What is the computer network?

There are many definitions of what the computer networks are. The definitions starting with phrase of
the system of linked computers are misled because you could make a network without the linked
computers. This network is characterized by people running back and forth between computers with
floppy disks in their hands. Under this network, the computers are not linked physically but they still
communicate data each other. Therefore, I would like to define it as follows. The computer network is
the communication of data from one computer to one or more computers by any means such as
people, wires, cables, or a telecommunications system.
A local area network (LAN) is the communication of a number of computers by cable connecting to
each one in a single location, usually a single floor of a building or all the computers in a small
company. LANs may be contrasted with wide area networks (WANs). Stated simply, WANs are the
communication between LANs by telephone lines leased form the various telephone companies,
satellite links, packet radio, or microwave transceivers.
WANs are private and owned by the business that operates with them. The Internet has emerged as
both the largest and the least expensive WAN in the world recently. Many companies take advantage
of it now by forming private WANs, known as VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, through encrypted
communications over the Internet.
Network administrator has full rights and permissions to all resources on a network. The administrator
is usually responsible for installing, managing, and controlling servers and networking components.
Administrators can also modify the properties of user accounts and the membership of groups, create
and manage security printers, install printers, share resources, and assign permissions to those
resources.
Database administrator is responsible for programming and maintaining a large multi-relational
database in a networked environment and facilitating direct access to the database by individuals on
the network.
Workgroup manager is responsible for problem -solving, implementing standards and solutions,
reviewing performance, facilitating the efficiency of a specific group of individuals who are
connected, as a group, to larger network environment. Support staff is responsible for technical
assistance to the system administrator in large, complex network environments. Provides routine
problem -solving and spot training to end-users.
Maintenance contractor is responsible for hardware repairs and upgrades; often this position is filled
by contracting with a third-party service provider of with the vender. Webmaster or Web site
administrator is responsible for implementing and maintaining the content and style of the company's
Internet site, keeping the information accurate, up-to-date, and interesting.

Why the computer network exists?

Historical background

In the early 1980s, personal computer was developed with the concept of independent operation. With
personal computer on your desktop, you could enter the information yourself, manipulate it, and
produce the report you really wanted. While personal computer had become more powerful and
applications for the computers included simple spreadsheet, databases, and word processors, the
market for the computers exploded. So, many hardware and software venders joined in the market and
it resulted competition.

The competition pressed intense technological development, which led to increased power on the
desktop and lower prices. Desktop computers were soon outperforming older, slower mainframe
applications. Small businesses in particular were able to benefit from information management
services that, a few years earlier, had been available only to wealthy corporations.
For all its speed and power, the desktop computing environment had a difficulty in communicating
among the users as computing information had became large and complicated. However, business
information is useful only when it is communicated between human beings.
The obvious solution was to link the desktop computers together. So, the idea of a Local Area
Network (LAN) was developed. The development of network technology is continuous up to present.
Benefits
Sharing information: the computer can help you centralize the information and maintain control over
it if you select one computer to store the shared information and have all other computers reference
the information on that computer over the network. Sharing hardware resources: a network allows
anyone connected to the network to use printers, fax modem, scanners, tape backup units or almost
any other device that can be attached to a computer.
Sharing software resources: administrator can centrally install and configure the software and also
restrict access to the software. It is easier than doing it on every one of the computers in an
organization.
Preserving information: a network also allows for information to be backed up to a central location. It
is difficult to maintain regular backups on a number of stand-alone computers so important
information can be lost easily by mistake or by accident.
Protecting information: a network provides a more secure environment for a company's important
information than stand-alone computers. Networks provide an additional layer of security by way of
passwords.
Electronic -mail (e-mail): the computer network can also help people communicate by e-mail. You can
attach electronic documents to mail message like photo, sound and video clip.

Network Type
There are three roles for computers in a local area network. The first role is a being clients
which use but do not provide network resources. The second one is a being peers which both
use and provide network resources. The last one is a being servers which provide network
resources. The role of a computer is determined simply by use in the network many times.
Server (domain) / Client Networks
Server-based (also called client -server) networks are defined by the presence of servers on a
network that provide security and administration of the networks. It consists with many
clients and one or more servers. Clients (often called the "front end") request services, such as
file storage and printing, and servers (often called the "back end") deliver them.
In Windows NT or Windows 2000, server-based networks are organized into domains.
Domains are collections of networks and clients that share security trust information. Domain
security and logon permission are controlled by special servers called domain controllers.
There is one master domain controller, called the Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and the
secondary domain controllers called Backup Domain Controller (BDC) may assist PDC
during busy times or when the PDC is not available for some reason.

The server-based networks have many advantages, including:

Central file storage, which allows all users to work form the same set of data and
provides
easy backup of critical data and keeps data from getting lost among computers
Ability of servers to pool available hardware and software, lowering overall costs
Optimize d dedicated servers, which are faster than peers at sharing network
Freeing of users from the task of managing network
Easy manageability of a large number of users
Ability to share expensive equipment, such as laser printers
Less intrusive strong central security, since a single password need to access all
shared resources on the network
Server-based networks also have some disadvantages, including:

Expensive dedicated hardware

Expensive network operating system software and client licenses
A dedicated network administrator (usually required)

Peer Networks
Every computer on peer network is equal and can communicate with any other computer on
the network to which it has been granted access rights. So basically, every computer on peer
network functions as both a server and a client. The peer network is more common in small
business.
The advantages are:
No extra investment for server software and hardware are needed
No network administrator is needed
Easy setup
Lower cost
The disadvantages are:
Additional load on computers for resource sharing
Lack of central organization, which can make data hard to find
Users must administer their own computers
Weak and intrusive security
Hybrid Networks
Hybrid networks have all three types of computers and have active domains and workgroups.
This means that network users have access to any resources being shared by peers in their
workgroup while most shared resources are located on servers
The advantages of hybrid networks are same as the advantages of server-based and peerbased networks. Hybrid network shares the disadvantages of server-based network.

Server Type
There are several tasks for server in a network. All these tasks could be done by one server,
or a separate server for each tasks. Server is dedicated to performing specific tasks in support
of other computers on the network.
File Server

File servers offer the services, which are the network applications that store, retrieve, and
move data. With a file server, users can exchange, read, write, and manage shared files and
the data contained in them.
There are three ways to store a file on networks. They are online, offline, and near-line
storage. Online storage consists of hard drive storage. Hard drive is very fast but expensive so
the most current and frequently needed information is stored. The common offline storage
devices are data tape and removable optical disks. It is the most disadvantage of offline
storage that a person must retrieve the disk or tape and mount it on the server. This type of
storage is best for data that is rarely used and for data backup. Near-line storage uses a
machine, such as a tape carousel or jukebox, automatically retrieve and mounts the tape or
disk. It is faster than offline but still only enough for infrequently used data and applications.
File synchronization is to ensure that changes made to a file are organized in the
chronological order in which they actually took place and that files are properly updated. But
a network operating system cannot synchronize data within files if it is not aware of the file
format. So, you need an option for it usually
Print Server
Print server manages and control printing on a network and also offers fax service. The print
server allow multiple and simultaneous access to pr int and fax services. The network
operating system achieves this by using print and fax queues. The queues are special storage
areas where printing and faxing jobs are stored and then sent to the printer or fax device in an
organized fashion.
Application Server
Application server allows a client on network to access and use extra computing power and
expensive software applications on a shared computer. Application servers are used when
efficiency and security requires a program to stay close to the data, and the data stays in one
place.
Message Server
Message servers allow a wide variety of communication methods that are much complex than
a simple file server can handle. Data can take the form of graphics, digitized video, or audio,
text and binary. Message servers must coordinate the complex interactions between users,
documents, and applications.
Database Server
Database server is one of application server. Database server allows a network with powerful
database capabilities. So, users of a relative ly weak client can enjoy the same power of
database servers.

Network Topology
Network topology are the physical layout of the network that the locations of the computers
and how the cable is run between them. It is important to use the right topology. Each
topology has its own strengths and weakness.
Bus topology
A bus topology connects computers along a single or more cable to connect linearly as figure
1. A network that uses a bus topology is referred to as a "bus network" which was the original
form of Ethernet networks. Ethernet 10Base2 (also known as thinnet) is used for bus
topology.

Bus topology is the cheapest way of

connecting computers to form a
workgroup or departmental LAN, but it
has the disadvantage that a single loose
connection or cable break can bring down
the entire LAN
Termination is important issue in bus
networks. The electrical signal from a
transmitting computer is free to travel the
entire length of the cable. Without the termination, when the signal reaches the end of the
wire, it bounces back and travels back up the wire. When a signal echoes back and forth
along an unterminated bus, it is called ringing. The terminators absorb the electrical energy
and stop the reflections.
Advantages of the bus are following.
Bus is easy to use and understand and inexpensive simple network
It is easy to extend a network by adding cable with a repeater that boosts the signal
and allows it to travel a longer distance.
Disadvantages are following.
A bus topology becomes slow by heavy network traffic with a lot of computer
because networks do not coordinate with each other to reserve times to transmit.
It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus because a cable break or loose connector will cause
reflections and bring down the whole network.
Star topology
A star topology links the computers by individual cables to a central unit, usually a hub as in
figure 2. When a computer or other networking component transmits a signal to the network,
the signal travels to the hub. Then, the hub forwards the signal simultaneously to all other
components connected to the hub. Ethernet 10BaseT is a network based on the star topology.
Star topology is the most popular way to connect computers in a workgroup or departmental
network.
Figure 2: Star topology
Advantages of star topology are such as:

The failure of a single computer or cable

doesn't bring down the entire network.
The centralized networking equipment can
reduce costs in the long run by making
network management much easier.
It allows several cable types in same
network with a hub that can accommodate
multiple cable types.

Disadvantages of star topology are such as:

Failure of the central hub causes the whole network failure.
It is slightly more expensive than using bus topology.
Ring topology

A ring topology connects the computers along a single path

whose ends are joined to form a circle as figure 3. The
circle might be logical only but the physical arrangement of
the cabling might be similar to star topology, with a hub or
concentrator at the center. The ring topology is commonly
used in token ring networks that the ring of a token ring
network is concentrated inside a device called a
Multistation Access Unit (MAU) and fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI) networks that the ring in this case is both a
physical and logical ring and usually runs around a campus
or collection of buildings to form a high-speed backbone network.
Figure 3: Ring topology
Advantages are following:
One computer cannot monopolize the network.
It continue to function after capacity is exceeded but the speed will be slow.
Disadvantages are following :
Failure of one computer can affect the whole network.
It is difficult to troubleshoot.
Adding and removing computers disrupts the network.
Mesh topology
In a mesh topology, each computer on network
has redundant data paths as showing in figure 4.
The mesh topology provides fault tolerance -if a
wire, hub, switch, or other component fails, data
can travel along an alternate path. A diagram of a
mesh network looks like a fishing net. A mesh
topology is most often used in large backbone
networks in which failure of a single switch or
router can result in a large portion of the network
going down.
Figure 4: Mesh topology