes inside teenage
pregnancy including also the challenges that teenage mother will experience after
engaging upon teenage pregnancy. Also, both study are conducted in the
Philippines making the outcomes of the studies more germane to each other. The
only difference is the study of Agustino, added the difference between the
experiences of low- performing teenage mothers than high- performing teenage
mothers based on their academic performance in their attended schools.
Lastly, the study of Orbiso (2011) is similar to the present study because
both studies purposively investigates the elements involve in the occurrence of
teenage pregnancy in order to create a potential approach in order to minimize the
emerging rate of teenage pregnancy in both of their localities. The only evident
difference was the study of Orbiso was created specifically for Barangay Sawang
in Cebu City while the present study particularly deals with the teenage pregnancy
on Colleges and Universities in Rosario District, Batangas City.
Theoretical Framework
Freud (1905) proposed that psychological development in childhood takes
place in a series of fixed stages.
These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the
fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different

area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their body become
important as sources of potential frustration (erogenous zones), pleasure or both.
Freud believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also
believed that all tension was due to the building up of libido (sexual energy) and
that all pleasure came from its discharge.
In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant
to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy accumulates and
is discharged as we mature biologically. (NB Freud used the term 'sexual' in a very
general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts).

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework provides the concrete viewpoint about
the research study. It focuses on the perceptions of college women towards teenage
pregnancy including its causes and effects among college women and their
families in Batangas State University Rosario Campus, Rosario District,
Division of Batangas. Youth are said to be the hope of our nation. But this saying
was contrary on what was happening nowadays. The ballooning numbers of
college teens who experienced teenage pregnancy is noticeable. The numbers were
increasing day by day. This alarming condition faced by the youth today gave us
the courage to conduct this study. The design of Research Paradigm of this study

aimed to give an overview of the researchers target output. The input of the study
is the assessment of perceptions of college women towards teenage pregnancy of
college students in Batangas State University Rosario Campus. The study will
use survey questionnaire as the main tool for gathering data. Interviews will also
be conducted to suffice the additional information needed. Finally, the output of
this study is an extension activities that aims to eliminate or to lessen the
occurrence of teenage pregnancy among college women.

Research Paradigm
INPUT
Description of
Teenage Pregnancy
Assessment of
Perceptions of
College Women
towards Teenage
Pregnancy in
Batangas State
University
Rosario Campus
Causes of Teenage
Pregnancy
Effects of Teenage
Pregnancy
Profile of the
respondents

PROCESS
Validated
Questionnaires
and Interview

OUTPUT
Proposed extension
activities that aimed
to eliminate or to
lessen the occurrence
of unplanned
pregnancy among
college women

Figure 1
Research Paradigm in the Teenage Pregnancy Among College Women in
Rosario District, Division of Batangas

Definition of Terms
The terms used in this paper are defined conceptually and operationally to
have a better understanding of the text in this study.
Adolescence (or Teenage). It is the period between the ages of 10-19 years
that encompasses time from puberty onset to full legal age (WHO, 2002). In this
study, this refers to the phase of human life where they are most prone of
experiencing unplanned pregnancy. Also, it is a term which is relevant to college
women because most of the college women are teenagers.
Libido. It refer to the person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual
activity. (Merriam Webster) In this study, this term is used to explain how and
why sexual desire exist in the human nature.

Pregnancy. It is also known as gravidity or gestation, is the time during

which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. (Merriam Webster) In this
study, this refers to the state of being pregnant.
Sexual desire. It is a motivational state and an interest in sexual objects or
activities, or as a wish, need, or drive to seek out sexual objects or to engage in
sexual activities. (Scruton) In this study, this refers to a feeling that motivates
human to do sexual activities that may result to early pregnancy.
Teenage pregnancy or Early Pregnancy. It was defined by the World
Health Organization as under aged girls or women who have not reached legal
adulthood becoming pregnant. In this study, this refers to the one of the major
problem being faced by college women which is the emphasis of this study

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

This chapter deals with the methods and procedures used by the researchers
in developing this study. This includes the research design, subject of the study,
data gathering instrument used in preparation and validation of questionnaire, and
data gathering procedure.
Research Design
The researchers will use the descriptive method of research in assessing the
perceptions of college women towards teenage pregnancy in Rosario District,
Division of Batangas. Descriptive method is defined as involving collection of
data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning to current status

of the subject of these study (Manuel, 2008). According to Ochave (2004), the
descriptive method is designed to gather information about the present existing
conditions. Descriptive method deals basically with the data gathering process and
tools to acquire information about the topic. The researchers will use
questionnaires to assess the perceptions of college women towards teenage
pregnancy as well as interview to the women who experienced teenage pregnancy
with their parents to suffice additional information.

Subject of the Study

The subjects of the study will be the college women of college schools in
Rosario District and those women who experienced teenage pregnancy during
their college years including their parents. The sampling techniques that will be
used are stratified and purposive.
Data Gathering Instrument
To gather the needed data, the researchers will construct a questionnaire in
order to determine why numbers of teenage pregnancy of college women still
increasing. The researcher will also conduct an interview of the student who
experienced teenage pregnancy, also, their parents.
Construction of the Questionnaire. The researchers- made questionnaire
will be the primary gathering instrument that will be used in this study. The

researchers will be guided by readings taken from books, magazines, and

unpublished materials and some related references enriched study concerned with
the unplanned pregnancy in constructing the questionnaire. Electronic references
will also be used in formulating the questions. Suggestions of the advisers and
some practitioners will be also needed for the enhancement of the questionnaires.
Validation of the Questionnaire. In validating the questionnaire, the
researchers will ask for the assistance of instructors to determine whether the
questions formulated are comprehensible enough on the part of the respondents.
After the validation, the researchers will incorporate the comments and
suggestions immediately in order to avoid equivocal responses from the
respondents.
Administration of the Questionnaire. When the questionnaire was
approved, the researchers will prepare a letter noted by their adviser asking for the
administration of the instrument among the respondents.
Scoring of the Responses. The responses of the respondents will be
measure through the use of the Likert Scale.

Option

Scale

Verbal Interpretation

4.50-5.00

Strongly Agree

3.50-4.49

Agree

2.50-3.49

Moderately Agree

1.50-2.49

Disagree

1.00-1.49

Strongly Disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will ask permission from the Head of Guidance Office of
every colleges in Rosario District to have a copy of their record about the list of
college women who experienced unplanned pregnancy if possible. They will also
ask the permission of the Head of every colleges as well as their staff to allow
them to distribute the questionnaire to the selected college women in their
university because their perceptions towards teenage pregnancy are also highly
needed.
With the permission granted, the teachers will assist the researchers in
distributing the questionnaire. The researchers will clearly explain all the
directions and the item to the respondents to ensure understanding and correctness
of their response.
Retrieval of the questionnaires will be done after almost an hour. The
responses will be tally, tabulate, analyze and interpret in accordance to the items
found in instruments.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The data will be analyze with the use of descriptive statistical tools
such as percentage, frequency, rank, weighted mean and chi square.

Percentage. This will be used to determine the total frequency of

respondents.
Frequency. It shows the frequency of respondents falling in every category
towards their perception on the effects of unplanned pregnancy.

Rank. The ranking method will employ to reinforce the description brought
about by the numerical analysis. This will be used to determine the profile of the
student respondents.
Weighted Mean. This will be used to determine the factors affecting why
college women experienced unplanned pregnancy. Highest scalar value was 5 and
1 was lowest. They will also be given corresponding verbal interpretation.