The calculator and calculus packages

Scientific calculations with LATEX

Robert Fuster
Universitat Polit`ecnica de Val`encia
[email protected]
2014/02/20

Abstract
The calculator package allows us to use LATEX as a calculator, with which we can perform
many of the common scientific calculations (with the limitation in accuracy imposed by the
TEX arithmetic).
This package introduces several new instructions that allow you to do several calculations
with integer and decimal numbers using LATEX. Apart from add, multiply or divide, we can
calculate powers, square roots, logarithms, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions . . .
In addition, the calculator package supports some elementary calculations with vectors
in two and three dimensions and square 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.
The calculus package adds to the calculator package several utilities to use and define
various functions and their derivatives, including elementary functions, operations with
functions, polar coordinates and vector-valued real functions.
Version 2.0 adds new capabilities to both packages. Specifically, now, calculator and
calculus can evaluate the inverse trigonometric and the inverse hyperbolic functions (so that
we can work with all the classic elementary functions), and also can do some additional
calculation with vectors (such as the cross product and the angle between two vectors).

Contents
1 Introduction

The calculator package

2 Predefined numbers

3 Operations with numbers

3.1 Assignments and comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Real arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5
5
6

This

document corresponds to calculator v.2.0 and calculus v.2.0, dated 2014/02/20.

3.3

3.4

3.2.1 The four basic operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2.2 Powers with integer exponent . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3 Absolute value, integer part and fractional part . . .
3.2.4 Truncation and rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Integer division, quotient and remainder . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Greatest common divisor and least common multiple
3.3.3 Simplifying fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elementary functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Square roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Exponential and logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 Hyperbolic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.5 Inverse trigonometric functions(new in version 2.0) .
3.4.6 Inverse hyperbolic functions(new in version 2.0) . .

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4 Operations with lengths

15

5 Matrix arithmetic
5.1 Vector operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.2 Vector addition and subtraction . . . . . . . . .
5.1.3 Scalar-vector product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.4 Scalar (dot) product and euclidean norm . . . .
5.1.5 Vector (cross) product (new in version 2.0) . . .
5.1.6 Unit vector parallel to a given vector (normalized
5.1.7 Absolute value (in each entry of a given vector) .
5.1.8 Angle between two vectors (new in version 2.0) .
5.2 Matrix operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Transposed matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Matrix addition and subtraction . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Scalar-matrix product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Matriu-vector product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.6 Product of two square matrices . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.7 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.8 Inverse matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.9 Absolute value (in each entry) . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.10 Solving a linear system . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II

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The calculus package

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6 What is a function?

23

7 Predefined functions

23

8 Operations with functions

24

9 Polynomial functions

26

10 Vector-valued functions (or parametrically defined curves)

27

11 Vector-valued functions in polar coordinates

28

12 Low-level instructions
28
12.1 The \newfunction declaration and its variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
12.2 Vector functions and polar coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

III

Implementation

30

13 calculator
13.1 Internal lengths and special numbers
13.2 Warning messages . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 Operations with numbers . . . . . .
13.4 Matrix arithmetics . . . . . . . . . .

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14 calculus
14.1 Error and info messages .
14.2 New functions . . . . . . .
14.3 Polynomials . . . . . . . .
14.4 Elementary functions . . .
14.5 Operations with functions

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Introduction

The calculator package defines some instructions which allow us to realize algebraic operations
(and to evaluate elementary functions) in our documents. The operations implemented by the
calculator package include routines of assignment of variables, arithmetical calculations with
real and integer numbers, two and three dimensional vector and matrix arithmetics and the
computation of square roots, trigonometrical, exponential,
logarithmic and hyperbolic functions.

In addition, some important numbers, such as 2, or e, are predefined.

The name of all these commands is spelled in capital letters (with very few exceptions: the
commands \DEGtoRAD and \RADtoDEG and the control sequences that define special numbers,
as \numberPI) and, in general, they all need one or more mandatory arguments, the first one(s)
of which is(are) number(s) and the last one(s) is(are) the name(s) of the command(s) where the
results will be stored.1 The new commands defined in this way work in any LATEX mode.
By example, this instruction
\MAX{3}{5}{\solution}
1 Logically,

the control sequences that represent special numbers (as \numberPI) does not need any argument.

stores 5 in the command \solution. In a similar way,

\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY{10}{12}{\numerator}{\denominator}

defines \numerator and \denominator as 5 i 6, respectively.

The data arguments should not be necessarily explicit numbers; it may also consist in commands the value of which is a number. This allows us to chain several calculations, since in the
following example:
Ex. 1

\tempA=2,5^2
\SQUARE{2.5}{\tempA}
% \tempB=sqrt(12)
\SQUAREROOT{12}{\tempB}
% \tempC=exp(3,4)
\EXP{3.4}{\tempC}
% \divisio=\tempA/tempB
\DIVIDE{\tempA}{\tempB}{\divisio}
% \sol=\divisio+\tempC
\ADD{\divisio}{\tempC}{\sol}
\begin{align*}
\frac{2.5^2}{\sqrt{12}}+\mathrm{e}^{3.4}
&= \frac{\tempA}{\tempB}+\tempC \\
&= \divisio+\tempC \\
&=\sol
\end{align*}

2.52
6.25
+ e3.4 =
+ 29.96432
3.4641
12
= 1.80421 + 29.96432
= 31.76854

Observe that, in this example, we have followed exactly the same steps that we would do to
2.52
calculate
+ e3.4 with a standard calculator: We would calculate the square, the root and
12
the exponential and, finally, we would divide and add the results.
It does not matter if the arguments results are or not predefined. But these commands act
as declarations, so that its scope is local in environments and groups.
Ex. 2

\SQUARE{5}\sol
The \texttt{\textbackslash sol}
command contains the square of $5$:
\[5^2=\sol\]
\begin{center}
\SQUAREROOT{5}\sol
Now, the \texttt{\textbackslash sol}
command is the square root of $5$:
\[\sqrt{5}=\sol\]
\end{center}
On having gone out of the \texttt{center}
environment,
the command recovers its previous value:
\sol

The \sol command contains the square

of 5:
52 = 25
Now, the \sol command is the square
root of 5:

5 = 2.23605
On having gone out of the center environment, the command recovers its previous
value: 25

The calculus package goes a step further and allows us to define and use in a user-friendly
manner various functions and their derivatives.

For exemple, using the calculus package, you can define the f (t) = t2 et cos 2t function as
follows:
%
%
%

\PRODUCTfunction{\SQUAREfunction}{\EXPfunction}{\tempfunctionA}
\SCALEVARIABLEfunction{2}{\COSfunction}{\tempfunctionB}
\SUBTRACTfunction{\tempfunctionA}{\tempfunctionB}{\Ffunction}
Then you cau compute any value of the new function \Ffunction and its derivative: typing
\Ffunction{hnumi}{h\sol i}{h\Dsol i}

the values of f (num) and f 0 (num) will be stored in \sol and \Dsol .

Part I

The calculator package

2

Predefined numbers

The calculator package predefines the following numbers:

\numberPI
\numberTHREEHALFPI
\numberQUARTERPI
\numberSIXTHPI
\numberE
\numberETWO
\numberLOGTEN
\numberGOLD
\numberSQRTTWO
\numberSQRTFIVE
\numberCOSXXX

3
3.1

3.14159
4.71237 3/2
0.78539 /4
0.52359 /6
2.71828 e
7.38902 e2
2.30258 log 10
1.61803

1.41421 2
2.23607 5
0.86603 cos /6

\numberHALFPI
\numberTHIRDPI
\numberFIFTHPI
\numberTWOPI
\numberINVE
\numberINVETWO

1.57079 /2
1.0472 /3
0.62831 /5
6.28317 2
0.36787 1/e
0.13533 1/e2

\numberINVGOLD
\numberSQRTTHREE

0.61803 1/

1.73205 3

\numberCOSXLV

0.70711 cos /4

Operations with numbers

Assignments and comparisons

The first command we describe here is used to store a number in a control sequence. The other
two commands in this section determine the maximum and minimum of a pair of numbers.
\COPY{hnumi}{h\cmd i} stores the number num to the command \cmd .
Ex. 3

\COPY{-1.256}{\sol}
\sol

-1.256

\MAX{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} stores in \cmd the maximum of the numbers num1 and
num2 .
Ex. 4

\MAX{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
\[\max(1.256,3.214)=\sol\]

max(1.256, 3.214) = 3.214

\MIN{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} stores in \cmd the minimum of num1 and num2 .
Ex. 5

\MIN{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
\sol

1.256

3.2

Real arithmetic

3.2.1

The four basic operations

The following commands calculate the four arithmetical basic operations.

\ADD{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Sum of numbers num1 and num2 .
Ex. 6

\ADD{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
$1.256+3.214=\sol$

1.256 + 3.214 = 4.47

\SUBTRACT{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Difference num1 -num2 .
Ex. 7

\SUBTRACT{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
$1.256-3.214=\sol$

1.256 3.214 = 1.95801

\MULTIPLY{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Product num1 num2 .
Ex. 8

\MULTIPLY{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
$1.256\times3.214=\sol$

1.256 3.214 = 4.03677

\DIVIDE{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Quotient num1 /num2 .2
Ex. 9

\DIVIDE{1.256}{3.214}{\sol}
$1.256/3.214=\sol$

1.256/3.214 = 0.39078
2 This

command uses a modified version of the division algorithm of Claudio Beccari.

3.2.2

Powers with integer exponent

\SQUARE{hnumi}{h\cmd i} Square of the number num .

Ex. 10

\SQUARE{-1.256}{\sol}
$(-1.256)^2=\sol$

(1.256)2 = 1.57751
\CUBE{hnumi}{h\cmd i} Cube of num .
Ex. 11

\CUBE{-1.256}{\sol}
$(-1.256)^3=\sol$

(1.256)3 = 1.98134
\POWER{hnumi}{hexpi}{h\cmd i} The exp power of num .
The exponent, exp , must be an integer (if you want to calculate powers with non integer
exponents, use the \EXP command).
Ex. 12

\POWER{-1.256}{-5}{\sola}
\POWER{-1.256}{5}{\solb}
\POWER{-1.256}{0}{\solc}
\[
\begin{aligned}
(-1.256)^{-5}&=\sola
\\
(-1.256)^{5}&=\solb
\\
(-1.256)^{0}&=\solc
\end{aligned}
\]

(1.256)5 = 0.31989
(1.256)5 = 3.1256
(1.256)0 = 1

3.2.3

Absolute value, integer part and fractional part

\ABSVALUE{hnumi}{h\cmd i} Absolute value of num .

Ex. 13

\ABSVALUE{-1.256}{\sol}
$\left\vert-1.256\right\vert=\sol$

|1.256| = 1.256
\INTEGERPART{hnumi}{h\cmd i} Integer part of num .3
Ex. 14

\INTEGERPART{1.256}{\sola}
\INTEGERPART{-1.256}{\solb}
The integer part of $1.256$ is $\sola$,
but the integer part of $-1.256$ is $\solb$.

The integer part of 1.256 is 1, but the

integer part of 1.256 is 2.
3 The

integer part of x is the largest integer that is less than or equal to x.

\FLOOR is an alias of \INTEGERPART.

Ex. 15

\FLOOR{1.256}{\sol}
The integer part of $1.256$ is $\sol$.

The integer part of 1.256 is 1.

\FRACTIONALPART{hnumi}{h\cmd i} Fractional part of num .
Ex. 16

\FRACTIONALPART{1.256}{\sol}
\sol

0.256
0.744

3.2.4

\FRACTIONALPART{-1.256}{\sol}
\sol

Truncation and rounding

\TRUNCATE[hni]{hnumi}{h\cmd i} truncates the number num to n decimal places.

\ROUND[n ]{hnumi}{h\cmd i} rounds the number num to n decimal places.
The optional argument n may be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (the default is 2).4
Ex. 17

\TRUNCATE[0]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol

1
1.25
1.2568

\TRUNCATE[2]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol
\TRUNCATE[4]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol

Ex. 18

\ROUND[0]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol

1
1.26
1.2569

\ROUND[2]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol
\ROUND[4]{1.25688}{\sol}
\sol

3.3

Integers

The operations described here are subject to the same restrictions as those referring to decimal
numbers. In particular, although TEX does not have this restriction in its integer arithmetic,
the largest integer that can be used is 16383.
4 Note

than \TRUNCATE[0] is equivalent to \INTEGERPART only for non-negative numbers.

3.3.1

Integer division, quotient and remainder

\INTEGERDIVISION{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd1 i}{h\cmd2 i} stores in the \cmd1 and \cmd2

commands the quotient and the remainder of the integer division of the two integers num1
and num2 . The remainder is a non-negative number smaller than the divisor.5
Ex. 19

\INTEGERDIVISION{435}{27}{\sola}{\solb}
$435=27\times\sola+\solb$

435 = 27 16 + 3
27 = 435 0 + 27
435 = 27 (17) + 24
435 = 27 (16) + 3
435 = 27 17 + 24

\INTEGERDIVISION{27}{435}{\sola}{\solb}
$27=435\times\sola+\solb$
\INTEGERDIVISION{-435}{27}{\sola}{\solb}
$-435=27\times(\sola)+\solb$
\INTEGERDIVISION{435}{-27}{\sola}{\solb}
$435=-27\times(\sola)+\solb$
\INTEGERDIVISION{-435}{-27}{\sola}{\solb}
$-435=-27\times\sola+\solb$

\INTEGERQUOTIENT{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Integer part of the quotient of num1 and

num2 . These two numbers are not necessarily integers.
Ex. 20

\INTEGERQUOTIENT{435}{27}{\sol}
\sol

16
0
-17

\INTEGERQUOTIENT{27}{435}{\sol}
\sol
\INTEGERQUOTIENT{-43.5}{2.7}{\sol}
\sol

\MODULO{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Remainder of the integer division of num1 and num2 .
Ex. 21

435 3
435 24

\MODULO{435}{27}{\sol}
\[
435 \equiv \sol \pmod{27}
\]
\MODULO{-435}{27}{\sol}
\[
-435 \equiv \sol \pmod{27}
\]

(mod 27)
(mod 27)

5 The scientific computing systems (such as Matlab. Scilab or Mathematica) do not always return a nonnegative residue especially when the divisor is negative. However, the most reasonable definition of integer
quotient is this one: the quotient of the division D/d is the largest number q for which dq D. With this
definition, the remainder r = D qd is a non-negative number.

3.3.2

Greatest common divisor and least common multiple

\GCD{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Greatest common divisor of the integers num1 and num2 .
Ex. 22

\GCD{435}{27}{\sol}
$\gcd(435,27)=\sol$

gcd(435, 27) = 3
\LCM{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Least common multiple of num1 and num2 .
Ex. 23

\newcommand{\lcm}{\operatorname{lcm}}
\LCM{435}{27}{\sol}
$\lcm(435,27)=\sol$

lcm(435, 27) = 3915

3.3.3

Simplifying fractions

\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY{hnum1 i}{hnum2 i}{h\cmd1 i} {h\cmd2 i} stores in the \cmd1 and \cmd2

commands the numerator and denominator of the irreducible fraction equivalent to
num1 /num2 .
Ex. 24

\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY{435}{27}{\sola}{\solb}
$435/27=\sola/\solb$

435/27 = 145/9

3.4
3.4.1

Elementary functions
Square roots

\SQUAREROOT {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Square root of the number num .

Ex. 25

\SQUAREROOT{1.44}{\sol}
$\sqrt{1.44}=\sol$

1.44 = 1.2

If the argument num is negative, the package returns a warning message.

Instead of \SQUAREROOT, you can use the alias \SQRT.
3.4.2

Exponential and logarithm

The \EXP and \LOG commands compute, by default, exponentials and logarithms of the natural
base e. They admit, however, an optional argument to choose another base.

10

\EXP {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Exponential of the number num .

Ex. 26

\EXP{0.5}{\sol}
$\exp(0.5)=\sol$

exp(0.5) = 1.64871
The argument num must be in the interval [9.704, 9.704].

Moreover, the \EXP command accepts an optional argument, to compute expressions such
as ax :
\EXP [hnum1 i]{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Exponential with base num1 of num2 . num1 must be a
positive number.
Ex. 27

\EXP[10]{1.3}{\sol}
$10^{1.3}=\sol$

101.3 = 19.95209
21/3 = 1.25989

\EXP[2]{0.33333}{\sol}
$2^{1/3}=\sol$

\LOG {hnumi}{h\cmd i} logarithm of the number num .

Ex. 28

\LOG{0.5}{\sol}
$\log 0.5=\sol$

log 0.5 = 0.69315

\LOG [hnum1 i]{hnum2 i}{h\cmd i} Logarithm in base num1 of num2 .
Ex. 29

\LOG[10]{0.5}{\sol}
$\log_{10} 0.5=\sol$

log10 0.5 = 0.30103

3.4.3

Trigonometric functions

The arguments, in functions \SIN, \COS, . . . , are measured in radians. If you measure angles in
degrees (sexagesimal or not), use the \DEGREESSIN, \DEGREESCOS, . . . commands.
\SIN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Sine of num .
\COS {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Cosine of num .
\TAN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Tangent of num .
6 9.704

is the logarithm of 16383, the largest number that supports the TEXs arithmetic.

11

\COT {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Cotangent of num .

Ex. 30

\SIN{\numberTHIRDPI}{\sol}
$\sin \pi/3=\sol$

sin /3 = 0.86601
cos /3 = 0.5
tan /3 = 1.73201
cot /3 = 0.57736

\COS{\numberTHIRDPI}{\sol}
$\cos \pi/3=\sol$
\TAN{\numberTHIRDPI}{\sol}
$\tan \pi/3=\sol$
\COT{\numberTHIRDPI}{\sol}
$\cot \pi/3=\sol$

\DEGREESSIN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Sine of num sexagesimal degrees.

\DEGREESCOS {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Cosine of num sexagesimal degrees.
\DEGREESTAN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Tangent of num sexagesimal degrees.
\DEGREESCOT {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Cotangent of num sexagesimal degrees.
Ex. 31

\DEGREESSIN{60}{\sol}
$\sin 60^{\textrm o}=\sol$

sin 60o = 0.86601

cos 60o = 0.49998
tan 60o = 1.73201
cot 60o = 0.57736

\DEGREESCOS{60}{\sol}
$\cos 60^{\textrm o}=\sol$
\DEGREESTAN{60}{\sol}
$\tan 60^{\textrm o}=\sol$
\DEGREESCOT{60}{\sol}
$\cot 60^{\textrm o}=\sol$

The latter commands support an optional argument that allows us to divide the circle in an
arbitrary number of degrees (not necessarily 360).
\DEGREESSIN [hdegreesi]{hnumi}{h\cmd i}
\DEGREESCOS [hdegreesi]{hnumi}{h\cmd i}
\DEGREESTAN [hdegreesi]{hnumi}{h\cmd i}
\DEGREESCOT [hdegreesi]{hnumi}{h\cmd i}
By example, \DEGREESCOS[400]{50} computes the cosine of 50 gradians (a right angle has
100 gradians, the whole circle has 400 gradians), which are equivalent to 45 (sexagesimal) degrees
or /4 radians. Or to 1 degree, if we divide the circle into 8 parts!

12

Ex. 32

\DEGREESCOS[400]{50}{\sol}
\sol

0.70709
0.70709
0.7071
0.70709

\DEGREESCOS{45}{\sol}
\sol
\COS{\numberQUARTERPI}{\sol}
\sol
\DEGREESCOS[8]{1}{\sol}
\sol

Moreover, we have a couple of commands to convert between radians and degrees,

\DEGtoRAD {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Equivalence in radians of num sexagesimal degrees.
\RADtoDEG {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Equivalence in sexagesimal degrees of num radians.
Ex. 33

\DEGtoRAD{60}{\sol}
\sol

1.0472
and two other commands to reduce arguments to basic intervals:
\REDUCERADIANSANGLE {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Reduces the arc num to the interval ] , ].
\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Reduces the angle num to the interval ] 180, 180].
Ex. 34

\MULTIPLY{\numberTWOPI}{10}{\TWENTYPI}
\ADD{\numberPI}{\TWENTYPI}{\TWENTYONEPI}
\REDUCERADIANSANGLE{\TWENTYONEPI}{\sol}
\sol

3.14159
90

\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE{3690}{\sol}
\sol

3.4.4

Hyperbolic functions

\SINH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} stores in \cmd the hyperbolic sine of num .

\COSH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Hyperbolic cosine of num .
\TANH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Hyperbolic tangent of num .
\COTH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} Hyperbolic cotangent of num .

13

Ex. 35

\SINH{1.256}{\sol}
\sol

1.61328
1.89807
0.84995
1.17651

\COSH{1.256}{\sol}
\sol
\TANH{1.256}{\sol}
\sol
\COTH{1.256}{\sol}
\sol

3.4.5

Inverse trigonometric functions(new in version 2.0)

\ARCSIN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} stores in \cmd the arcsin (inverse of sine) of num .

\ARCCOS {hnumi}{h\cmd i} arccos of num .
\ARCTAN {hnumi}{h\cmd i} arctan of num .
\ARCCOT {hnumi}{h\cmd i} arccot of num .
Ex. 36

\ARCSIN{0.5}{\sol}
\sol

0.5236
1.04718
1.04718
2.35619

\ARCCOS{0.5}{\sol}
\sol
\ARCTAN{\numberSQRTTHREE}{\sol}
\sol
\ARCCOT{-1}{\sol}
\sol

3.4.6

Inverse hyperbolic functions(new in version 2.0)

\ARSINH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} stores in \cmd the arsinh (inverse of hyperbolic sine) of num .
\ARCOSH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} arcosh of num .
\ARTANH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} artanh of num .
\ARCOTH {hnumi}{h\cmd i} arcoth of num .

14

Ex. 37

\ARSINH{1}{\sol}
\sol

0.88138
0
0.5493
0.5493

\ARCOSH{1}{\sol}
\sol
\ARTANH{0.5}{\sol}
\sol
\ARCOTH{2}{\sol}
\sol

Operations with lengths

\LENGTHDIVIDE{hlength1 i}{hlength2 i}{h\cmd i}

This command divides two lengths and returns a number.
Ex. 38

\LENGTHDIVIDE{1in}{1cm}{\sol}
One inch equals $\sol$ centimeters.

One inch equals 2.54 centimeters.

Commands \LENGTHADD and \LENGTHSUBTRACT return the sum and the difference of two
lengths (new in version 2.0).
\LENGTHADD{hlength1 i}{hlength2 i}{h\cmd i}
\LENGTHSUBTRACT{hlength1 i}{hlength2 i}{h\cmd i}
(\cmd must be a predefined length).
Ex. 39

\newlength{\mylength}
\LENGTHADD{1in}{1cm}{\mylength}
$1in+1cm=\the\mylength$.

1in + 1cm = 100.72273pt.

1in 1cm = 43.81725pt.

\LENGTHSUBTRACT{1in}{1cm}{\mylength}
$1in-1cm=\the\mylength$.

Matrix arithmetic

The calculator package defines the commands described below to operate on vectors and
matrices. We only work with two or three-dimensional vectors and 2 2 and 3 3 matrices. Vectors are represented in the form (a1,a2) or (a1,a2,a3);7 and, in the case
of matrices, columns are separated `
a la matlab by semicolons: (a11,a12;a21,a22) or
(a11,a12,a13;a21,a22,a23;a31,a32,a33).
7 But

they are column vectors.

15

5.1
5.1.1

Vector operations
Assignments

\VECTORCOPY(hx,y i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i) copy the entries of vector (hx,yi) to the \cmd1 and
\cmd2 commands.
\VECTORCOPY(hx,y,z i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i) copy the entries of vector (x ,y ,z ) to the
\cmd1 , \cmd2 and \cmd3 commands.
Ex. 40

\VECTORCOPY(1,-1)(\sola,\solb)
$(\sola,\solb)$

(1, 1)
(1, 1, 2)

5.1.2

\VECTORCOPY(1,-1,2)(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

Vector addition and subtraction

\VECTORADD(hx1,y1 i)(hx2,y2 i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)

\VECTORADD(hx1,y1,z1 i)(hx2,y2,z2 i) (h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)
\VECTORSUB(hx1,y1 i)(hx2,y2 i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)
\VECTORSUB(hx1,y1,z1 i)(hx2,y2,z2 i) (h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)
Ex. 41

\VECTORADD(1,-1,2)(3,5,-1)(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(1,-1,2)+(3,5,-1)=(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

(1, 1, 2) + (3, 5, 1) = (4, 4, 1)

(1, 1, 2) (3, 5, 1) = (2, 6, 3)

5.1.3

\VECTORSUB(1,-1,2)(3,5,-1)(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(1,-1,2)-(3,5,-1)=(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

Scalar-vector product

\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{hnumi}(hx,y i) (h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{hnumi}(hx,y,z i) (h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)
Ex. 42

\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{2}(3,5)(\sola,\solb)
$2(3,5)=(\sola,\solb)$

2(3, 5) = (6, 10)

2(3, 5, 1) = (6, 10, 2)

\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{2}(3,5,-1)(%
\sola,\solb,\solc)
$2(3,5,-1)=(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

16

5.1.4

Scalar (dot) product and euclidean norm

\SCALARPRODUCT(hx1,y1 i)(hx2,y2 i){h\cmd i}

\SCALARPRODUCT(hx1,y1,z1 i)(hx2,y2,z2 i){h\cmd i}
\DOTPRODUCT is an alias of \SCALARPRODUCT (new in version 2.0).
\VECTORNORM(hx,y i){h\cmd i}
\VECTORNORM(hx,y,z i){h\cmd i}
Ex. 43

\SCALARPRODUCT(1,-1)(3,5){\sol}
$(1,-1)\cdot(3,5)=\sol$

(1, 1) (3, 5) = 2
(1, 1, 2) (3, 5, 1) = 4
k(3, 4)k = 5
k(1, 2, 2)k = 3

\DOTPRODUCT(1,-1,2)(3,5,-1){\sol}
$(1,-1,2)\cdot(3,5,-1)=\sol$
\VECTORNORM(3,4)\sol
$\left\|(3,4)\right\|=\sol$
\VECTORNORM(1,2,-2)\sol
$\left\|(1,2,-2)\right\|=\sol$

5.1.5

Vector (cross) product (new in version 2.0)

\VECTORPRODUCT(hx1,y1,z1 i)(hx2,y2,z2 i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)

\CROSSPRODUCT is an alias of \VECTORPRODUCT.
Ex. 44

\CROSSPRODUCT(1,-1,2)(3,5,-1)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(1,-1,2)\times(3,5,-1)=(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

(1, 1, 2) (3, 5, 1) = (9, 7, 8)

(1, 1, 2) (3, 3, 6) = (0, 0, 0)

\VECTORPRODUCT(1,-1,2)(-3,3,-6)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(1,-1,2)\times(-3,3,-6)=(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

5.1.6

Unit vector parallel to a given vector (normalized vector)

\UNITVECTOR(hx,y i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)
\UNITVECTOR(hx,y,z i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)
Ex. 45

\UNITVECTOR(3,4)(\sola,\solb)
$(\sola,\solb)$

(0.59999, 0.79999)
(0.33333, 0.66666, 0.66666)

\UNITVECTOR(1,2,-2)(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

17

5.1.7

Absolute value (in each entry of a given vector)

\VECTORABSVALUE(hx,y i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)
\VECTORABSVALUE(hx,y,z i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2,\cmd3 i)
Ex. 46

\VECTORABSVALUE(3,-4)(\sola,\solb)
$(\sola,\solb)$

(3, 4)
(3, 4, 1)

5.1.8

\VECTORABSVALUE(3,-4,-1)(\sola,\solb,\solc)
$(\sola,\solb,\solc)$

Angle between two vectors (new in version 2.0)

\TWOVECTORSANGLE(hx1,y1 i)(hx2,y2 i){h\cmd i}

\TWOVECTORSANGLE(hx1,y1,z1 i)(hx2,y2,z2 i){h\cmd i}
Ex. 47

\TWOVECTORSANGLE(1,1)(0,1){\sol}
$\sol$ radians
\RADtoDEG{\sol}{\degsol}
(or $\degsol$ degrees)

0.78537 radians (or 44.99837 degrees)

1.57079 (or 89.99937 degrees)

\TWOVECTORSANGLE(1,0,0)(0,1,0){\sol}
$\sol$
\RADtoDEG{\sol}{\degsol}
(or $\degsol$ degrees)

5.2
5.2.1

Matrix operations
Assignments

\MATRIXCOPY (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)



a11 a12
Use this command to store the matrix
in \cmm11 , \cmm12 , \cmm21 , \cmm22 .
a21 22
The analogous 3 3 version is
\MATRIXCOPY (ha11,a12,a13; [. . . ] ,a33 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12,\cmd13; [. . . ] ,\cmd33 i)
Ex. 48

1
3
1

1
0
1

\MATRIXCOPY(1, -1, 2;
3, 0, 5;
-1, 1, 4)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc;
\sold,\sole,\solf;
\solg,\solh,\soli)
$\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb & \solc \\
\sold & \sole & \solf \\
\solg & \solh & \soli
\end{bmatrix}$

2
5
4

18

Henceforth, we will present only the syntax for commands operating with 2 2 matrices. In
all cases, the syntax is similar if we work with 3 3 matrices. In the examples, we will work
with either 2 2 or 3 3 matrices.
5.2.2

Transposed matrix

\TRANSPOSEMATRIX (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

Ex. 49

1
3

5.2.3

1
0

T

1
=
1

\TRANSPOSEMATRIX(1,-1;3,0)%
(\sola,\solb;\solc,\sold)
$\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 \\ 3 & 0
\end{bmatrix}^T=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb \\ \solc & \sold
\end{bmatrix}$


3
0

Matrix addition and subtraction

\MATRIXADD (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (hb11,b12;b21,b22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

\MATRIXSUB (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (hb11,b12;b21,b22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)
Ex. 50

1
3

1
3

 
1
3
+
0
3
 
1
3

0
3

\MATRIXADD(1,-1;3,0)(3,5;-3,2)%
(\sola,\solb;\solc,\sold)
$\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 \\ 3 & 0
\end{bmatrix}+
\begin{bmatrix}
3 & 5 \\ -3 & 2
\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb \\ \solc & \sold
\end{bmatrix}$

 

5
4 4
=
2
0 2
 

5
2 6
=
2
6 2

\MATRIXSUB(1,-1;3,0)(3,5;-3,2)%
(\sola,\solb;\solc,\sold)
$\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 \\ 3 & 0
\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}
3 & 5 \\ -3 & 2
\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb \\ \solc & \sold
\end{bmatrix}$

19

5.2.4

Scalar-matrix product

\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT{hnumi} (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

Ex. 51

1
3 3
1

5.2.5

1
0
1

2
3
5 = 9
4
3

3
0
3

\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT{3}(1,-1,2;
3, 0,5;
-1, 1,4)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc;
\sold,\sole,\solf;
\solg,\solh,\soli)
$3\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 & 5 \\ -1 & 1 & 4
\end{bmatrix}
=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb & \solc \\
\sold & \sole & \solf \\
\solg & \solh & \soli
\end{bmatrix}$

6
15
12

Matriu-vector product

\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i)(hx,y i) (h\cmd1,\cmd2 i)

Ex. 52

1
0

5.2.6

1
2

\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(1,-1;
0, 2)(3,5)(\sola,\solb)
$\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 \\ 0 & 2
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
3 \\ 5
\end{bmatrix}
=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola \\ \solb
\end{bmatrix}$

   
3
2
=
5
10

Product of two square matrices

\MATRIXPRODUCT (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (hb11,b12;b21,b22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

20

Ex. 53

1
3
1

5.2.7

1
0
1

\MATRIXPRODUCT(1,-1,2;3,0,5;-1,1,4)%
(3,5,-1;-3,2,-5;1,-2,3)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc;
\sold,\sole,\solf;
\solg,\solh,\soli)
\begin{multline*}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 & 5 \\ -1 & 1 & 4
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
3 & 5 & -1 \\ -3 & 2 & -5 \\ 1 & -2 & 3
\end{bmatrix}\\
=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb & \solc \\
\sold & \sole & \solf \\
\solg & \solh & \soli
\end{bmatrix}
\end{multline*}

2
3
5 1
5 3 2 5
4
1 2 3

8
1 10
5
12
= 14
2 11 8

Determinant

\DETERMINANT (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) {h\cmd i}

Ex. 54

1

3

1

5.2.8

1
0
1

\DETERMINANT(1,-1,2;3,0,5;-1,1,4){\sol}
\SpecialUsageIndex{\DETERMINANT}%
$\begin{vmatrix}
1 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 & 5 \\ -1 & 1 & 4
\end{vmatrix}=\sol$


2
5 = 18
4

Inverse matrix

\INVERSEMATRIX (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

Ex. 55

1
3

1
5

1

0.625
=
0.375

0.125
0.125

\INVERSEMATRIX(1,-1;3,5)(%
\sola,\solb;\solc,\sold)
$\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 \\ 3 & 5
\end{bmatrix}^{-1}=
\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb \\ \solc & \sold
\end{bmatrix}$

If the given matrix is singular, the calculator package returns a warning message and the
\cmd11 , . . . , commands are marqued as undefined.

21

5.2.9

Absolute value (in each entry)

\MATRIXABSVALUE (ha11,a12;a21,a22 i) (h\cmd11,\cmd12;\cmd21,\cmd22 i)

Ex. 56

1
3
1

5.2.10

1
0
1

\MATRIXABSVALUE(1,-1,2;3,0,5;-1,1,4)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc;
\sold,\sole,\solf;
\solg,\solh,\soli)
$\begin{bmatrix}
\sola & \solb & \solc \\
\sold & \sole & \solf \\
\solg & \solh & \soli
\end{bmatrix}$

2
5
4

Solving a linear system

\SOLVELINEARSYSTEM
(ha11,a12;a21,a22
i)(hb1,b2 i)(h\cmd1,\cmd2 i) solves the linear sys

   
a11 a12
x
b1
tem
=
and stores the solution in (\cmd1 ,\cmd2 ).
a21 a22
y
b2
Ex. 57
Solving the

1
3
1

\SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(1,-1,2;3,0,5;-1,1,4)%
(-4,4,-2)%
(\sola,\solb,\solc)
Solving the linear system
\[
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 & 5 \\ -1 & 1 & 4
\end{bmatrix}\mathsf{X}=\begin{bmatrix}
-4\\4\\-2
\end{bmatrix}
\]
we obtain
$\mathsf{X}=\begin{bmatrix}
\sola \\ \solb\\ \solc
\end{bmatrix}$

linear system

4
1 2
0 5 X = 4
2
1 4

3
we obtain X = 5
1

If the given matrix is singular, the package calculator returns a warning message. When
system is indeterminate, in the bi-dimensional case one of the solutions is computed; if the
system is incompatible, then the \sola, . . . , commands are marqued as undefined. For
three equations systems, only determinate systems are solved.8

8 This

is the only command that does not behave the same way with 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.

22

Part II

The calculus package

6

What is a function?

From the point of view of this package, a function f is a pair of formulae: the first one calculates
f (t); the other, f 0 (t). Therefore, any function is applied using three arguments: the value of the
variable t, and two command names where f (t) and f 0 (t) will be stored. For example,
\SQUAREfunction{hnumi}{h\sol i}{h\Dsol i}
computes f (t) = t2 and f 0 (t) = 2t (where t =num), and stores the results in the commands \sol
and \Dsol.9
Ex. 58

\SQUAREfunction{3}{\sol}{\Dsol}
If $f(t)=t^2$, then
\[
f(3)=\sol \mbox{ and } f(3)=\Dsol
\]

If f (t) = t2 , then
f (3) = 9 and f 0 (3) = 6

For all functions defined here, you must use the following syntax:
\functionname {hnumi}{h\cmd1 i}{h\cmd2 i}
being num a number (or a command whose value is a number), and \cmd1 and \cmd2 two
control sequence names where the values of the function and its derivative (in this number) will
be stored.
The key difference between this functions and the instructions defined in the calculator package is the inclusion of the derivative; for example, the \SQUARE{3}{\sol} instruction computes,
only, the square power of number 3, while \SQUAREfunction{3}{\sol}{\Dsol} finds, also, the
corresponding derivative.

Predefined functions

The calculus package predefines the most commonly used elementary functions, and includes
several utilities for defining new ones. The predefined functions are the following:
9 Do not spect any control about the existence or differentiability of the function; if the function or the
derivative are not well defined, a TEX error will occur.

23

\ZEROfunction
\IDENTITYfunction
\SQUAREfunction
\SQRTfunction
\EXPfunction
\COSfunction
\TANfunction
\COSHfunction
\TANHfunction
\HEAVISIDEfunction

f (t) = 0
f (t) = t
f (t) = t2
f (t) = t
f (t) = exp t
f (t) = cos t
f (t) = tan t
f (t) = cosh t
f (t) = (
tanh t
0 si t < 0
f (t) =
1 si t 0

\ONEfunction
\RECIPROCALfunction
\CUBEfunction

f (t) = 1
f (t) = 1/t
f (t) = t3

\LOGfunction
\SINfunction
\COTfunction
\SINHfunction
\COTHfunction

f (t) = log t
f (t) = sin t
f (t) = cot t
f (t) = sinh t
f (t) = coth t

The following functions are added in version 2.0 (new in version 2.0)
\ARCCOSfunction
\ARCTANfunction
\ARCOSHfunction
\ARTANHfunction

f (t) = arccos t
f (t) = arctan t
f (t) = arcosh t
f (t) = artanh t

\ARCSINfunction
\ARCCOTfunction
\ARSINHfunction
\ARCOTHfunction

f (t) = arcsin t
f (t) = arccot t
f (t) = arsinh t
f (t) = arcoth t

In the following example, we use the \LOGfunction function to compute a table of the log
function and its derivative.
Ex. 59
x
1
2
3
4
5
6

$\begin{array}{cll}
x & \log x & \log x \\
\LOGfunction{1}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
1 &\logx & \Dlogx\\
\LOGfunction{2}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
2 &\logx & \Dlogx\\
\LOGfunction{3}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
3 &\logx & \Dlogx\\
\LOGfunction{4}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
4 &\logx & \Dlogx\\
\LOGfunction{5}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
5 &\logx & \Dlogx\\
\LOGfunction{6}{\logx}{\Dlogx}
6 &\logx & \Dlogx
\end{array}$

log x
log0 x
0
1
0.69315 0.5
1.0986
0.33333
1.38629 0.25
1.60942 0.2
1.79176 0.16666

Operations with functions

We can define new functions using the following operations (the last argument is the name of
the new function):
\CONSTANTfunction{hnumi}{h\Functioni} defines \Function as the constant function num.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = 5 function:
\CONSTANTfunction{5}{\F}

24

\SUMfunction{h\function1 i}{h\function2 i} {h\Functioni} defines \Function as the sum of

functions \function1 and \function2.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = t2 + t3 function:
\SUMfunction{\SQUAREfunction}{\CUBEfunction}{\F}
\SUBTRACTfunction{h\function1 i}{h\function2 i} {h\Functioni} defines \Function as the difference of functions \function1 and \function2.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = t2 t3 function:
\SUBTRACTfunction{\SQUAREfunction}{\CUBEfunction}{\F}
\PRODUCTfunction{h\function1 i}{h\function2 i} {h\Functioni} defines \Function as the product of functions \function1 and \function2
Example. Definition of the F (t) = et cos t function:
\PRODUCTfunction{\EXPfunction}{\COSfunction}{\F}
\QUOTIENTfunction{h\function1 i}{h\function2 i} {h\Functioni} defines \Function as the quotient of functions \function1 and \function2.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = et / cos t function:
\QUOTIENTfunction{\EXPfunction}{\COSfunction}{\F}
\COMPOSITIONfunction{h\function1 i}{h\function2 i} {h\Functioni} defines \Function as the
composition of functions \function1 and \function2.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = ecos t function:
\COMPOSITIONfunction{\EXPfunction}{\COSfunction}{\F}
(note than \COMPOSITIONfunction{f}{g}{\F} means \F= f g).
\SCALEfunction{hnumi}{h\functioni}{h\Functioni} defines \Function as the product of number num and function \function.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = 3cos t function:
\SCALEfunction{3}{\COSfunction}{\F}
\SCALEVARIABLEfunction{hnumi}{h\functioni} {h\Functioni} scales the variable by factor
num and then applies the function \function.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = cos 3t function:
\SCALEVARIABLEfunction{3}{\COSfunction}{\F}
\POWERfunction{h\functioni}{hnumi}{h\Functioni} defines \Function as the power of function \function to the exponent num (a positive integer). Example. Definition of the
F (t) = t5 function:
\POWERfunction{\IDENTITYfunction}{5}{\F}

25

\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction{hnum1 i}{h\function1 i} {hnum2 i}{h\function2 i}{h\Functioni}

defines \Function as the linear combination of functions \function1 and \function2 multiplied, respectively, by numbers num1 and num2.
Example. Definition of the F (t) = 2t 3 cos t function:
\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction{2}{\IDENTITYfunction}{-3}{\COSfunction}{\F}
By combining properly this operations and the predefined functions, many elementary functions can be defined.
Ex. 60

% exp(-t)
\SCALEVARIABLEfunction
{-1}{\EXPfunction}
{\NEGEXPfunction}

If
f (t) = 3t2 2et cos t
then

% exp(-t)cos(t)
\PRODUCTfunction
{\NEGEXPfunction}
{\COSfunction}
{\NEGEXPCOSfunction}

f (5) = 74.99619
f 0 (5) = 29.99084

% 3t^2-2exp(-t)cos(t)
\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction
{3}{\SQUAREfunction}
{-2}{\NEGEXPCOSfunction}
{\myfunction}
\myfunction{5}{\sol}{\Dsol}
If
\[
f(t)=3t^2-2\mathrm{e}^{-t}\cos t
\]
then
\[
\begin{gathered}
f(5)=\sol\\
f(5)=\Dsol
\end{gathered}
\]

Polynomial functions

Although polynomial functions can be defined using linear combinations of power functions, to
facilitate our work, the calculus package includes the following commands to define more easily
the polynomials of 1, 2, and 3 degrees: \newlpoly (new linear polynomial), \newqpoly (new
quadratic polynomial), and \newcpoly (new cubic polynomial):
\newlpoly{h\Functioni}{hai}{hbi} stores the p(t) = a + b t function in the \Function command.
26

\newqpoly{h\Functioni} {hai}{hbi}{hci} stores the p(t) = a + b t + c t2 function in the

\Function command.
\newcpoly{h\Functioni}{hai}{hbi}{hci}{hd i} stores the p(t) = a + b t + c t2 + d t3 function in
the \Function command.
Ex. 61

% \mypoly=1-x^2+x^3
\newcpoly{\mypoly}{1}{0}{-1}{1}
\mypoly{2}{\sol}{\Dsol}
$p(2)=\Dsol$

p0 (2) = 8

These declarations behave similarly to to the declaration \newcommand: If the name you want to
assign to the new function is that of an already defined command, the calculus package returns
an error message and do not redefines this command. To obtain any alternative behavior, our
package includes three other sets of declarations:
\renewlpoly, \renewqpoly, \renewcpoly redefine the already existing command \Function .
If this command does not exist, then it is not defined and an error message occurs.
\ensurelpoly, \ensureqpoly, \ensurecpoly define a new function. If the command \Function
already exists, it is not redefined.
\forcelpoly, \forceqpoly, \forcecpoly define a new function. If the command \Function
already exists, it is redefined.

10

Vector-valued functions (or parametrically defined curves)

The instruction
\PARAMETRICfunction{h\Xfunctioni}{h\Yfunctioni} {h\myvectorfunctioni}
defines the new vector-valued function f (t) = (x(t), y(t)).
The first and second arguments are a pair of functions already defined and, the third, the
name of the new function we define. Once we have defined them, the new vector functions
requires five arguments:
\myvectorfunction {hnumi}{h\cmd1 i} {h\cmd2 i}{h\cmd3 i}{h\cmd4 i}
where
num is a number t,
\cmd1 and \cmd2 are two command names where the values of the x(t) function and its
derivative x0 (t) will be stored, and
\cmd3 and \cmd4 will store y(t) and y 0 (t).

27

In short, in this context, a vector function is a pair of scalar functions.

Instead of \PARAMETRICfunction we can use the alias \VECTORfunction.
Ex. 62

For the $f(t)=(t^2,t^3)$ function we have

\VECTORfunction
{\SQUAREfunction}{\CUBEfunction}{\F}

For the f (t) = (t2 , t3 ) function we have

\F{4}{\solx}{\Dsolx}{\soly}{\Dsoly}
0

f (4) = (16, 64), f (4) = (8, 48)

\[
f(4)=(\solx,\soly), f(4)=(\Dsolx,\Dsoly)
\]

11

Vector-valued functions in polar coordinates

The following instruction:

\POLARfunction{h\rfunctioni}{h\Polarfunctioni}
declares the vector function f () = (r() cos , r() sin ). The first argument is the r = r()
function, (an already defined function). For example, we can define the Archimedean spiral
r() = 0,5, as follows:
\SCALEfunction{0.5}{\IDENTITYfunction}{\rfunction}
\POLARfunction{\rfunction}{\archimedes}

12

Low-level instructions

Probably, many users of the package will not be interested in the implementation of the commands this package includes. If this is your case, you can ignore this section.

12.1

The \newfunction declaration and its variants

All the functions predefined by this package use the \newfunction declaration. This control
sequence works as follows:
\newfunction{h\Functioni}{hInstructions to compute \y and \Dy from \t i}
where the second argument is the list of the instructions you need to run to calculate the value
of the function \y and the derivative \Dy in the \t point.
For example, if you want to define the f (t) = t2 + et cos t function, whose derivative is
0
f (t) = 2t + et (cos t sin t), using the high-level instructions we defined earlier, you can write
the following instructions:
\PRODUCTfunction{\EXPfunction}{\COSfunction}{\ffunction}
\SUMfunction{\SQUAREfunction}{\ffunction}{\Ffunction}
But you can also define this function using the \newfunction command as follows:

28

\newfunction{\Ffunction}{%
\SQUARE{\t}{\tempA}
\EXP{\t}{\tempB}
\COS{\t}{\tempC}
\SIN{\t}{\tempD}
\MULTIPLY{2}{\t}{\tempE}
\MULTIPLY{\tempB}{\tempC}{\tempC}
\MULTIPLY{\tempB}{\tempD}{\tempD}
\ADD{\tempA}{\tempC}{\y}
\ADD{\tempE}{\tempC}{\tempC}
\SUBTRACT{\tempC}{\tempD}{\Dy}
}

%
%
%
%
%
%
%

A=t^2
B=e^t
C=cos(t)
D=sin(t)
E=2t
C=e^t cos(t)
D=e^t sin(t)
% y=t^2 + e^t cos(t)
% C=t^2 + e^t cos(t)
% y=t^2 + e^t cos(t) - e^t sin(t)

It must be said, however, that the \newfunction declaration behaves similarly to \newcommand
or \newlpoly: If the name you want to assign to the new function is that of an already defined command, the calculus package returns an error message and does not redefines this command. To obtain any alternative behavior, our package includes three other versions of the
\newfunction declarations: the \renewfunction, \ensurefunction and \forcefunction declarations. Each of these declarations behaves differently:
\newfunction defines a new function. If the command \Function already exists, it is not
redefined and an error message occurs.
\renewfunction redefines the already existing command \Function . If this command does
not exists, then it is not defined and an error message occurs.
\ensurefunction defines a new function. If the command \Function already exists, it is not
redefined.
\forcefunction defines a new function. If the command \Function already exists, it is redefined.

12.2

Vector functions and polar coordinates

You can (re)define a vector function f (t) = (x(t), y(t)) using the \newvectorfunction
declaration or any of its variants \renewvectorfunction, \ensurevectorfunction and
\forcevectorfunction:
\newvectorfunction{h\Functioni}{hInstructions to compute \x, \Dx, \y and \Dy from \t i}
For example, you can define the function f (t) = (t2 , t3 ) in the following way:
\newvectorfunction{\F}{%
\SQUARE{\t}{\x}
\MULTIPLY{2}{\t}{\Dx}
\CUBE{\t}{\y}
\MULTIPLY{3}{\x}{\Dy}
}

%
%
%
%

x=t^2
x=2t
y=t^3
y=3t^2

29

Finally, to define the r = r() function, in polar coordinates, we have the declarations
\newpolarfunction, \renewpolarfunction, \ensurepolarfunction and \forcepolarfunction.
\newpolarfunction{h\Functioni}{hInstructions to compute \r and \Dr from \t i}
For example, you can define the cardioide curve r() = 1+cos , using high level instructions,
\SUMfunction{\ONEfunction}{\COSfunction}{\ffunction} % y=1 + cos t
\POLARfunction{\ffunction}{\cardioide}
or, with the \newpolarfunction declaration,
\newpolarfunction{\cardioide}{%
\COS{\t}{\r}
\ADD{1}{\r}{\r}
% r=1+cos t
\SIN{\t}{\Dr}
\MULTIPLY{-1}{\Dr}{\Dr} % r=-sin t
}

Part III

Implementation
13

calculator

hcalculatori
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
3 \ProvidesPackage{calculator}[2014/02/20 v.2.0]

13.1

Internal lengths and special numbers

\cctr@lengtha and \cctr@lengthb will be used in internal calculations and comparisons.

4
5

\cctr@epsilon

\cctr@epsilon will store the closest to zero length in the TEX arithmetic: one scaled point
(1 sp = 1/65536 pt). This means the smallest positive number will be 0.00002 1/65536 =
1/216 .
6
7

\cctr@logmaxnum

\newdimen\cctr@lengtha
\newdimen\cctr@lengthb

\newdimen\cctr@epsilon
\cctr@epsilon=1sp

The largest TEX number is 16383.99998 214 ; \cctr@logmaxnum is the logarithm of this number, 9.704 log 16384.
8

\def\cctr@logmaxnum{9.704}

30

13.2

Warning messages

\def\cctr@Warndivzero#1#2{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
11
{Division by 0.\MessageBreak
12
I cant define #1/#2}}
9

10

13

\def\cctr@Warnnogcd{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
16
{gcd(0,0) is not well defined}}

14
15

17

\def\cctr@Warnnoposrad#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
20
{The argument in square root\MessageBreak
21
must be non negative\MessageBreak
22
I cant define sqrt(#1)}}

18
19

23

\def\cctr@Warnnointexp#1#2{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
26
{The exponent in power function\MessageBreak
27
must be an integer\MessageBreak
28
I cant define #1^#2}}
24
25

29

\def\cctr@Warnbigarcsin#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
32
{The argument in arcsin\MessageBreak
33
must be a number between -1 and 1\MessageBreak
34
I cant define arcsin(#1)}}
30
31

35

\def\cctr@Warnbigarccos#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
38
{The argument in arccos\MessageBreak
39
must be a number between -1 and 1\MessageBreak
40
I cant define arccos(#1)}}
36
37

41

\def\cctr@Warnsmallarcosh#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
44
{The argument in arcosh\MessageBreak
45
must be a number greater or equal than 1\MessageBreak
46
I cant define arcosh(#1)}}
42
43

47

\def\cctr@Warnbigartanh#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
50
{The argument in artanh\MessageBreak
51
must be a number between -1 and 1\MessageBreak
52
I cant define artanh(#1)}}
48
49

53

\def\cctr@Warnsmallarcoth#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
56
{The argument in arcoth\MessageBreak
57
must be a number greater than 1\MessageBreak
54
55

31

58
59

or smaller than -1\MessageBreak

I cant define arcoth(#1)}}

60

\def\cctr@Warnsingmatrix#1#2#3#4{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
63
{Matrix (#1 #2 ; #3 #4) is singular\MessageBreak
64
Its inverse is not defined}}
61
62

65

\def\cctr@WarnsingTDmatrix#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8#9{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
68
{Matrix (#1 #2 #3; #4 #5 #6; #7 #8 #9) is singular\MessageBreak
69
Its inverse is not defined}}

66
67

70
71
72

\def\cctr@WarnIncLinSys{\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
Incompatible linear system}}

73

\def\cctr@WarnIncTDLinSys{\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
Incompatible or indeterminate linear system\MessageBreak
76
For 3x3 systems I can solve only determinate systems}}
74
75
77

\def\cctr@WarnIndLinSys{\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
Indeterminate linear system.\MessageBreak
80
I will choose one of the infinite solutions}}
78
79
81

\def\cctr@WarnZeroLinSys{\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
0x=0 linear system. Every vector is a solution!\MessageBreak
84
I will choose the (0,0) solution}}
82
83
85

\def\cctr@Warninftan#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
88
Undefined tangent.\MessageBreak
89
The cosine of #1 is zero and, then,\MessageBreak
90
the tangent of #1 is not defined}}
86
87

91

\def\cctr@Warninfcotan#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
94
Undefined cotangent.\MessageBreak
95
The sine of #1 is zero and, then,\MessageBreak
96
the cotangent of #1 is not defined}}
92
93

97

\def\cctr@Warninfexp#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
100
The absolute value of the variable\MessageBreak
101
in the exponential function must be less than
102
\cctr@logmaxnum\MessageBreak
103
(the logarithm of the max number I know)\MessageBreak
104
I cant define exp(#1)}}
98
99

105
106
107

\def\cctr@Warninfexpb#1#2{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}{%

32

The base\MessageBreak
in the exponential function must be positive.
\MessageBreak
I cant define #1^(#2)}}

108
109
110
111
112

\def\cctr@Warninflog#1{%
\PackageWarning{calculator}{%
115
The value of the variable\MessageBreak
116
in the logarithm function must be positive\MessageBreak
117
I cant define log(#1)}}
113
114

118

\def\cctr@Warncrossprod(#1)(#2){%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
121
{Vector product only defined\MessageBreak
122
for 3 dimmensional vectors.\MessageBreak
123
I cant define (#1)x(#2)}}
119
120

124

\def\cctr@Warnnoangle(#1)(#2){%
\PackageWarning{calculator}%
127
{Angle between two vectors only defined\MessageBreak
128
for nonzero vectors.\MessageBreak
129
I cant define an angle between (#1) and (#2)}}
125

126

13.3

Operations with numbers

Assignements and comparisons

\COPY

\COPY{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines the #2 command as the number #1.

130

\GLOBALCOPY

Global version of \COPY. The new defined command #2 is not changed outside groups.
131

\@OUTPUTSOL

\def\GLOBALCOPY#1#2{\xdef#2{#1}\ignorespaces}

\@OUTPUTSOL{h#1 i}: an internal macro to save solutions when a group is closed.

The global c.s. \cctr@outa preserves solutions. Whenever we use any temporary parameters in the definition of an instruction, we use a group to ensure the local character of those
parameters. The instruction \@OUTPUTSOL is a bypass to export the solution.
132

\@OUTPUTSOLS

\def\COPY#1#2{\edef#2{#1}\ignorespaces}

\def\@OUTPUTSOL#1{\GLOBALCOPY{#1}{\cctr@outa}\endgroup\COPY{\cctr@outa}{#1}}

Analogous to \@OUTPUTSOL, preserving a pair of solutions.

\def\@OUTPUTSOLS#1#2{\GLOBALCOPY{#1}{\cctr@outa}
\GLOBALCOPY{#2}{\cctr@outb}\endgroup
135
\COPY{\cctr@outa}{#1}\COPY{\cctr@outb}{#2}}

133

134

\MAX

\MAX{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the maximum of numbers #1 and #2.
\def\MAX#1#2#3{%
\ifdim #1\p@ < #2\p@
138
\COPY{#2}{#3}\else\COPY{#1}{#3}\fi\ignorespaces}

136

137

33

\MIN

\MIN{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the minimum of numbers #1 and #2.
\def\MIN#1#2#3{%
\ifdim #1\p@ > #2\p@
141
\COPY{#2}{#3}\else\COPY{#1}{#3}\fi\ignorespaces}

139

140

Real arithmetic
\ABSVALUE

\ABSVALUE{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines the #2 command as the absolute value of number #1.
\def\ABSVALUE#1#2{%
\ifdim #1\p@<\z@
144
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#1}{#2}\else\COPY{#1}{#2}\fi}

142

143

Product, sum and difference

\MULTIPLY

\MULTIPLY{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the product of numbers #1 and
#2.
\def\MULTIPLY#1#2#3{\cctr@lengtha=#1\p@
\cctr@lengtha=#2\cctr@lengtha
147
\edef#3{\expandafter\strip@pt\cctr@lengtha}\ignorespaces}
145

146

\ADD

\ADD{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the sum of numbers #1 and #2.
\def\ADD#1#2#3{\cctr@lengtha=#1\p@
\cctr@lengthb=#2\p@
150
\advance\cctr@lengtha by \cctr@lengthb
151
\edef#3{\expandafter\strip@pt\cctr@lengtha}\ignorespaces}
148

149

\SUBTRACT

\SUBTRACT{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the difference of numbers #1 and
#2.
152

\def\SUBTRACT#1#2#3{\ADD{#1}{-#2}{#3}}

Divisions We define several kinds of divisions: the quotient of two real numbers, the integer
quotient, and the quotient of two lengths. The basic algorithm is a lightly modified version of
the Beccaris division.
\DIVIDE

\DIVIDE{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} defines the #3 command as the quotient of numbers #1 and
#2.
153
154

\def\DIVIDE#1#2#3{%
\begingroup

Absolute values of dividend and divisor

155
156

\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@tempD}
\ABSVALUE{#2}{\cctr@tempd}

The sign of quotient

157
158
159
160
161

\ifdim#1\p@<\z@\ifdim#2\p@>\z@\COPY{-1}{\cctr@sign}
\else\COPY{1}{\cctr@sign}\fi
\else\ifdim#2\p@>\z@\COPY{1}{\cctr@sign}
\else\COPY{-1}{\cctr@sign}\fi
\fi

34

Integer part of quotient

162
163

\@DIVIDE{\cctr@tempD}{\cctr@tempd}{\cctr@tempq}{\cctr@tempr}
\COPY{\cctr@tempq.}{\cctr@Q}

Fractional part up to five decimal places. \cctr@ndec is the number of decimal places already
computed.
164
165

\COPY{0}{\cctr@ndec}
\@whilenum \cctr@ndec<5 \do{%

Each decimal place is calculated by multiplying by 10 the last remainder and dividing it by the
divisor. But when the remainder is greater than 1638.3, an overflow occurs, because 16383.99998
is the greatest number. So, instead, we multiply the divisor by 0.1.
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174

\ifdim\cctr@tempr\p@<1638\p@
\MULTIPLY{\cctr@tempr}{10}{\cctr@tempD}
\else
\COPY{\cctr@tempr}{\cctr@tempD}
\MULTIPLY{\cctr@tempd}{0.1}{\cctr@tempd}
\fi
\@DIVIDE{\cctr@tempD}{\cctr@tempd}{\cctr@tempq}{\cctr@tempr}
\COPY{\cctr@Q\cctr@tempq}{\cctr@Q}
\ADD{1}{\cctr@ndec}{\cctr@ndec}}%

Adjust the sign and return the solution.

175
176

\@DIVIDE

The \@DIVIDE(h#1 i) (h#2 i)(h#3 i)(h#4 i) command computes #1/#2 and returns an integer
quotient (#3 ) and a real remainder (#4 ).
177
178
179
180

\@INTEGERDIVIDE

\MULTIPLY{\cctr@sign}{\cctr@Q}{#3}
\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\def\@DIVIDE#1#2#3#4{%
\@INTEGERDIVIDE{#1}{#2}{#3}
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#3}{#4}
\SUBTRACT{#1}{#4}{#4}}

\@INTEGERDIVIDE divides two numbers (not necessarily integer) and returns an integer (this is
the integer quotient only for nonnegative integers).
\def\@INTEGERDIVIDE#1#2#3{%
\cctr@lengtha=#1\p@
183
\cctr@lengthb=#2\p@
184
\ifdim\cctr@lengthb=\z@
185
\let#3\undefined
186
\cctr@Warndivzero#1#2%
187
\else
188
\divide\cctr@lengtha\cctr@lengthb
189
\COPY{\number\cctr@lengtha}{#3}
190
\fi\ignorespaces}
181

182

\LENGTHADD

The sum of two lengths. \LENGTHADD{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} stores in #3 the sum of the lenghts
#1 and #2 (#3 must be a length).
191

\def\LENGTHADD#1#2#3{\cctr@lengtha=#1

35

\cctr@lengthb=#2
\advance\cctr@lengtha by \cctr@lengthb
\setlength{#3}{\cctr@lengtha}\ignorespaces}

192
193
194

\LENGTHSUBTRACT

The difference of two lengths. \LENGTHSUBTRACT{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} stores in #3 the difference of the lenghts #1 and #2 (#3 must be a length).
195
196

\LENGTHDIVIDE

\def\LENGTHSUBTRACT#1#2#3{%
\LENGTHADD{#1}{-#2}{#3}}

The quotient of two lengths must be a number (not a length). For example, one inch over one
centimeter equals 2.54. \LENGTHDIVIDE{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} stores in #3 the quotient of the
lenghts #1 and #2.
\def\LENGTHDIVIDE#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
199
\cctr@lengtha=#1
200
\cctr@lengthb=#2
201
\edef\cctr@tempa{\expandafter\strip@pt\cctr@lengtha}%
202
\edef\cctr@tempb{\expandafter\strip@pt\cctr@lengthb}%
203
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempb}{#3}
204
\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
197
198

Powers
\SQUARE

\SQUARE{h#1 i}{h#2 i} stores #1 squared in #2.

205

\CUBE

\CUBE{h#1 i}{h#2 i} stores #1 cubed in #2.

206

\POWER

\def\SQUARE#1#2{\MULTIPLY{#1}{#1}{#2}}

\def\CUBE#1#2{\MULTIPLY{#1}{#1}{#2}\MULTIPLY{#2}{#1}{#2}}

\POWER{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} stores in #3 the power #1#2

\def\POWER#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
209
\INTEGERPART{#2}{\cctr@tempexp}
210
\ifdim \cctr@tempexp\p@<#2\p@
211
\cctr@Warnnointexp{#1}{#2}
212
\let#3\undefined
213
\else
207

208

This ensures that power will be defined only if the exponent is an integer.
214

\@POWER{#1}{#2}{#3}\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\def\@POWER#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
217
\ifdim #2\p@<\z@

215

216

For negative exponents, an = (1/a)n .

218
219
220
221

\DIVIDE{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#2}{\cctr@tempc}
\@POWER{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempc}{#3}
\else

36

222
223
224
225
226
227

\COPY{0}{\cctr@tempa}
\COPY{1}{#3}
\@whilenum \cctr@tempa<#2 \do {%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#3}{#3}
\ADD{1}{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempa}}%
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

Integer arithmetic and related things

\INTEGERDIVISION

\INTEGERDIVISION{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i}{h#4 i} computes the division #1/#2 and returns an
integer quotient and a positive remainder.
\def\INTEGERDIVISION#1#2#3#4{%
\begingroup
230
\ABSVALUE{#2}{\cctr@tempd}
231
\@DIVIDE{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}
232
\ifdim #4\p@<\z@
233
\ifdim #1\p@<\z@
234
\ifdim #2\p@<\z@
235
\ADD{#3}{1}{#3}
236
\else
237
\SUBTRACT{#3}{1}{#3}
238
\fi
239
\ADD{#4}{\cctr@tempd}{#4}
240
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOLS{#3}{#4}}
228

229

\MODULO

\MODULO{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} returns the remainder of division #1/#2.

\def\MODULO#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
243
\INTEGERDIVISION{#1}{#2}{\cctr@temp}{#3}\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
241

242

\INTEGERQUOTIENT

\INTEGERQUOTIENT{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} returns the integer quotient of division #1/#2.

\def\INTEGERQUOTIENT#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
246
\INTEGERDIVISION{#1}{#2}{#3}{\cctr@temp}\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
244

245

\INTEGERPART

\INTEGERPART{h#1 i}{h#2 i} returns the integer part of #2.

\def\@@INTEGERPART#1.#2.#3)#4{\ifnum #11=1 \COPY{0}{#4}
\else \COPY{#1}{#4}\fi}
249 \def\@INTEGERPART#1#2{\expandafter\@@INTEGERPART#1..){#2}}
250 \def\INTEGERPART#1#2{\begingroup
251
\ifdim #1\p@<\z@
252
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#1}{\cctr@temp}
253
\INTEGERPART{\cctr@temp}{#2}
254
\ifdim #2\p@<\cctr@temp\p@
255
\SUBTRACT{-#2}{1}{#2}
256
\else \COPY{-#2}{#2}
257
\fi
258
\else
259
\@INTEGERPART{#1}{#2}
260
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
247

248

37

\FLOOR

\FLOOR is an alias for \INTEGERPART.

261

\FRACTIONALPART

\let\FLOOR\INTEGERPART

\FRACTIONALPART{h#1 i}{h#2 i} returns the fractional part of #2.

\def\@@FRACTIONALPART#1.#2.#3)#4{\ifnum #2=11 \COPY{0}{#4}
\else \COPY{0.#2}{#4}\fi}
264 \def\@FRACTIONALPART#1#2{\expandafter\@@FRACTIONALPART#1..){#2}}
265 \def\FRACTIONALPART#1#2{\begingroup
266
\ifdim #1\p@<\z@
267
\INTEGERPART{#1}{\cctr@tempA}
268
\SUBTRACT{#1}{\cctr@tempA}{#2}
269
\else
270
\@FRACTIONALPART{#1}{#2}
271
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
262

263

\TRUNCATE

\TRUNCATE[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} truncates #2 to #1 (0, 1, 2 (default), 3 or 4) digits.

\def\TRUNCATE{\@ifnextchar[\@@TRUNCATE\@TRUNCATE}
\def\@TRUNCATE#1#2{\@@TRUNCATE[2]{#1}{#2}}
274 \def\@@TRUNCATE[#1]#2#3{%
275
\begingroup
276
\INTEGERPART{#2}{\cctr@tempa}
277
\ifdim \cctr@tempa\p@ = #2\p@
278
\expandafter\@@@TRUNCATE#2.00000)[#1]{#3}
279
\else
280
\expandafter\@@@TRUNCATE#200000.)[#1]{#3}
281
\fi
282
\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
283 \def\@@@TRUNCATE#1.#2#3#4#5#6.#7)[#8]#9{%
284
\ifcase #8
285
\COPY{#1}{#9}
286
\or\COPY{#1.#2}{#9}
287
\or\COPY{#1.#2#3}{#9}
288
\or\COPY{#1.#2#3#4}{#9}
289
\or\COPY{#1.#2#3#4#5}{#9}
290
\fi}
272

273

\ROUND

\ROUND[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} rounds #2 to #1 (0, 1, 2 (default), 3 or 4) digits.

\def\ROUND{\@ifnextchar[\@@ROUND\@ROUND}
\def\@ROUND#1#2{\@@ROUND[2]{#1}{#2}}
293 \def\@@ROUND[#1]#2#3{%
294
\begingroup
295
\ifdim#2\p@<\z@
296
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#2}{\cctr@temp}
297
\@@ROUND[#1]{\cctr@temp}{#3}\COPY{-#3}{#3}
298
\else
299
\@@TRUNCATE[#1]{#2}{\cctr@tempe}
300
\SUBTRACT{#2}{\cctr@tempe}{\cctr@tempc}
301
\POWER{10}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
302
\MULTIPLY{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempc}{\cctr@tempc}
303
\ifdim\cctr@tempc\p@<0.5\p@
291

292

38

304
305
306
307
308
309
310

\GCD

\else
\DIVIDE{1}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempb}
\ADD{\cctr@tempe}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempe}
\fi
\@@TRUNCATE[#1]{\cctr@tempe}{#3}
\fi
\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\GCD{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} Greatest common divisor, using the Euclidean algorithm
\def\GCD#1#2#3{%
\begingroup
313
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
314
\ABSVALUE{#2}{\cctr@tempb}
315
\MAX{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempc}
316
\MIN{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempa}
317
\COPY{\cctr@tempc}{\cctr@tempb}
318
\ifnum \cctr@tempa = 0
319
\ifnum \cctr@tempb = 0
320
\cctr@Warnnogcd
321
\let#3\undefined
322
\else
323
\COPY{\cctr@tempb}{#3}
324
\fi
325
\else
311
312

Euclidean algorithm: if c b (mod a) then gcd(b, a) = gcd(a, c). Iterating this property, we
obtain gcd(b, a) as the last nonzero residual.
326
327
328
329
330
331

\LCM

\@whilenum \cctr@tempa > \z@ \do {%

\COPY{\cctr@tempa}{#3}%
\MODULO{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempc}%
\COPY\cctr@tempa\cctr@tempb%
\COPY\cctr@tempc\cctr@tempa}
\fi\ignorespaces\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\LCM{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i} Least common multiple.

\def\LCM#1#2#3{%
\GCD{#1}{#2}{#3}%
334
\ifx #3\undefined \COPY{0}{#3}
335
\else
336
\DIVIDE{#1}{#3}{#3}
337
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#3}{#3}
338
\ABSVALUE{#3}{#3}
339
\fi}
332
333

\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY

\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY{h#1 i}{h#2 i}{h#3 i}{h#4 i} Fraction simplification: #3/#4 is the irreducible fraction equivalent to #1/#2.
\def\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY#1#2#3#4{%
\ifnum #1=\z@
342
\COPY{0}{#3}\COPY{1}{#4}
343
\else
340

341

39

344
345
346
347
348

\GCD{#1}{#2}{#3}%
\DIVIDE{#2}{#3}{#4}
\DIVIDE{#1}{#3}{#3}
\ifnum #4<0 \MULTIPLY{-1}{#4}{#4}\MULTIPLY{-1}{#3}{#3}\fi
\fi\ignorespaces}

Elementary functions
Square roots
\SQUAREROOT

\SQUAREROOT{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines #2 as the square root of #1, using the Newtons method:
xn+1 = xn (x2n #1)/(2xn ).
\def\SQUAREROOT#1#2{%
\begingroup
351
\ifdim #1\p@ = \z@
352
\COPY{0}{#2}
353
\else
354
\ifdim #1\p@ < \z@
355
\let#2\undefined
356
\cctr@Warnnoposrad{#1}%
357
\else
349

350

We take #1 as the initial approximation.

358

\COPY{#1}{#2}

\cctr@lengthb will be the difference of two successive iterations.

We start with \cctr@lengthb=5\p@ to ensure almost one iteration.
359

\cctr@lengthb=5\p@

Successive iterations
360

\@whilenum \cctr@lengthb>\cctr@epsilon \do {%

Copy the actual approximation to \cctr@tempw

361
362
363
364

\COPY{#2}{\cctr@tempw}
\DIVIDE{#1}{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempz}
\ADD{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempz}{\cctr@tempz}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempz}{2}{\cctr@tempz}

Now, \cctr@tempz is the new approximation.

365

\COPY{\cctr@tempz}{#2}

Finally, we store in \cctr@lengthb the difference of the two last approximations, finishing the
loop.
366
367
368
369
370
371

\SQRT

\SUBTRACT{#2}{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempw}
\cctr@lengthb=\cctr@tempw\p@%
\ifnum
\cctr@lengthb<\z@ \cctr@lengthb=-\cctr@lengthb
\fi}
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\SQRT is an alias for \SQUAREROOT.

372

\let\SQRT\SQUAREROOT

40

Trigonometric functions For a variable close enough to zero, the sine and tangent functions
are computed using some continued fractions. Then, all trigonometric functions are derived
from well-known formulas.
\SIN

\SIN{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Sine of #1.

373
374

\def\SIN#1#2{%
\begingroup

Exact sine for t {/2, /2, 3/2}

375
376
377
378
379
380

\ifdim #1\p@=-\numberHALFPI\p@ \COPY{-1}{#2}

\else
\ifdim #1\p@=\numberHALFPI\p@ \COPY{1}{#2}
\else
\ifdim #1\p@=\numberTHREEHALFPI\p@ \COPY{-1}{#2}
\else

If |t| > /2, change t to a smaller value.

\ifdim#1\p@<-\numberHALFPI\p@
\ADD{#1}{\numberTWOPI}{\cctr@tempb}
\SIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\else
\ifdim #1\p@<\numberHALFPI\p@

381
382
383
384
385

Compute the sine.

386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394

\@BASICSINE

\@BASICSINE{#1}{#2}
\else
\ifdim #1\p@<\numberTHREEHALFPI\p@
\SUBTRACT{\numberPI}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
\SIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\else
\SUBTRACT{#1}{\numberTWOPI}{\cctr@tempb}
\SIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\@BASICSINE{h#1 i}{h#2 i} applies this approximation:

x

sin x =

x2

1+
2 3 x2 +

2 3x2
4 5x2
4 5 x2 +
6 7 x2 +

\def\@BASICSINE#1#2{%
\begingroup
397
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
395

396

Exact sine of zero

398
399

\ifdim\cctr@tempa\p@=\z@ \COPY{0}{#2}
\else

For t very close to zero, sin t t.

400
401

\ifdim \cctr@tempa\p@<0.009\p@\COPY{#1}{#2}
\else

41

Compute the continued fraction.

402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412

\COS

\SQUARE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{42}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{1}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{#2}{\cctr@tempa}{#2}
\DIVIDE{#2}{20}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{1}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{#2}{\cctr@tempa}{#2}
\DIVIDE{#2}{6}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{1}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#1}{#2}
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\COS{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Cosine of #1 : cos t = sin(t + /2).

\def\COS#1#2{%
\begingroup
415
\ADD{\numberHALFPI}{#1}{\cctr@tempc}
416
\SIN{\cctr@tempc}{#2}\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

413

414

\TAN

\TAN{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Tangent of #1.

417
418

\def\TAN#1#2{%
\begingroup

Tangent is infinite for t = /2

419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426

\ifdim #1\p@=-\numberHALFPI\p@
\cctr@Warninftan{#1}
\let#2\undefined
\else
\ifdim #1\p@=\numberHALFPI\p@
\cctr@Warninftan{#1}
\let#2\undefined
\else

If |t| > /2, change t to a smaller value.

427
428
429
430
431

\ifdim #1\p@<-\numberHALFPI\p@
\ADD{#1}{\numberPI}{\cctr@tempb}
\TAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\else
\ifdim #1\p@<\numberHALFPI\p@

Compute the tangent.

432
433
434
435
436

\@BASICTAN{#1}{#2}
\else
\SUBTRACT{#1}{\numberPI}{\cctr@tempb}
\TAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

42

\@BASICTAN

\@BASICTAN{h#1 i}{h#2 i} applies this approximation:

tan x =

1
1
1

3
1
x

5
1
x

7
1
x

9
1
x

11
x

x

\def\@BASICTAN#1#2{%
\begingroup
439
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
437

438

Exact tangent of zero.

440
441

\ifdim\cctr@tempa\p@=\z@ \COPY{0}{#2}
\else

For t very close to zero, tan t t.

442
443
444

\ifdim\cctr@tempa\p@<0.04\p@
\COPY{#1}{#2}
\else

Compute the continued fraction.

445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461

\COT

\DIVIDE{#1}{11}{#2}
\DIVIDE{9}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{7}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{5}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{3}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\COT{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Cotangent of #1 : If cos t = 0 then cot t = 0; if tan t = 0 then cot t = .
Otherwise, cot t = 1/ tan t.
\def\COT#1#2{%
\begingroup
464
\COS{#1}{#2}
465
\ifdim #2\p@ = \z@
466
\COPY{0}{#2}
467
\else

462
463

43

468
469
470
471
472
473
474

\DEGtoRAD

\DEGtoRAD{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Convert degrees to radians.

475

\RADtoDEG

\def\DEGtoRAD#1#2{\DIVIDE{#1}{57.29578}{#2}}

\RADtoDEG{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Convert radians to degrees.

476

\REDUCERADIANSANGLE

\TAN{#1}{#2}
\ifdim #2\p@ = \z@
\cctr@Warninfcotan{#1}
\let#2\undefined
\else
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\def\RADtoDEG#1#2{\MULTIPLY{#1}{57.29578}{#2}}

Reduces to the trigonometrically equivalent arc in ], ].

\def\REDUCERADIANSANGLE#1#2{%
\COPY{#1}{#2}
479
\ifdim #1\p@ < -\numberPI\p@
480
\ADD{#1}{\numberTWOPI}{#2}
481
\REDUCERADIANSANGLE{#2}{#2}
482
\fi
483
\ifdim #1\p@ > \numberPI\p@
484
\SUBTRACT{#1}{\numberTWOPI}{#2}
485
\REDUCERADIANSANGLE{#2}{#2}
486
\fi
487
\ifdim #1\p@ = -180\p@ \COPY{\numberPI}{#2} \fi}
477

478

\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE

Reduces to the trigonometrically equivalent angle in ]180, 180].

\def\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE#1#2{%
\COPY{#1}{#2}
490
\ifdim #1\p@ < -180\p@
491
\ADD{#1}{360}{#2}
492
\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE{#2}{#2}
493
\fi
494
\ifdim #1\p@ > 180\p@
495
\SUBTRACT{#1}{360}{#2}
496
\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE{#2}{#2}
497
\fi
498
\ifdim #1\p@ = -180\p@ \COPY{180}{#2} \fi}
488

489

Trigonometric functions in degrees Four next commands compute trigonometric functions in degrees. By default, a circle has 360 degrees, but we can use an arbitrary number of
divisions using the optional argument of these commands.
\DEGREESSIN

\DEGREESSIN[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i}. Sine of #2 degrees.

499

\DEGREESCOS

\def\DEGREESSIN{\@ifnextchar[\@@DEGREESSIN\@DEGREESSIN}

\DEGREESCOS[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i}. Cosine of #2 degrees.

500

\def\DEGREESCOS{\@ifnextchar[\@@DEGREESCOS\@DEGREESCOS}

44

\DEGREESTAN

\DEGREESTAN[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i}. Tangent of #2 degrees.

501

\DEGREESCOT

\DEGREESCOT[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i}. Cotangent of #2 degrees.

502

\@DEGREESSIN

\def\DEGREESTAN{\@ifnextchar[\@@DEGREESTAN\@DEGREESTAN}

\def\DEGREESCOT{\@ifnextchar[\@@DEGREESCOT\@DEGREESCOT}

\@DEGREESSIN computes the sine in sexagesimal degrees.

\def\@DEGREESSIN#1#2{%
\begingroup
505
\ifdim #1\p@=-90\p@ \COPY{-1}{#2}
506
\else
507
\ifdim #1\p@=90\p@ \COPY{1}{#2}
508
\else
509
\ifdim #1\p@=270\p@ \COPY{-1}{#2}
510
\else
511
\ifdim#1\p@<-90\p@
512
\ADD{#1}{360}{\cctr@tempb}
513
\DEGREESSIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
514
\else
515
\ifdim #1\p@<90\p@
516
\DEGtoRAD{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
517
\@BASICSINE{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
518
\else
519
\ifdim #1\p@<270\p@
520
\SUBTRACT{180}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
521
\DEGREESSIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
522
\else
523
\SUBTRACT{#1}{360}{\cctr@tempb}
524
\DEGREESSIN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
525
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
503

504

\@DEGREESCOS

\@DEGREESCOS computes the cosine in sexagesimal degrees.

\def\@DEGREESCOS#1#2{%
\begingroup
528
\ADD{90}{#1}{\cctr@tempc}
529
\DEGREESSIN{\cctr@tempc}{#2}\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

526

527

\@DEGREESTAN

\@DEGREESTAN computes the tangent in sexagesimal degrees.

\def\@DEGREESTAN#1#2{%
\begingroup
532
\ifdim #1\p@=-90\p@
533
\cctr@Warninftan{#1}
534
\let#2\undefined
535
\else
536
\ifdim #1\p@=90\p@
537
\cctr@Warninftan{#1}
538
\let#2\undefined
539
\else
540
\ifdim #1\p@<-90\p@
541
\ADD{#1}{180}{\cctr@tempb} \DEGREESTAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}

530

531

45

542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549

\@DEGREESCOT

\else
\ifdim #1\p@<90\p@
\DEGtoRAD{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
\@BASICTAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\else
\SUBTRACT{#1}{180}{\cctr@tempb}
\DEGREESTAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\@DEGREESCOT computes the cotangent in sexagesimal degrees.

\def\@DEGREESCOT#1#2{%
\begingroup
552
\DEGREESCOS{#1}{#2}
553
\ifdim #2\p@ = \z@
554
\COPY{0}{#2}
555
\else
556
\DEGREESTAN{#1}{#2}
557
\ifdim #2\p@ = \z@
558
\cctr@Warninfcotan{#1}
559
\let#2\undefined
560
\else
561
\DIVIDE{1}{#2}{#2}
562
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

550

551

For an arbitrary number of degrees, we normalise to 360 degrees and, then, call the former
functions.
\@@DEGREESSIN

\@@DEGREESSIN computes the sine. A circle has #1 degrees.

563
564

\@@DEGREESCOS

\@@DEGREESCOS computes the sine. A circle has #1 degrees.

565
566

\@@DEGREESTAN

568

\def\@@DEGREESTAN[#1]#2#3{\@CONVERTDEG{#1}{#2}
\DEGREESTAN{\@DEGREES}{#3}}

\@@DEGREESCOT computes the sine. A circle has #1 degrees.

569
570

\@CONVERTDEG

\def\@@DEGREESCOS[#1]#2#3{\@CONVERTDEG{#1}{#2}
\DEGREESCOS{\@DEGREES}{#3}}

\@@DEGREESTAN computes the sine. A circle has #1 degrees.

567

\@@DEGREESCOT

\def\@@DEGREESSIN[#1]#2#3{\@CONVERTDEG{#1}{#2}
\@DEGREESSIN{\@DEGREES}{#3}}

\def\@@DEGREESCOT[#1]#2#3{\@CONVERTDEG{#1}{#2}
\DEGREESCOT{\@DEGREES}{#3}}

\@CONVERTDEG normalises to sexagesimal degrees.

571
572

\def\@CONVERTDEG#1#2{\DIVIDE{#2}{#1}{\@DEGREES}
\MULTIPLY{\@DEGREES}{360}{\@DEGREES}}

46

Exponential functions
\EXP

\EXP[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} computes the exponential #3 = #1#2 . Default for #1 is number
e.
573

\@@EXP

\def\EXP{\@ifnextchar[\@@EXP\@EXP}

\@@EXP[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} computes #3 = #1#2

574
575

\def\@@EXP[#1]#2#3{%
\begingroup

#1 must be a positive number.

576
577
578
579

\ifdim #1\p@<\cctr@epsilon
\cctr@Warninfexpb{#1}{#2}
\let#3\undefined
\else

ab = exp(b log a).

580
581
582
583

\@EXP

\LOG{#1}{\cctr@log}
\MULTIPLY{#2}{\cctr@log}{\cctr@log}
\@EXP{\cctr@log}{#3}
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\@EXP{h#1 i}{h#2 i} computes #3 = e#2

\def\@EXP#1#2{%
\begingroup
586
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@absval}

584

585

If |t| is greater than \cctr@logmaxnum then exp t is too large.

587
588
589
590
591

\ifdim \cctr@absval\p@>\cctr@logmaxnum\p@
\cctr@Warninfexp{#1}
\let#2\undefined
\else
\ifdim #1\p@ < \z@
2

We call \@BASICEXP when t [6, 3]. Otherwise we use the equality exp t = (exp t/2) .
\ifdim #1\p@ > -6.00002\p@
\@BASICEXP{#1}{#2}
594
\else
595
\DIVIDE{#1}{2}{\cctr@expt}
596
\@EXP{\cctr@expt}{\cctr@expy}
597
\SQUARE{\cctr@expy}{#2}
598
\fi
599
\else
600
\ifdim #1\p@ < 3.00002\p@
601
\@BASICEXP{#1}{#2}
602
\else
603
\DIVIDE{#1}{2}{\cctr@expt}
604
\@EXP{\cctr@expt}{\cctr@expy}
605
\SQUARE{\cctr@expy}{#2}
606
\fi
607 \fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

592

593

47

\@BASICEXP

\@BASICEXP{h#1 i}{h#2 i} applies this approximation:

2x

exp x 1 +
2x+

x2 /6
x2 /60
1+
x2 /140
1+
x2 /256
1+
x2
1+
396

\def\@BASICEXP#1#2{%
\begingroup
610
\SQUARE{#1}\cctr@tempa
611
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{396}{#2}
612
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
613
\DIVIDE\cctr@tempa{#2}{#2}
614
\DIVIDE{#2}{256}{#2}
615
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
616
\DIVIDE\cctr@tempa{#2}{#2}
617
\DIVIDE{#2}{140}{#2}
618
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
619
\DIVIDE\cctr@tempa{#2}{#2}
620
\DIVIDE{#2}{60}{#2}
621
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
622
\DIVIDE\cctr@tempa{#2}{#2}
623
\DIVIDE{#2}{6}{#2}
624
\ADD{2}{#2}{#2}
625
\SUBTRACT{#2}{#1}{#2}
626
\DIVIDE{#1}{#2}{#2}
627
\MULTIPLY{2}{#2}{#2}
628
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
608

609

Hyperbolic functions
\COSH

\COSH. Hyperbolic cosine: cosh t = (exp t + exp(t))/2.

\def\COSH#1#2{%
\begingroup
631
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@absval}
632
\ifdim \cctr@absval\p@>\cctr@logmaxnum\p@
633
\cctr@Warninfexp{#1}
634
\let#2\undefined
635
\else
636
\EXP{#1}{\cctr@expx}
637
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#1}{\cctr@minust}
638
\EXP{\cctr@minust}{\cctr@expminusx}
639
\ADD{\cctr@expx}{\cctr@expminusx}{#2}
640
\DIVIDE{#2}{2}{#2}
641
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
629

630

48

\SINH

\SINH. Hyperbolic sine: sinh t = (exp t exp(t))/2.

\def\SINH#1#2{%
\begingroup
644
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@absval}
645
\ifdim \cctr@absval\p@>\cctr@logmaxnum\p@
646
\cctr@Warninfexp{#1}
647
\let#2\undefined
648
\else
649
\EXP{#1}{\cctr@expx}
650
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#1}{\cctr@minust}
651
\EXP{\cctr@minust}{\cctr@expminusx}
652
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@expx}{\cctr@expminusx}{#2}
653
\DIVIDE{#2}{2}{#2}
654
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
642

643

\TANH

\TANH. Hyperbolic tangent: tanh t = sinh t/cosh t.

\def\TANH#1#2{%
\begingroup
657
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@absval}
658
\ifdim \cctr@absval\p@>\cctr@logmaxnum\p@
659
\cctr@Warninfexp{#1}
660
\let#2\undefined
661
\else
662
\SINH{#1}{\cctr@tanhnum}
663
\COSH{#1}{\cctr@tanhden}
664
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tanhnum}{\cctr@tanhden}{#2}
665
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
655

656

\COTH

\COTH. Hyperbolic cotangent coth t = cosh t/sinh t.

\def\COTH#1#2{%
\begingroup
668
\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@absval}
669
\ifdim \cctr@absval\p@>\cctr@logmaxnum\p@
670
\cctr@Warninfexp{#1}
671
\let#2\undefined
672
\else
673
\SINH{#1}{\cctr@tanhden}
674
\COSH{#1}{\cctr@tanhnum}
675
\DIVIDE\cctr@tanhnum\cctr@tanhden{#2}
676
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
666

667

Logarithm
\LOG

\LOG[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} computes the logarithm #3 = log#1 #2. Default for #1 is number
e.
677

\@LOG

\def\LOG{\@ifnextchar[\@@LOG\@LOG}

\@LOG{h#1 i}{h#2 i} computes #2 = log #1

678
679

\def\@LOG#1#2{%
\begingroup

49

The argument t must be positive.

680
681
682
683
684

\ifdim #1\p@<\cctr@epsilon
\cctr@Warninflog{#1}
\let#2\undefined
\else
\ifdim #1\p@ > \numberETWO\p@

If t > e2 , log t = log e + log(t/e) = 1 + log(t/e)

685
686
687
688
689

\DIVIDE{#1}{\numberE}{\cctr@ae}
\@LOG{\cctr@ae}{#2}
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
\else
\ifdim #1\p@ < 1\p@

If t < 1, log t = log(1/e) + log(te) = 1 + log(te)

690
691
692
693

\MULTIPLY{\numberE}{#1}{\cctr@ae}
\LOG{\cctr@ae}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{#2}{1}{#2}
\else

For t [1, e2 ] we call \@@BASICLOG.

694
695

\@@LOG

\@BASICLOG{#1}{#2}
\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\@@LOG[h#1 i]{h#2 i}{h#3 i} computes #3 = log#1 #2 = log(#2)/ log(#1)

\def\@@LOG[#1]#2#3{\begingroup
\@LOG{#1}{\cctr@loga}
698
\@LOG{#2}{\cctr@logx}
699
\DIVIDE{\cctr@logx}{\cctr@loga}{#3}\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
696

697

\@BASICLOG

\@BASICLOG{h#1 i}{h#2 i} applies the Newtons method to calculate x = log t:

xn+1 = xn +

t
exn

\def\@BASICLOG#1#2{\begingroup
% We take $\textit{\#1}-1$ as the initial approximation.
702 %
\begin{macrocode}
703
\SUBTRACT{#1}{1}{\cctr@tempw}
700

701

We start with \cctr@lengthb=5\p@ to ensure almost one iteration.

704

\cctr@lengthb=5\p@%

Successive iterations
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712

\@whilenum \cctr@lengthb>\cctr@epsilon \do {%

\COPY{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempoldw}
\EXP{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempxw}
\DIVIDE{#1}{\cctr@tempxw}{\cctr@tempxw}
\ADD{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempxw}{\cctr@tempw}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempw}{1}{\cctr@tempw}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempoldw}{\cctr@tempdif}
\cctr@lengthb=\cctr@tempdif\p@%

50

713
714
715
716

\ifnum
\cctr@lengthb<\z@ \cctr@lengthb=-\cctr@lengthb
\fi}%
\COPY{\cctr@tempw}{#2}\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

Inverse trigonometric functions

\ARCSIN

\ARCSIN{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines #2 as the arcsin of #1, using the Newtons method: xn+1 =
xn (sin xn #1)/(cos xn ).
\def\ARCSIN#1#2{%
\begingroup
719
\ifdim #1\p@ = \z@
720
\COPY{0}{#2}
721
\else
722
\ifdim #1\p@ = 1\p@
723
\COPY{\numberHALFPI}{#2}
724
\else
725
\ifdim #1\p@ = -1\p@
726
\COPY{-\numberHALFPI}{#2}
727
\else
728
\ifdim #1\p@ > 1\p@
729
\let#2\undefined
730
\cctr@Warnbigarcsin{#1}
731
\else
732
\ifdim #1\p@ < -1\p@
733
\let#2\undefined
734
\cctr@Warnbigarcsin{#1}
735
\else
717
718

If x is close to 1 we use arcsin x = /2 2 arcsin

736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743

p
(1 x)/2

\ifdim #1\p@ >0.89\p@

\SUBTRACT{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempx}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempx}{2}{\cctr@tempx}
\SQRT{\cctr@tempx}{\cctr@tempxx}
\ARCSIN{\cctr@tempxx}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{2}{#2}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{\numberHALFPI}{#2}{#2}
\else

Symmetrically, for x close to 1, arcsin x = /2 + 2 arcsin

744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751

\ifdim #1\p@ <-0.89\p@

\ADD{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempx}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempx}{2}{\cctr@tempx}
\SQRT{\cctr@tempx}{\cctr@tempxx}
\ARCSIN{\cctr@tempxx}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{2}{#2}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{#2}{\numberHALFPI}{#2}
\else

We take #1 as the initial approximation.

752

p
(1 + x)/2

\COPY{#1}{#2}

51

If 0.4 t 0.4 then arcsin x x is a good approximation. Else, we apply the Newton method
753
754
755

\ABSVALUE{#1}{\cctr@tempy}
\ifdim \cctr@tempy\p@ < 0.04\p@
\else

\cctr@lengthb will be the difference of two successive iterations, and \cctr@tempoldy,

\cctr@tempy will be the two last iterations.
We start with \cctr@lengthb=5\p@ and \cctr@tempy=16383 to ensure almost one iteration.
756
757

\cctr@lengthb=5\p@
\COPY{16383}{\cctr@tempy}

Successive iterations
758

\@whilenum \cctr@lengthb>\cctr@epsilon \do {%

Copy the actual approximation to \cctr@tempw

759
760
761
762
763
764
765

\COPY{#2}{\cctr@tempw}
\COPY{\cctr@tempy}{\cctr@tempoldy}
\SIN{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempz}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempz}{#1}{\cctr@tempz}
\COS{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempy}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempz}{\cctr@tempy}{\cctr@tempz}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempz}{\cctr@tempz}

Now, \cctr@tempz is the new approximation.

766

\COPY{\cctr@tempz}{#2}

Finally, we store in \cctr@lengthb the difference of the two last approximations, finishing the
loop.
767
768
769
770
771
772

\ARCCOS

\SUBTRACT{#2}{\cctr@tempw}{\cctr@tempy}
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@tempy}{\cctr@tempy}
\cctr@lengthb=\cctr@tempy\p@%
\ifdim\cctr@tempy\p@=\cctr@tempoldy\p@
\cctr@lengthb=\z@
\fi}\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\ARCCOS{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines #2 as the arccos of #1, using the well know relation arccos x =
/2 arcsin x.
\def\ARCCOS#1#2{%
\begingroup
775
\ifdim #1\p@ = \z@
776
\COPY{\numberHALFPI}{#2}
777
\else
778
\ifdim #1\p@ = 1\p@
779
\COPY{0}{#2}
780
\else
781
\ifdim #1\p@ = -1\p@
782
\COPY{\numberPI}{#2}
783
\else
784
\ifdim #1\p@ > 1\p@
785
\let#2\undefined
786
\cctr@Warnbigarccos{#1}
787
\else
773

774

52

788
789
790
791
792
793
794

\ARCTAN

\ifdim #1\p@ < -1\p@

\let#2\undefined
\cctr@Warnbigarccos{#1}
\else
\ARCSIN{#1}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{\numberHALFPI}{#2}{#2}
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\ARCTAN{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. arctan of #1.

795
796

\def\ARCTAN#1#2{%
\begingroup

If |t| > 1, compute arctan x using arctan x = sign(x)/2 arctan(1/x).

\ifdim#1\p@<-1\p@
\DIVIDE{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
\ARCTAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{-\numberHALFPI}{#2}{#2}
\else
\ifdim#1\p@>1\p@
\DIVIDE{1}{#1}{\cctr@tempb}
\ARCTAN{\cctr@tempb}{#2}
\SUBTRACT{\numberHALFPI}{#2}{#2}
\else

797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806

For 1 x 1 call \@BASICARCTAN.

\@BASICARCTAN{#1}{#2}
\fi
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

807
808
809

\@BASICARCTAN

\@BASICARCTAN{h#1 i}{h#2 i} applies this approximation:

x

arctan x =
1+

810
811

x2
(2x)2
3+
(3x)2
5+
(4x)2
7+
9 +

\def\@BASICARCTAN#1#2{%
\begingroup

Exact arctan of zero

812
813

\ifdim#1\p@=\z@ \COPY{0}{#2}
\else

Compute the continued fraction.

814
815
816
817
818

\SQUARE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\MULTIPLY{64}{\cctr@tempa}{#2}
\ADD{15}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{49}{#2}{#2}

53

819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838

\ARCCOT

\ADD{13}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{36}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{11}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{25}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{9}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{16}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{7}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{9}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{5}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\MULTIPLY{4}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{3}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempa}{#2}{#2}
\ADD{1}{#2}{#2}
\DIVIDE{#1}{#2}{#2}
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\ARCCOT{h#1 i}{h#2 i} defines #2 as the arccot of #1, using the well know relation arccot x =
/2 arctan x.
\def\ARCCOT#1#2{%
\begingroup
841
\ARCTAN{#1}{#2}
842
\SUBTRACT{\numberHALFPI}{#2}{#2}
843
\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
839

840

Inverse hyperbolic functions

\ARSINH

\ARSINH{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Inverse hyperbolic sine of #1 : arsinh x = log x +

1 + x2

\def\ARSINH#1#2{%
\begingroup
846
\SQUARE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
847
\ADD{1}{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempa}
848
\SQRT{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempb}
849
\ADD{#1}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempb}
850
\LOG\cctr@tempb{#2}
851
\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

844

845

\ARCOSH

\ARCOSH{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Inverse hyperbolic sine of #1 : arcosh x = log x +

852
853

\def\ARCOSH#1#2{%
\begingroup

If x < 1, this function is no defined

854
855
856
857

\ifdim#1\p@<1\p@
\let#2\undefined
\cctr@Warnsmallarcosh{#1}
\else

54

x2 1

858
859
860
861
862
863

\ARTANH

\SQUARE{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SUBTRACT{\cctr@tempa}{1}{\cctr@tempa}
\SQRT{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempb}
\ADD{#1}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempb}
\LOG\cctr@tempb{#2}
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\ARTANH{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Inverse hyperbolic tangent of #1 : artanh x =

\def\ARTANH#1#2{%
865
\begingroup

864

If |x| 1, this function is no defined

866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882

\ARCOTH

\ifdim#1\p@<-0.99998\p@
\let#2\undefined
\cctr@Warnbigartanh{#1}
\else
\ifdim#1\p@>0.99998\p@
\let#2\undefined
\cctr@Warnbigartanh{#1}
\else
\COPY{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\ADD1\cctr@tempa\cctr@tempb
\SUBTRACT1\cctr@tempa\cctr@tempc
\LOG\cctr@tempb\cctr@tempB
\LOG\cctr@tempc\cctr@tempC
\SUBTRACT\cctr@tempB\cctr@tempC{#2}
\DIVIDE{#2}{2}{#2}
\fi
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

\ARCOTH{h#1 i}{h#2 i}. Inverse hyperbolic cotangent of #1 :

arcoth x = sign(x) 12 log ((x + 1) log(x 1))
883
884

\def\ARCOTH#1#2{%
\begingroup

If |x| 1, this function is no defined

885
886
887
888
889
890

\ifdim#1\p@>-0.99998\p@
\ifdim#1\p@<0.99998\p@
\let#2\undefined
\cctr@Warnsmallarcoth{#1}
\else
\ifdim#1\p@>\p@

For x > 1, calcule arcoth x =

891
892
893
894
895
896
897

1
2

log ((x + 1) log(x 1))

\COPY{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\ADD1\cctr@tempa\cctr@tempb
\SUBTRACT\cctr@tempa1\cctr@tempc
\LOG\cctr@tempb\cctr@tempB
\LOG\cctr@tempc\cctr@tempC
\SUBTRACT\cctr@tempB\cctr@tempC{#2}
\DIVIDE{#2}{2}{#2}

55

1
2

log ((1 + x) log(1 x))

\else
\fi
\fi
\else

898
899
900
901

For x < 1, calcule artanh(x)

\MULTIPLY{-1}{#1}{\cctr@tempa}
\ARCOTH{\cctr@tempa}{#2}
\COPY{-#2}{#2}
\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}

902
903
904
905

13.4

Matrix arithmetics

Vector operations
\VECTORSIZE

The size of a vector is 2 or 3. \VECTORSIZE(h#1 i){h#2 i} stores in #2 the size of (h#1 i).
Almost all vector commands needs to know the vector size.
\def\VECTORSIZE(#1)#2{\expandafter\@VECTORSIZE(#1,,){#2}}
\def\@VECTORSIZE(#1,#2,#3,#4)#5{\ifx$#3$\COPY{2}{#5}
908
\else\COPY{3}{#5}\fi\ignorespaces}
906

907

\VECTORCOPY

\VECTORCOPY(h#1,#2 i)(h#3,#4 i) stores #1 and #2 in #3 and #4.

\VECTORCOPY(h#1,#2,#3 i)(h#4,#5#6 i) stores #1, #2 and #3 in #4 and #5 and #6.
909
910

\def\@@VECTORCOPY(#1,#2)(#3,#4){%
\COPY{#1}{#3}\COPY{#2}{#4}}

911
912
913

\def\@@@VECTORCOPY(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6){%
\COPY{#1}{#4}\COPY{#2}{#5}\COPY{#3}{#6}}

914

\def\VECTORCOPY(#1)(#2){%
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
917
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
918
\@@VECTORCOPY(#1)(#2)
919
\else \@@@VECTORCOPY(#1)(#2)\fi}
915

916

\VECTORGLOBALCOPY

\VECTORGLOBALCOPY is the global version of \VECTORCOPY

920
921

\def\@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2)(#3,#4){%
\GLOBALCOPY{#1}{#3}\GLOBALCOPY{#2}{#4}}

922
923
924

\def\@@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6){%
\GLOBALCOPY{#1}{#4}\GLOBALCOPY{#2}{#5}\GLOBALCOPY{#3}{#6}}

925

\def\VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2){%
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
928
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
929
\@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2)
930
\else \@@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2)\fi}
926

927

\@OUTPUTVECTOR
931

\def\@@OUTPUTVECTOR(#1,#2){%

56

932
933

\VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2)(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb)
\endgroup\VECTORCOPY(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb)(#1,#2)}

934

\def\@@@OUTPUTVECTOR(#1,#2,#3){%
\VECTORGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2,#3)(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb,\cctr@outc)
937
\endgroup\VECTORCOPY(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb,\cctr@outc)(#1,#2,#3)}

935

936
938

\def\@OUTPUTVECTOR(#1){\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
941
\@@OUTPUTVECTOR(#1)
942
\else \@@@OUTPUTVECTOR(#1)\fi}
939

940

\SCALARPRODUCT

Scalar product of two vectors.

\def\@@SCALARPRODUCT(#1,#2)(#3,#4)#5{%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#3}{#5}
945
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#4}\cctr@tempa
946
\ADD{#5}{\cctr@tempa}{#5}}
943
944

947

\def\@@@SCALARPRODUCT(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6)#7{%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#4}{#7}
950
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#5}\cctr@tempa
951
\ADD{#7}{\cctr@tempa}{#7}
952
\MULTIPLY{#3}{#6}\cctr@tempa
953
\ADD{#7}{\cctr@tempa}{#7}}
948

949

954

\def\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#2)#3{%
\begingroup
957
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
958
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
959
\@@SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#2){#3}
960
\else \@@@SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#2){#3}\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

955

956

\DOTPRODUCT

\DOTPRODUCT is an alias for \SCALARPRODUCT.

961

\VECTORPRODUCT

\let\DOTPRODUCT\SCALARPRODUCT

Vector product of two (three dimensional) vectors.

\def\@@VECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3,#4){%
\let#3\undefined
964
\let#4\undefined
965
\cctr@Warncrossprod(#1)(#2)}

962
963

966

\def\@@@VECTORPRODUCT(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6)(#7,#8,#9){%
\DETERMINANT(#2,#3;#5,#6){#7}
969
\DETERMINANT(#3,#1;#6,#4){#8}
970
\DETERMINANT(#1,#2;#4,#5){#9}}
967

968

971

\def\VECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
974
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}

972

973

57

975
976
977

\CROSSPRODUCT

\CROSSPRODUCT is an alias for \VECTORPRODUCT.

978

\VECTORADD

\ifnum\cctr@size=2
\@@VECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)
\else \@@@VECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}

\let\CROSSPRODUCT\VECTORPRODUCT

Sum of two vectors.

\def\@@VECTORADD(#1,#2)(#3,#4)(#5,#6){%
\ADD{#1}{#3}{#5}
981
\ADD{#2}{#4}{#6}}
979

980

982

\def\@@@VECTORADD(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6)(#7,#8,#9){%
\ADD{#1}{#4}{#7}
985
\ADD{#2}{#5}{#8}
986
\ADD{#3}{#6}{#9}}
983

984

987

\def\VECTORADD(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
990
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
991
\@@VECTORADD(#1)(#2)(#3)
992
\else \@@@VECTORADD(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi}

988

989

\VECTORSUB

Difference of two vectors.

993
994

\def\@@VECTORSUB(#1,#2)(#3,#4)(#5,#6){%
\VECTORADD(#1,#2)(-#3,-#4)(#5,#6)}

995
996
997

\def\@@@VECTORSUB(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6)(#7,#8,#9){%
\VECTORADD(#1,#2,#3)(-#4,-#5,-#6)(#7,#8,#9)}

998

\def\VECTORSUB(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1001
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1002
\@@VECTORSUB(#1)(#2)(#3)
1003
\else \@@@VECTORSUB(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi}
999

1000

\VECTORABSVALUE

Absolute value of a each entry of a vector.

1004
1005

\def\@@VECTORABSVALUE(#1,#2)(#3,#4){%
\ABSVALUE{#1}{#3}\ABSVALUE{#2}{#4}}

1006
1007
1008

\def\@@@VECTORABSVALUE(#1,#2,#3)(#4,#5,#6){%
\ABSVALUE{#1}{#4}\ABSVALUE{#2}{#5}\ABSVALUE{#3}{#6}}

1009

\def\VECTORABSVALUE(#1)(#2){%
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1012
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1013
\@@VECTORABSVALUE(#1)(#2)
1014
\else \@@@VECTORABSVALUE(#1)(#2)\fi}
1010

1011

\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT

Scalar-vector product.

58

\def\@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT#1(#2,#3)(#4,#5){%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#2}{#4}
1017
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#3}{#5}}
1015

1016

1018

\def\@@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT#1(#2,#3,#4)(#5,#6,#7){%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#2}{#5}
1021
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#3}{#6}
1022
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#4}{#7}}
1019

1020

1023

\def\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT#1(#2)(#3){%
\VECTORSIZE(#2){\cctr@size}
1026
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1027
\@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(#3)
1028
\else \@@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(#3)\fi}
1024

1025

\VECTORNORM

Euclidean norm of a vector.

\def\VECTORNORM(#1)#2{%
\begingroup
1031
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#1){\cctr@temp}
1032
\SQUAREROOT{\cctr@temp}{#2}\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
1029

1030

\UNITVECTOR

Unitary vector parallel to a given vector.

\def\UNITVECTOR(#1)(#2){%
\begingroup
1035
\VECTORNORM(#1){\cctr@tempa}
1036
\DIVIDE{1}{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempa}
1037
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{\cctr@tempa}(#1)(#2)\@OUTPUTVECTOR(#2)}
1033

1034

\TWOVECTORSANGLE

Angle between two vectors.

\def\TWOVECTORSANGLE(#1)(#2)#3{%
\begingroup
1040
\VECTORNORM(#1){\cctr@tempa}
1041
\VECTORNORM(#2){\cctr@tempb}
1042
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#2){\cctr@tempc}
1043
\ifdim \cctr@tempa\p@ =\z@
1044
\let#3\undefined
1045
\cctr@Warnnoangle(#1)(#2)
1046
\else
1047
\ifdim \cctr@tempb\p@ =\z@
1048
\let#3\undefined
1049
\cctr@Warnnoangle(#1)(#2)
1050
\else
1051
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempc}{\cctr@tempa}{\cctr@tempc}
1052
\DIVIDE{\cctr@tempc}{\cctr@tempb}{\cctr@tempc}
1053
\ARCCOS{\cctr@tempc}{#3}
1054
\fi\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#3}}
1038

1039

Matrix operations
Here, we need to define some internal macros to simulate commands with more than nine
arguments.
59

\@TDMATRIXCOPY

This command copies a 3 3 matrix to the commands \cctr@solAA, \cctr@solAB, . . . ,

\cctr@solCC.
\def\@TDMATRIXCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\COPY{#1}{\cctr@solAA}
1057
\COPY{#2}{\cctr@solAB}
1058
\COPY{#3}{\cctr@solAC}
1059
\COPY{#4}{\cctr@solBA}
1060
\COPY{#5}{\cctr@solBB}
1061
\COPY{#6}{\cctr@solBC}
1062
\COPY{#7}{\cctr@solCA}
1063
\COPY{#8}{\cctr@solCB}
1064
\COPY{#9}{\cctr@solCC}}
1055

1056

\@TDMATRIXSOL

This command copies the commands \cctr@solAA, \cctr@solAB, . . . , \cctr@solCC to a 3 3

matrix. This macro is used to store the results of a matrix operation.
\def\@TDMATRIXSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\COPY{\cctr@solAA}{#1}
1067
\COPY{\cctr@solAB}{#2}
1068
\COPY{\cctr@solAC}{#3}
1069
\COPY{\cctr@solBA}{#4}
1070
\COPY{\cctr@solBB}{#5}
1071
\COPY{\cctr@solBC}{#6}
1072
\COPY{\cctr@solCA}{#7}
1073
\COPY{\cctr@solCB}{#8}
1074
\COPY{\cctr@solCC}{#9}}
1065

1066

\@TDMATRIXGLOBALSOL
\def\@TDMATRIXGLOBALSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solAA}{#1}
1077
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solAB}{#2}
1078
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solAC}{#3}
1079
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solBA}{#4}
1080
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solBB}{#5}
1081
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solBC}{#6}
1082
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solCA}{#7}
1083
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solCB}{#8}
1084
\GLOBALCOPY{\cctr@solCC}{#9}}
1075
1076

\@TDMATRIXNOSOL

This command undefines a 3 3 matrix when a matrix problem has no solution.

\def\@TDMATRIXNOSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\let#1\undefined
1087
\let#2\undefined
1088
\let#3\undefined
1089
\let#4\undefined
1090
\let#5\undefined
1091
\let#6\undefined
1092
\let#7\undefined
1093
\let#8\undefined
1094
\let#9\undefined
1095
}
1085

1086

60

\@@TDMATRIXSOL

This command stores or undefines the solution.

\def\@@TDMATRIXSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\ifx\cctr@solAA\undefined
1098
\@TDMATRIXNOSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)%
1099
\else
1100
\@TDMATRIXSOL(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)\fi}
1096

1097

\@NUMBERSOL

This command stores the scalar solution of a matrix operation.

1101

\MATRIXSIZE

\def\@NUMBERSOL#1{\COPY{\cctr@sol}{#1}}

Size (2 or 3) of a matrix.
\def\MATRIXSIZE(#1)#2{\expandafter\@MATRIXSIZE(#1;;){#2}}
\def\@MATRIXSIZE(#1;#2;#3;#4)#5{\ifx$#3$\COPY{2}{#5}
1104
\else\COPY{3}{#5}\fi\ignorespaces}
1102

1103

\MATRIXCOPY

Store a matrix in 4 or 9 commands.

1105
1106

\def\@@MATRIXCOPY(#1,#2;#3,#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\COPY{#1}{#5}\COPY{#2}{#6}\COPY{#3}{#7}\COPY{#4}{#8}}

1107

\def\@@@MATRIXCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\@TDMATRIXCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)
1110
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1108

1109
1111

\def\MATRIXCOPY(#1)(#2){%
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1114
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1115
\@@MATRIXCOPY(#1)(#2)
1116
\else \@@@MATRIXCOPY(#1)(#2)\fi}
1112
1113

\MATRIXGLOBALCOPY

Global version of \MATRIXCOPY.

1117
1118

\def\@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2;#3,#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\GLOBALCOPY{#1}{#5}\GLOBALCOPY{#2}{#6}\GLOBALCOPY{#3}{#7}\GLOBALCOPY{#4}{#8}}

1119

\def\@@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\@TDMATRIXCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)
1122
\@TDMATRIXGLOBALSOL}
1120

1121
1123

\def\MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2){%
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1126
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1127
\@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2)
1128
\else \@@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1)(#2)\fi}

1124
1125

\@OUTPUTMATRIX
\def\@@OUTPUTMATRIX(#1,#2;#3,#4){%
\MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2;#3,#4)(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb;\cctr@outc,\cctr@outd)
1131
\endgroup\MATRIXCOPY(\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb;\cctr@outc,\cctr@outd)(#1,#2;#3,#4)}

1129
1130

1132
1133

\def\@@@OUTPUTMATRIX(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%

61

1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141

\MATRIXGLOBALCOPY(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)(%
\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb,\cctr@outc;
\cctr@outd,\cctr@oute,\cctr@outf;
\cctr@outg,\cctr@outh,\cctr@outi)
\endgroup\MATRIXCOPY(%
\cctr@outa,\cctr@outb,\cctr@outc;
\cctr@outd,\cctr@oute,\cctr@outf;
\cctr@outg,\cctr@outh,\cctr@outi)(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)}

1142

\def\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#1){\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1145
\@@OUTPUTMATRIX(#1)
1146
\else \@@@OUTPUTMATRIX(#1)\fi}
1143
1144

\TRANSPOSEMATRIX

Matrix transposition.
1147
1148

\def\@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX(#1,#2;#3,#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\COPY{#1}{#5}\COPY{#3}{#6}\COPY{#2}{#7}\COPY{#4}{#8}}

1149

\def\@@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\@TDMATRIXCOPY(#1,#4,#7;#2,#5,#8;#3,#6,#9)
1152
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1150

1151

1153

\def\TRANSPOSEMATRIX(#1)(#2){%
\begingroup
1156
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1157
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1158
\@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX(#1)(#2)
1159
\else \@@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX(#1)(#2)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#2)}

1154

1155

\MATRIXADD

Sum of two matrices.

\def\@@MATRIXADD(#1;#2)(#3;#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\VECTORADD(#1)(#3)(#5,#6)
1162
\VECTORADD(#2)(#4)(#7,#8)}

1160

1161
1163

\def\@@@MATRIXADD(#1;#2;#3)(#4;#5;#6){%
\VECTORADD(#1)(#4)(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)
1166
\VECTORADD(#2)(#5)(\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)
1167
\VECTORADD(#3)(#6)(\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)
1168
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1164

1165

1169

\def\MATRIXADD(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1172
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1173
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1174
\@@MATRIXADD(#1)(#2)(#3)
1175
\else \@@@MATRIXADD(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#3)}

1170

1171

\MATRIXSUB

Difference of two matrices.

1176
1177

\def\@@MATRIXSUB(#1;#2)(#3;#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\VECTORSUB(#1)(#3)(#5,#6)

62

1178

\VECTORSUB(#2)(#4)(#7,#8)}

1179

\def\@@@MATRIXSUB(#1;#2;#3)(#4;#5;#6){%
\VECTORSUB(#1)(#4)(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)
1182
\VECTORSUB(#2)(#5)(\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)
1183
\VECTORSUB(#3)(#6)(\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)
1184
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1180

1181

1185

\def\MATRIXSUB(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1188
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1189
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1190
\@@MATRIXSUB(#1)(#2)(#3)
1191
\else \@@@MATRIXSUB(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#3)}
1186

1187

\MATRIXABSVALUE

Absolute value (of each entry) of a matrix.

1192
1193

\def\@@MATRIXABSVALUE(#1;#2)(#3;#4){%
\VECTORABSVALUE(#1)(#3)\VECTORABSVALUE(#2)(#4)}

1194
1195
1196

\def\@@@MATRIXABSVALUE(#1;#2;#3)(#4;#5;#6){%
\VECTORABSVALUE(#1)(#4)\VECTORABSVALUE(#2)(#5)\VECTORABSVALUE(#3)(#6)}

1197

\def\MATRIXABSVALUE(#1)(#2){%
\begingroup
1200
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1201
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1202
\@@MATRIXABSVALUE(#1)(#2)
1203
\else \@@@MATRIXABSVALUE(#1)(#2)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#2)}
1198

1199

\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT

Matrix-vector product.
\def\@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1;#2)(#3)(#4,#5){%
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#3){#4}
1206
\SCALARPRODUCT(#2)(#3){#5}}
1204

1205

1207

\def\@@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1;#2;#3)(#4)(#5,#6,#7){%
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#4){#5}
1210
\SCALARPRODUCT(#2)(#4){#6}
1211
\SCALARPRODUCT(#3)(#4){#7}}
1208

1209

1212

\def\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1215
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1216
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1217
\@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)
1218
\else \@@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTVECTOR(#3)}
1213

1214

\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT

Vector-matrix product.
\def\@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2,#3;#4,#5)(#6,#7){%
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#2,#4){#6}
1221
\SCALARPRODUCT(#1)(#3,#5){#7}}
1219

1220

63

1222

\def\@@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1,#2,#3)(#4;#5;#6)(#7){%
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#4)(#7)
1225
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#2}(#5)(\cctr@tempa,\cctr@tempb,\cctr@tempc)
1226
\VECTORADD(#7)(\cctr@tempa,\cctr@tempb,\cctr@tempc)(#7)
1227
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#3}(#6)(\cctr@tempa,\cctr@tempb,\cctr@tempc)
1228
\VECTORADD(#7)(\cctr@tempa,\cctr@tempb,\cctr@tempc)(#7)}
1223

1224

1229

\def\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1232
\VECTORSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1233
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1234
\@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)
1235
\else \@@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTVECTOR(#3)}
1230

1231

\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT

Scalar-matrix product.
\def\@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT#1(#2;#3)(#4,#5;#6,#7){%
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(#4,#5)
1238
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#3)(#6,#7)}
1236

1237

1239

\def\@@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT#1(#2;#3;#4){%
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)
1242
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#3)(\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)
1243
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT{#1}(#4)(\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)
1244
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1240

1241

1245

\def\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT#1(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1248
\MATRIXSIZE(#2){\cctr@size}
1249
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1250
\@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(#3)
1251
\else \@@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT{#1}(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#3)}
1246

1247

\MATRIXPRODUCT

Product of two matrices.

\def\@@MATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2,#3;#4,#5)(#6,#7;#8,#9){%
\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#2,#4)(#6,#8)
1254
\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(#1)(#3,#5)(#7,#9)}
1252

1253

1255

\def\@@@MATRIXPRODUCT(#1;#2;#3)(#4){%
\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#4)(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)
1258
\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#2)(#4)(\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)
1259
\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT(#3)(#4)(\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)
1260
\@TDMATRIXSOL}
1256

1257

1261

\def\MATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1264
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1265
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1266
\@@MATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)
1267
\else \@@@MATRIXPRODUCT(#1)(#2)(#3)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#3)}
1262

1263

64

\DETERMINANT

Determinant of a matrix.
\def\@@DETERMINANT(#1,#2;#3,#4)#5{%
\MULTIPLY{#1}{#4}{#5}
1270
\MULTIPLY{#2}{#3}{\cctr@tempa}
1271
\SUBTRACT{#5}{\cctr@tempa}{#5}}
1268

1269

1272

\def\@@@DETERMINANT(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\DETERMINANT(#5,#6;#8,#9){\cctr@det}\MULTIPLY{#1}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@sol}
1275
\DETERMINANT(#6,#4;#9,#7){\cctr@det}\MULTIPLY{#2}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@det}
1276
\ADD{\cctr@sol}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@sol}
1277
\DETERMINANT(#4,#5;#7,#8){\cctr@det}\MULTIPLY{#3}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@det}
1278
\ADD{\cctr@sol}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@sol}
1279
\@NUMBERSOL}
1273

1274

1280

\def\DETERMINANT(#1)#2{%
\begingroup
1283
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1284
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1285
\@@DETERMINANT(#1){#2}
1286
\else \@@@DETERMINANT(#1){#2}\fi\@OUTPUTSOL{#2}}
1281

1282

\INVERSEMATRIX

Inverse of a matrix.
\def\@@INVERSEMATRIX(#1,#2;#3,#4)(#5,#6;#7,#8){%
\ifdim \cctr@@det\p@ <\cctr@epsilon % Matrix is singular
1289
\let#5\undefined
1290
\let#6\undefined
1291
\let#7\undefined
1292
\let#8\undefined
1293
\cctr@Warnsingmatrix{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}%
1294
\else \COPY{#1}{#8}
1295
\COPY{#4}{#5}
1296
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#3}{#7}
1297
\MULTIPLY{-1}{#2}{#6}
1298
\DIVIDE{1}{\cctr@det}{\cctr@det}
1299
\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT{\cctr@det}(#5,#6;#7,#8)(#5,#6;#7,#8)
1300
\fi}
1287

1288

1301

\def\@@@INVERSEMATRIX(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\ifdim \cctr@@det\p@ <\cctr@epsilon % Matrix is singular
1304
\@TDMATRIXNOSOL(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC;
1305
\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC;
1306
\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)
1307
\cctr@WarnsingTDmatrix{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}{#7}{#8}{#9}%
1308
\else
1309
\@ADJMATRIX(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9)
1310
\@SCLRDIVVECT{\cctr@det}(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)(%
1311
\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC)
1312
\@SCLRDIVVECT{\cctr@det}(\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)(%
1313
\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC)
1314
\@SCLRDIVVECT{\cctr@det}(\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)(%
1302

1303

65

\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)

1315
1316
1317

\fi
\@@TDMATRIXSOL}

1318
1319
1320

\def\@SCLRDIVVECT#1(#2,#3,#4)(#5,#6,#7){%
\DIVIDE{#2}{#1}{#5}\DIVIDE{#3}{#1}{#6}\DIVIDE{#4}{#1}{#7}}

1321

\def\@ADJMATRIX(#1,#2,#3;#4,#5,#6;#7,#8,#9){%
\DETERMINANT(#5,#6;#8,#9){\cctr@solAA}
1324
\DETERMINANT(#6,#4;#9,#7){\cctr@solBA}
1325
\DETERMINANT(#4,#5;#7,#8){\cctr@solCA}
1326
\DETERMINANT(#8,#9;#2,#3){\cctr@solAB}
1327
\DETERMINANT(#1,#3;#7,#9){\cctr@solBB}
1328
\DETERMINANT(#2,#1;#8,#7){\cctr@solCB}
1329
\DETERMINANT(#2,#3;#5,#6){\cctr@solAC}
1330
\DETERMINANT(#3,#1;#6,#4){\cctr@solBC}
1331
\DETERMINANT(#1,#2;#4,#5){\cctr@solCC}}
1322

1323

1332

\def\INVERSEMATRIX(#1)(#2){%
\begingroup
1335
\DETERMINANT(#1){\cctr@det}
1336
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@det}{\cctr@@det}
1337
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1338
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1339
\@@INVERSEMATRIX(#1)(#2)
1340
\else
1341
\@@@INVERSEMATRIX(#1)(#2)\fi\@OUTPUTMATRIX(#2)}
1333

1334

\SOLVELINEARSYSTEM

Solving a linear system (two equations and two unknowns or three equations and three unknowns).
1342
1343

\def\@INCSYS#1#2{\cctr@WarnIncLinSys
\let#1\undefined\let#2\undefined}

1344

\def\@SOLPART#1#2#3#4{\cctr@WarnIndLinSys
\DIVIDE{#1}{#2}{#3}
1347
\COPY{0}{#4}}
1345

1346

1348

\def\@TDINCSYS(#1,#2,#3){\cctr@WarnIncTDLinSys
\let#1\undefined
1351
\let#2\undefined
1352
\let#3\undefined}
1349

1350

1353

\def\@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(#1,#2;#3,#4)(#5,#6)(#7,#8){%
\DETERMINANT(#1,#2;#3,#4)\cctr@deta
1356
\DETERMINANT(#5,#2;#6,#4)\cctr@detb
1357
\DETERMINANT(#1,#5;#3,#6)\cctr@detc
1358
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@deta}{\cctr@@deta}
1359
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@detb}{\cctr@@detb}
1360
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@detc}{\cctr@@detc}
1361
\ifdim \cctr@@deta\p@>\cctr@epsilon% Regular matrix. Determinate system
1354

1355

66

1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397

\DIVIDE{\cctr@detb}{\cctr@deta}{#7}
\DIVIDE{\cctr@detc}{\cctr@deta}{#8}
\else % Singular matrix
\cctr@deta=0
\ifdim \cctr@@detb\p@>\cctr@epsilon% Incompatible system
\@INCSYS#7#8
\else
\ifdim \cctr@@detc\p@>\cctr@epsilon% Incompatible system
\@INCSYS#7#8
\else
\MATRIXABSVALUE(#1,#2;#3,#4)(\cctr@tempa,\cctr@tempb;
\cctr@tempc,\cctr@tempd)
\ifdim \cctr@tempa\p@ > \cctr@epsilon
% Indeterminate system
\@SOLPART{#5}{#1}{#7}{#8}
\else
\ifdim \cctr@tempb\p@ > \cctr@epsilon
% Indeterminate system
\@SOLPART{#5}{#2}{#8}{#7}
\else
\ifdim \cctr@tempc\p@ > \cctr@epsilon
% Indeterminate system
\@SOLPART{#6}{#3}{#7}{#8}
\else
\ifdim \cctr@tempd\p@ > \cctr@epsilon
% Indeterminate system
\@SOLPART{#6}{#4}{#8}{#7}
\else
\VECTORNORM(#5,#6){\cctr@tempa}
\ifdim \cctr@tempa\p@ > \cctr@epsilon
% Incompatible system
\@INCSYS#7#8
\else
\cctr@WarnZeroLinSys
\COPY{0}{#7}\COPY{0}{#8}
% 0x=0 Indeterminate system
\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}

1398

\def\@@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\DETERMINANT(#1){\cctr@det}
1401
\ABSVALUE{\cctr@det}{\cctr@@det}
1402
\ifdim\cctr@@det\p@<\cctr@epsilon
1403
\@TDINCSYS(#3)
1404
\else
1405
\@ADJMATRIX(#1)
1406
\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT(\cctr@solAA,\cctr@solAB,\cctr@solAC;
1407
\cctr@solBA,\cctr@solBB,\cctr@solBC;
1408
\cctr@solCA,\cctr@solCB,\cctr@solCC)(#2)(#3)
1409
\@SCLRDIVVECT{\cctr@det}(#3)(#3)
1410
\fi}
1399
1400

1411

67

\def\SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(#1)(#2)(#3){%
\begingroup
1414
\MATRIXSIZE(#1){\cctr@size}
1415
\ifnum\cctr@size=2
1416
\@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(#1)(#2)(#3)
1417
\else
1418
\@@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM(#1)(#2)(#3)
1419
\fi\@OUTPUTVECTOR(#3)}
1412

1413

Predefined numbers
\numberPI

The number
1420

\numberTWOPI

2
1421

\numberHALFPI

\SQUARE{\numberE}{\numberETWO}

1/e2
1431

\numberLOGTEN

\DIVIDE{1}{\numberE}{\numberINVE}

e2
1430

\numberINVETWO

\def\numberE{2.71828}

1/e
1429

\numberETWO

\DIVIDE{\numberPI}{6}{\numberSIXTHPI}

The number e
1428

\numberINVE

\DIVIDE{\numberPI}{5}{\numberFIFTHPI}

/6
1427

\numberE

\DIVIDE{\numberPI}{4}{\numberQUARTERPI}

/5
1426

\numberSIXTHPI

\DIVIDE{\numberPI}{3}{\numberTHIRDPI}

/4
1425

\numberFIFTHPI

\MULTIPLY{\numberPI}{1.5}{\numberTHREEHALFPI}

/3
1424

\numberQUARTERPI

\DIVIDE{\numberPI}{2}{\numberHALFPI}

3/2
1423

\numberTHIRDPI

\MULTIPLY{\numberPI}{2}{\numberTWOPI}

/2
1422

\numberTHREEHALFPI

\def\numberPI{3.14159}

\SQUARE{\numberINVE}{\numberINVETWO}

log 10
1432

\def\numberLOGTEN{2.30258}

68

\numberGOLD

The golden ratio

1433

\numberINVGOLD

1/
1434

\numberSQRTTWO
1435

\numberSQRTTHREE
1436

\numberSQRTFIVE
1437

\numberCOSXLV

\def\numberINVGOLD{0.61803}

2
\def\numberSQRTTWO{1.41421}

3
\def\numberSQRTTHREE{1.73205}

5
\def\numberSQRTFIVE{2.23607}

cos 45o (or cos /4)

1438

\numberCOSXXX

\def\numberGOLD{1.61803}

\def\numberCOSXLV{0.70711}

cos 30o (or cos /6)

1439

\def\numberCOSXXX{0.86603}

1440

h/calculatori

14

calculus

hcalculusi
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
1443 \ProvidesPackage{calculus}[2014/02/20 v.2.0]
1441
1442

This package requires the calculator package.

1444

\RequirePackage{calculator}

14.1

Error and info messages

For scalar functions

Error message to be issued when you attempt to define, with \newfunction, an already defined
command:
\def\ccls@ErrorFuncDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%
1447
{\noexpand#1 command already defined}
1448
{The \noexpand#1 control sequence is already defined\MessageBreak
1449
If you want to redefine the \noexpand#1 command as a
1450
function\MessageBreak
1451
please, use the \noexpand\renewfunction command}}
1445
1446

Error message to be issued when you attempt to redefine, with \renewfunction, an undefined
command:
1452
1453

\def\ccls@ErrorFuncUnDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%

69

1454
1455
1456
1457

{\noexpand#1 command undefined}

{The \noexpand#1 control sequence is not currently defined\MessageBreak
If you want to define the \noexpand#1 command as a function\MessageBreak
please, use the \noexpand\newfunction command}}

Info message to be issued when \ensurefunction does not changes an already defined command:
\def\ccls@InfoFuncEns#1{%
\PackageInfo{calculus}%
1460
{\noexpand#1 command already defined\MessageBreak
1461
the \noexpand\ensurefunction command will not redefine it}}
1458
1459

For polar functions

\def\ccls@ErrorPFuncDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%
1464
{\noexpand#1 command already defined}
1465
{The \noexpand#1 control sequence is already defined\MessageBreak
1466
If you want to redefine the \noexpand#1
1467
command as a polar function\MessageBreak
1468
please, use the \noexpand\renewpolarfunction command}}

1462

1463

1469

\def\ccls@ErrorPFuncUnDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%
1472
{\noexpand#1 command undefined}
1473
{The \noexpand#1 control sequence
1474
is not currently defined.\MessageBreak
1475
If you want to define the \noexpand#1 command as a polar
1476
function\MessageBreak
1477
please, use the \noexpand\newpolarfunction command}}
1470
1471

1478

\def\ccls@InfoPFuncEns#1{%
\PackageInfo{calculus}%
1481
{\noexpand#1 command already defined\MessageBreak
1482
the \noexpand\ensurepolarfunction command does not redefine it}}
1479
1480

For vector functions

\def\ccls@ErrorVFuncDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%
1485
{\noexpand#1 command already defined}
1486
{The \noexpand#1 control sequence is already defined\MessageBreak
1487
If you want to redefine the \noexpand#1 command as a vector
1488
function\MessageBreak
1489
please, use the \noexpand\renewvectorfunction command}}

1483

1484

1490

\def\ccls@ErrorVFuncUnDef#1{%
\PackageError{calculus}%
1493
{\noexpand#1 command undefined}
1494
{The \noexpand#1 control sequence is not currently
1495
defined.\MessageBreak
1496
If you want to define the \noexpand#1 command as a vector
1497
function\MessageBreak
1491
1492

70

please, use the \noexpand\newvectorfunction command}}

1498
1499

\def\ccls@InfoVFuncEns#1{%
\PackageInfo{calculus}%
1502
{\noexpand#1 command already defined\MessageBreak
1503
the \noexpand\ensurevectorfunction command does not redefine it}}
1500

1501

14.2

New functions

New scalar functions

\newfunction

The \newfunction{#1}{#2} instruction defines a new function called #1. #2 is the list of
instructions to calculate the function \y and his derivative \Dy from the \t variable.
\def\newfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1506
\ccls@deffunction{#1}{#2}
1507
\else
1508
\ccls@ErrorFuncDef{#1}
1509
\fi}
1504

1505

\renewfunction

\renewfunction redefines #1, as a new function, if this command is already defined.

\def\renewfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1512
\ccls@ErrorFuncUnDef{#1}
1513
\else
1514
\ccls@deffunction{#1}{#2}
1515
\fi}
1510

1511

\ensurefunction

\ensurefunction defines the new function #1 (only if this macro is undefined).

\def\ensurefunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined\ccls@deffunction{#1}{#2}
1518
\else
1519
\ccls@InfoFuncEns{#1}
1520
\fi}
1516
1517

\forcefunction

\forcefunction defines (if undefined) or redefines (if defined) the new function #1.
1521
1522

\ccls@deffunction

\def\forcefunction#1#2{%
\ccls@deffunction{#1}{#2}}

The private \ccls@deffunction command makes the real work. The new functions will have
three arguments: ##1, a number, ##2, the value of the new function in that number, and
##3, the derivative.
\def\ccls@deffunction#1#2{%
\def#1##1##2##3{%
1525
\begingroup
1526
\def\t{##1}%
1527
#2
1528
\xdef##2{\y}%
1529
\xdef##3{\Dy}%
1530
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1523
1524

71

New polar functions

\newpolarfunction

The \newpolarfunction{#1}{#2} instruction defines a new polar function called #1. #2 is the
list of instructions to calculate the radius \r and his derivative \Dr from the \t arc variable.
\def\newpolarfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1533
\ccls@defpolarfunction{#1}{#2}
1534
\else
1535
\ccls@ErrorPFuncDef{#1}
1536
\fi}
1531

1532

\renewpolarfunction

\renewpolarfunction redefines #1 if already defined.

\def\renewpolarfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1539
\ccls@ErrorPFuncUnDef{#1}
1540
\else
1541
\ccls@defpolarfunction{#1}{#2}
1542
\fi}
1537
1538

\ensurepolarfunction

\ensurepolarfunction defines (only if undefined) #1.

\def\ensurepolarfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined\ccls@defpolarfunction{#1}{#2}
1545
\else
1546
\ccls@InfoPFuncEns{#1}
1547
\fi}
1543
1544

\forcepolarfunction

\forcepolarfunction defines (if undefined) or redefines (if defined) #1.

1548
1549

\ccls@defpolarfunction

\def\forcepolarfunction#1#2{%
\ccls@defpolarfunction{#1}{#2}}

The private \ccls@defpolarfunction command makes the real work. The new functions will
have three arguments: ##1, a number (the polar radius), ##2, ##3, ##4, and ##5, the x
and y component functions and its derivatives at ##1.
\def\ccls@defpolarfunction#1#2{%
\def#1##1##2##3##4##5{%
1552
\begingroup
1553
\def\t{##1}
1554
#2
1555
\COS{\t}\ccls@cost
1556
\MULTIPLY\r\ccls@cost{\x}
1557
\SIN{\t}\ccls@sint
1558
\MULTIPLY\r\ccls@sint{\y}
1559
\MULTIPLY\ccls@cost\Dr\Dx
1560
\SUBTRACT{\Dx}{\y}{\Dx}
1561
\MULTIPLY\ccls@sint\Dr\Dy
1562
\ADD{\Dy}{\x}{\Dy}
1563
\xdef##2{\x}
1564
\xdef##3{\Dx}
1565
\xdef##4{\y}
1566
\xdef##5{\Dy}
1567
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1550

1551

72

New vector functions

\newvectorfunction

The \newvectorfunction{#1}{#2} instruction defines a new vector (parametric) function called

#1. #2 is the list of instructions to calculate \x, \y, \Dx and \Dy from the \t arc variable.
\def\newvectorfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1570
\ccls@defvectorfunction{#1}{#2}
1571
\else
1572
\ccls@ErrorVFuncDef{#1}
1573
\fi}
1568

1569

\renewvectorfunction

\renewvectorfunction redefines #1 if already defined.

\def\renewvectorfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined
1576
\ccls@ErrorVFuncUnDef{#1}
1577
\else
1578
\ccls@defvectorfunction{#1}{#2}
1579
\fi}
1574
1575

\ensurevectorfunction

\ensurevectorfunction defines (only if undefined) #1.

\def\ensurevectorfunction#1#2{%
\ifx #1\undefined\ccls@defvectorfunction{#1}{#2}
1582
\else
1583
\ccls@InfoVFuncEns{#1}
1584
\fi}
1580

1581

\forcevectorfunction

\forcevectorfunction defines (if undefined) or redefines (if defined) #1.

1585
1586

\ccls@defvectorfunction

\def\forcevectorfunction#1#2{%
\ccls@defvectorfunction{#1}{#2}}

The private \ccls@defvectorfunction command makes the real work. The new functions will
have three arguments: ##1, a number, ##2, ##3, ##4, and ##5, the x and y component
functions and its derivatives at ##1.
\def\ccls@defvectorfunction#1#2{%
\def#1##1##2##3##4##5{%
1589
\begingroup
1590
\def\t{##1}
1591
#2
1592
\xdef##2{\x}
1593
\xdef##3{\Dx}
1594
\xdef##4{\y}
1595
\xdef##5{\Dy}
1596
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1587

1588

14.3

Polynomials

Linear (first degreee) polynomials

\newlpoly

The \newlpoly{#1}{#2}{#3} instruction defines the linear polynomial

73

#1 = #2 + #3t.
\def\newlpoly#1#2#3{%
1598
\newfunction{#1}{%
1599
\ccls@lpoly{#2}{#3}}}
1597

\renewlpoly

We define also the \renewlpoly, \ensurelpoly and \forcelpoly variants.

\def\renewlpoly#1#2#3{%
\renewfunction{#1}{%
1602
\ccls@lpoly{#2}{#3}}}
1600
1601

\ensurelpoly
\def\ensurelpoly#1#2#3{%
\ensurefunction{#1}{%
1605
\ccls@lpoly{#2}{#3}}}
1603
1604

\forcelpoly
\def\forcelpoly#1#2#3{%
\forcefunction{#1}{%
1608
\ccls@lpoly{#2}{#3}}}
1606
1607

\ccls@lpoly

The \ccls@lpoly{#1}{#2} macro defines the new polynomial function.

\def\ccls@lpoly#1#2{%
\MULTIPLY{#2}{\t}{\y}
1611
\ADD{\y}{#1}{\y}
1612
\COPY{#2}{\Dy}}
1609
1610

Quadratic polynomials
\newqpoly

The \newqpoly{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4} instruction defines the quadratic polynomial

#1 = #2 + #3t + #4t2 .
\def\newqpoly#1#2#3#4{%
\newfunction{#1}{%
1615
\ccls@qpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
1613
1614

\renewqpoly
\def\renewqpoly#1#2#3#4{%
\renewfunction{#1}{%
1618
\ccls@qpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
1616
1617

\ensureqpoly
\def\ensureqpoly#1#2#3#4{%
\ensurefunction{#1}{%
1621
\ccls@qpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
1619
1620

\forceqpoly
\def\forceqpoly#1#2#3#4{%
\forcefunction{#1}{%
1624
\ccls@qpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}}}
1622
1623

74

\ccls@qpoly

The \ccls@qpoly{#1}{#2} macro defines the new polynomial function.

\def\ccls@qpoly#1#2#3{%
\MULTIPLY{\t}{#3}{\y}
1627
\MULTIPLY{2}{\y}{\Dy}
1628
\ADD{#2}{\Dy}{\Dy}
1629
\ADD{#2}{\y}{\y}
1630
\MULTIPLY{\t}{\y}{\y}
1631
\ADD{#1}{\y}{\y}}
1625
1626

Cubic polynomials
\newcpoly

The \newcpoly{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5} instruction defines the cubic polynomial

#1 = #2 + #3t + #4t2 + #5t3 .
\def\newcpoly#1#2#3#4#5{%
\newfunction{#1}{%
1634
\ccls@cpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}}}
1632
1633

\renewcpoly
\def\renewcpoly#1#2#3#4#5{%
\renewfunction{#1}{%
1637
\ccls@cpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}}}
1635
1636

\ensurecpoly
\def\ensurecpoly#1#2#3#4#5{%
\ensurefunction{#1}{%
1640
\ccls@cpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}}}
1638
1639

\forcecpoly
\def\forcecpoly#1#2#3#4#5{%
\forcefunction{#1}{%
1643
\ccls@cpoly{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}}}
1641
1642

\ccls@cpoly

The \ccls@cpoly{#1}{#2} macro defines the new polynomial function.

\def\ccls@cpoly#1#2#3#4{%
\MULTIPLY{\t}{#4}{\y}
1646
\MULTIPLY{3}{\y}{\Dy}
1647
\ADD{#3}{\y}{\y}
1648
\MULTIPLY{2}{#3}{\ccls@temp}
1649
\ADD{\ccls@temp}{\Dy}{\Dy}
1650
\MULTIPLY{\t}{\y}{\y}
1651
\MULTIPLY{\t}{\Dy}{\Dy}
1652
\ADD{#2}{\y}{\y}
1653
\ADD{#2}{\Dy}{\Dy}
1654
\MULTIPLY{\t}{\y}{\y}
1655
\ADD{#1}{\y}{\y}
1656
}
1644
1645

75

14.4
\ONEfunction

Elementary functions

The \ONEfunction: y(t) = 1, y 0 (t) = 0

\newfunction{\ONEfunction}{%
\COPY{1}{\y}
1659
\COPY{0}{\Dy}}
1657
1658

\ZEROfunction

The \ZEROfunction: y(t) = 0, y 0 (t) = 0

\newfunction{\ZEROfunction}{%
\COPY{0}{\y}
1662
\COPY{0}{\Dy}}
1660
1661

\IDENTITYfunction

The \IDENTITYfunction: y(t) = t, y 0 (t) = 1

\newfunction{\IDENTITYfunction}{%
\COPY{\t}{\y}
1665
\COPY{1}{\Dy}}
1663
1664

\RECIPROCALfunction

The \RECIPROCALfunction: y(t) = 1/t, y 0 (t) = 1/t2

\newfunction{\RECIPROCALfunction}{%
\DIVIDE{1}{\t}{\y}
1668
\SQUARE{\y}{\Dy}
1669
\MULTIPLY{-1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1666
1667

\SQUAREfunction

The \SQUAREfunction: y(t) = t2 , y 0 (t) = 2t

\newfunction{\SQUAREfunction}{%
\SQUARE{\t}{\y}
1672
\MULTIPLY{2}{\t}{\Dy}}
1670
1671

\CUBEfunction

The \CUBEfunction: y(t) = t3 , y 0 (t) = 3t2

\newfunction{\CUBEfunction}{%
\SQUARE{\t}{\Dy}
1675
\MULTIPLY{\t}{\Dy}{\y}
1676
\MULTIPLY{3}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1673
1674

\SQRTfunction

The \SQRTfunction: y(t) =

t, y (t) = 1/(2 t)

\newfunction{\SQRTfunction}{%
\SQRT{\t}{\y}
1679
\DIVIDE{0.5}{\y}{\Dy}}
1677

1678

\EXPfunction

The \EXPfunction: y(t) = exp t, y 0 (t) = exp t

\newfunction{\EXPfunction}{%
\EXP{\t}{\y}
1682
\COPY{\y}{\Dy}}
1680

1681

\COSfunction

The \COSfunction: y(t) = cos t, y 0 (t) = sin t

\newfunction{\COSfunction}{%
\COS{\t}{\y}
1685
\SIN{\t}{\Dy}
1686
\MULTIPLY{-1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1683

1684

76

\SINfunction

The \SINfunction: y(t) = sin t, y 0 (t) = cos t

\newfunction{\SINfunction}{%
\SIN{\t}{\y}
1689
\COS{\t}{\Dy}}
1687
1688

\TANfunction

The \TANfunction: y(t) = tan t, y 0 (t) = 1/(cos t)2

\newfunction{\TANfunction}{%
\TAN{\t}{\y}
1692
\COS{\t}{\Dy}
1693
\SQUARE{\Dy}{\Dy}
1694
\DIVIDE{1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1690

1691

\COTfunction

The \COTfunction: y(t) = cot t, y 0 (t) = 1/(sin t)2

\newfunction{\COTfunction}{%
\COTAN{\t}{\y}
1697
\SIN{\t}{\Dy}
1698
\SQUARE{\Dy}{\Dy}
1699
\DIVIDE{-1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1695

1696

\COSHfunction

The \COSHfunction: y(t) = cosh t, y 0 (t) = sinh t

\newfunction{\COSHfunction}{%
\COSH{\t}{\y}
1702
\SINH{\t}{\Dy}}
1700

1701

\SINHfunction

The \SINHfunction: y(t) = sinh t, y 0 (t) = cosh t

\newfunction{\SINHfunction}{%
\SINH{\t}{\y}
1705
\COSH{\t}{\Dy}}
1703

1704

\TANHfunction

The \TANHfunction: y(t) = tanh t, y 0 (t) = 1/(cosh t)2

\newfunction{\TANHfunction}{%
\TANH{\t}{\y}
1708
\COSH{\t}{\Dy}
1709
\SQUARE{\Dy}{\Dy}
1710
\DIVIDE{1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1706

1707

\COTHfunction

The \COTHfunction: y(t) = coth t, y 0 (t) = 1/(sinh t)2

\newfunction{\COTHfunction}{%
\COTANH{\t}{\y}
1713
\SINH{\t}{\Dy}
1714
\SQUARE{\Dy}{\Dy}
1715
\DIVIDE{-1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1711
1712

\LOGfunction

The \LOGfunction: y(t) = log t, y 0 (t) = 1/t

\newfunction{\LOGfunction}{%
\LOG{\t}{\y}
1718
\DIVIDE{1}{\t}{\Dy}}
1716
1717

77

(
0
\HEAVISIDEfunction The \HEAVISIDEfunction: y(t) =
1

if t < 0 0
, y (t) = 0
if t 0

\newfunction{\HEAVISIDEfunction}{%
\ifdim \t\p@<\z@ \COPY{0}{\y}\else\COPY{1}{\y}\fi
1721
\COPY{0}{\Dy}}
1719

1720

\ARCSINfunction

The \ARCSINfunction: y(t) = arcsin t, y 0 (t) = 1/ 1 t2

\newfunction{\ARCSINfunction}{%
\ARCSIN{\t}{\y}
1724
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1725
\SUBTRACT{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1726
\SQRT{\yy}{\Dy}
1727
\DIVIDE{1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1722

1723

\ARCCOSfunction

The \ARCCOSfunction: y(t) = arccos t, y 0 (t) = 1/ 1 t2

\newfunction{\ARCCOSfunction}{%
\ARCCOS{\t}{\y}
1730
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1731
\SUBTRACT{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1732
\SQRT{\yy}{\Dy}
1733
\DIVIDE{-1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1728

1729

\ARCTANfunction

The \ARCTANfunction: y(t) = arctan t, y 0 (t) = 1/(1 + t2 )

\newfunction{\ARCTANfunction}{%
\ARCTAN{\t}{\y}
1736
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1737
\ADD{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1738
\DIVIDE{1}{\yy}{\Dy}}
1734

1735

\ARCCOTfunction

The \ARCCOTfunction: y(t) = arccot t, y 0 (t) = 1/(1 + t2 )

\newfunction{\ARCCOTfunction}{%
\ARCCOT{\t}{\y}
1741
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1742
\ADD{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1743
\DIVIDE{-1}{\yy}{\Dy}}
1739

1740

\ARSINHfunction

The \ARSINHfunction: y(t) = arsinh t, y 0 (t) = 1/ 1 + t2

\newfunction{\ARSINHfunction}{%
\ARSINH{\t}{\y}
1746
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1747
\ADD{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1748
\SQRT{\yy}{\Dy}
1749
\DIVIDE{1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}
1744

1745

\ARCOSHfunction

The \ARSINHfunction: y(t) = arcosh t, y 0 (t) = 1/ t2 1

1750
1751

\newfunction{\ARCOSHfunction}{%
\ARCOSH{\t}{\y}

78

1752
1753
1754
1755

\ARTANHfunction

\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
\SUBTRACT{\yy}{1}{\yy}
\SQRT{\yy}{\Dy}
\DIVIDE{1}{\Dy}{\Dy}}

The \ARTANHfunction: y(t) = artanh t, y 0 (t) = 1/(t2 1)

\newfunction{\ARTANHfunction}{%
\ARTANH{\t}{\y}
1758
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1759
\SUBTRACT{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1760
\DIVIDE{1}{\yy}{\Dy}}
1756

1757

\ARCOTHfunction

The \ARCOTHfunction: y(t) = arcoth t, y 0 (t) = 1/(t2 1)

\newfunction{\ARCOTHfunction}{%
\ARCOTH{\t}{\y}
1763
\SQUARE{\t}{\yy}
1764
\SUBTRACT{1}{\yy}{\yy}
1765
\DIVIDE{1}{\yy}{\Dy}}
1761

1762

14.5
\CONSTANTfunction

Operations with functions

\CONSTANTfunction defines #2 as the constant function f (t) = #1.

\def\CONSTANTfunction#1#2{%
\def#2##1##2##3{%
1768
\xdef##2{#1}%
1769
\xdef##3{0}}}
1766
1767

\SUMfunction

\SUMfunction defines #3 as the sum of functions #1 and #2.

\def\SUMfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1772
\begingroup
1773
#1{##1}{\ccls@SUMf}{\ccls@SUMDf}%
1774
#2{##1}{\ccls@SUMg}{\ccls@SUMDg}%
1775
\ADD{\ccls@SUMf}{\ccls@SUMg}{\ccls@SUMfg}
1776
\ADD{\ccls@SUMDf}{\ccls@SUMDg}{\ccls@SUMDfg}
1777
\xdef##2{\ccls@SUMfg}%
1778
\xdef##3{\ccls@SUMDfg}%
1779
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1770
1771

\SUBTRACTfunction

\SUBTRACTfunction defines #3 as the difference of functions #1 and #2.

\def\SUBTRACTfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1782
\begingroup
1783
#1{##1}{\ccls@SUBf}{\ccls@SUBDf}%
1784
#2{##1}{\ccls@SUBg}{\ccls@SUBDg}%
1785
\SUBTRACT{\ccls@SUBf}{\ccls@SUBg}{\ccls@SUBfg}
1786
\SUBTRACT{\ccls@SUBDf}{\ccls@SUBDg}{\ccls@SUBDfg}
1787
\xdef##2{\ccls@SUBfg}%
1788
\xdef##3{\ccls@SUBDfg}%
1789
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1780
1781

79

\PRODUCTfunction

\PRODUCTfunction defines #3 as the product of functions #1 and #2.

\def\PRODUCTfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1792
\begingroup
1793
#1{##1}{\ccls@PROf}{\ccls@PRODf}%
1794
#2{##1}{\ccls@PROg}{\ccls@PRODg}%
1795
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@PROf}{\ccls@PROg}{\ccls@PROfg}
1796
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@PROf}{\ccls@PRODg}{\ccls@PROfDg}
1797
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@PRODf}{\ccls@PROg}{\ccls@PRODfg}
1798
\ADD{\ccls@PROfDg}{\ccls@PRODfg}{\ccls@PRODfg}
1799
\xdef##2{\ccls@PROfg}%
1800
\xdef##3{\ccls@PRODfg}%
1801
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1790

1791

\QUOTIENTfunction

\QUOTIENTfunction defines #3 as the quotient of functions #1 and #2.

\def\QUOTIENTfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1804
\begingroup
1805
#1{##1}{\ccls@QUOf}{\ccls@QUODf}%
1806
#2{##1}{\ccls@QUOg}{\ccls@QUODg}%
1807
\DIVIDE{\ccls@QUOf}{\ccls@QUOg}{\ccls@QUOfg}
1808
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@QUOf}{\ccls@QUODg}{\ccls@QUOfDg}
1809
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@QUODf}{\ccls@QUOg}{\ccls@QUODfg}
1810
\SUBTRACT{\ccls@QUODfg}{\ccls@QUOfDg}{\ccls@QUOnum}
1811
\SQUARE{\ccls@QUOg}{\ccls@qsquaretempg}
1812
\DIVIDE{\ccls@QUOnum}{\ccls@qsquaretempg}{\ccls@QUODfg}
1813
\xdef##2{\ccls@QUOfg}%
1814
\xdef##3{\ccls@QUODfg}%
1815
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1802
1803

\COMPOSITIONfunction

\COMPOSITIONfunction defines #3 as the composition of functions #1 and #2.

\def\COMPOSITIONfunction#1#2#3{% #3=#1(#2)
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1818
\begingroup
1819
#2{##1}{\ccls@COMg}{\ccls@COMDg}%
1820
#1{\ccls@COMg}{\ccls@COMf}{\ccls@COMDf}%
1821
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@COMDg}{\ccls@COMDf}{\ccls@COMDf}
1822
\xdef##2{\ccls@COMf}%
1823
\xdef##3{\ccls@COMDf}%
1824
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1816
1817

\SCALEfunction

\SCALEfunction defines #3 as the product of number #1 and function #2.

\def\SCALEfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1827
\begingroup
1828
#2{##1}{\ccls@SCFf}{\ccls@SCFDf}%
1829
\MULTIPLY{#1}{\ccls@SCFf}{\ccls@SCFaf}
1830
\MULTIPLY{#1}{\ccls@SCFDf}{\ccls@SCFDaf}
1831
\xdef##2{\ccls@SCFaf}%
1832
\xdef##3{\ccls@SCFDaf}%
1825

1826

80

1833

\SCALEVARIABLEfunction

\endgroup}\ignorespaces}

\SCALEVARIABLEfunction scales the variable by number #1 and aplies function #2.

\def\SCALEVARIABLEfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1836
\begingroup%
1837
\MULTIPLY{#1}{##1}{\ccls@SCVat}
1838
#2{\ccls@SCVat}{\ccls@SCVf}{\ccls@SCVDf}%
1839
\MULTIPLY{#1}{\ccls@SCVDf}{\ccls@SCVDf}
1840
\xdef##2{\ccls@SCVf}%
1841
\xdef##3{\ccls@SCVDf}%
1842
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1834
1835

\POWERfunction

\POWERfunction defines #3 as the power of function #1 to exponent #2.

\def\POWERfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3{%
1845
\begingroup
1846
#1{##1}{\ccls@POWf}{\ccls@POWDf}%
1847
\POWER{\ccls@POWf}{#2}{\ccls@POWfn}
1848
\SUBTRACT{#2}{1}{\ccls@nminusone}
1849
\POWER{\ccls@POWf}{\ccls@nminusone}{\ccls@POWDfn}
1850
\MULTIPLY{#2}{\ccls@POWDfn}{\ccls@POWDfn}
1851
\MULTIPLY{\ccls@POWDfn}{\ccls@POWDf}{\ccls@POWDfn}
1852
\xdef##2{\ccls@POWfn}%
1853
\xdef##3{\ccls@POWDfn}%
1854
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1843

1844

LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction

\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction defines the new function #5 as the linear combination #1#2+#3#4.

#1 and #3 are two numbers. #1 and #3 are two functions.
\def\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction#1#2#3#4#5{%
\def#5##1##2##3{%
1857
\begingroup
1858
#2{##1}{\ccls@LINf}{\ccls@LINDf}%
1859
#4{##1}{\ccls@LINg}{\ccls@LINDg}%
1860
\MULTIPLY{#1}{\ccls@LINf}{\ccls@LINf}
1861
\MULTIPLY{#3}{\ccls@LINg}{\ccls@LINg}
1862
\MULTIPLY{#1}{\ccls@LINDf}{\ccls@LINDf}
1863
\MULTIPLY{#3}{\ccls@LINDg}{\ccls@LINDg}
1864
\ADD{\ccls@LINf}{\ccls@LINg}{\ccls@LINafbg}
1865
\ADD{\ccls@LINDf}{\ccls@LINDg}{\ccls@LINDafbg}
1866
\xdef##2{\ccls@LINafbg}%
1867
\xdef##3{\ccls@LINDafbg}%
1868
\endgroup}\ignorespaces}
1855

1856

\POLARfunction

\POLARfunction defines the polar curve #2. #1 is a previously defined function.

\def\POLARfunction#1#2{%
\PRODUCTfunction{#1}{\COSfunction}{\ccls@polarx}
1871
\PRODUCTfunction{#1}{\SINfunction}{\ccls@polary}
1872
\PARAMETRICfunction{\ccls@polarx}{\ccls@polary}{#2}}
1869

1870

81

\PARAMETRICfunction

\PARAMETRICfunction defines the parametric curve #3. #1 and #2 are the components functions (two previuosly defined functions).
\def\PARAMETRICfunction#1#2#3{%
\def#3##1##2##3##4##5{%
1875
#1{##1}{##2}{##3}
1876
#2{##1}{##4}{##5}}}
1873

1874

\VECTORfunction

\VECTORfunction: an alias of \PARAMETRICfunction.

1877

\let\VECTORfunction\PARAMETRICfunction

1878

% </calculus>

Change History
v1.0
General: First public version . . . . . . . . . . 1
v1.0a
General: calculator.dtx modified to make it
autoinstallable. calculus.dtx embedded
in calculus.dtx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
v2.0
General: new calculator.dtx and calculator.ins files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
New commands:
\ARCSINfunction,
\ARCCOSfunction, \ARCTANfunction,
\ARCCOTfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

New commands: \ARCSIN, \ARCCOS,

\ARCTAN, \ARCCOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New commands:
\ARSINHfunction,
\ARCOSHfunction, \ARTANHfunction,
\ARCOTHfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New commands: \ARSINH, \ARCOSH,
\ARTANH, \ARCOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New
commands:
\DOTPRODUCT,
\VECTORPRODUCT, \CROSSPRODUCT . . .
New
commands:
\LENGTHADD,
\LENGTHSUBTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trivial error in documentation corrected

51

78
54
57
35
69

Index
Numbers written in italic refer to the page where the corresponding entry is described; numbers
underlined refer to the code line of the definition; numbers in roman refer to the code lines where
the entry is used.
Symbols
\# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
\@@@DETERMINANT . 1273, 1286
\@@@INVERSEMATRIX 1302, 1341
\@@@MATRIXABSVALUE 1195, 1203
\@@@MATRIXADD . . . 1164, 1175
\@@@MATRIXCOPY . . 1108, 1116
\@@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1120, 1128
\@@@MATRIXPRODUCT 1256, 1267
\@@@MATRIXSUB . . . 1180, 1191
\@@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT
. . . . . . . . . . 1208, 1218

\@@@OUTPUTMATRIX
1133, 1146
\@@@OUTPUTVECTOR . . 935, 942
\@@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT
. . . . . . . . . . 1240, 1251
\@@@SCALARPRODUCT . 948, 960
\@@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT
. . . . . . . . . . 1019, 1028
\@@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1399, 1418
\@@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1150, 1159
\@@@TRUNCATE . . 278, 280, 283
\@@@VECTORABSVALUE 1007, 1014

82

\@@@VECTORADD . . . . . 983, 992

\@@@VECTORCOPY . . . . 912, 919
\@@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY 923, 930
\@@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT
. . . . . . . . . . 1223, 1235
\@@@VECTORPRODUCT . 967, 977
\@@@VECTORSUB . . . . 996, 1003
\@@DEGREESCOS . . . . . 500, 565
\@@DEGREESCOT . . . . . 502, 569
\@@DEGREESSIN . . . . . 499, 563
\@@DEGREESTAN . . . . . 501, 567
\@@DETERMINANT . . 1268, 1285
\@@EXP . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 574

\@@FRACTIONALPART . 262, 264

\@@INTEGERPART . . . . 247, 249
\@@INVERSEMATRIX
1287, 1339
\@@LOG . . . . . . . . . . . 677, 696
\@@MATRIXABSVALUE 1192, 1202
\@@MATRIXADD . . . . 1160, 1174
\@@MATRIXCOPY . . . 1105, 1115
\@@MATRIXGLOBALCOPY . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1117, 1127
\@@MATRIXPRODUCT
1252, 1266
\@@MATRIXSUB . . . . 1176, 1190
\@@MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT .
. . . . . . . . . . 1204, 1217
\@@OUTPUTMATRIX . 1129, 1145
\@@OUTPUTVECTOR . . . 931, 941
\@@ROUND . . . . . 291293, 297
\@@SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT .
. . . . . . . . . . 1236, 1250
\@@SCALARPRODUCT . . 943, 959
\@@SCALARVECTORPRODUCT .
. . . . . . . . . . 1015, 1027
\@@SOLVELINEARSYSTEM . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1354, 1416
\@@TDMATRIXSOL . . 1096, 1317
\@@TRANSPOSEMATRIX 1147, 1158
\@@TRUNCATE 272274, 299, 308
\@@VECTORABSVALUE 1004, 1013
\@@VECTORADD . . . . . . 979, 991
\@@VECTORCOPY . . . . . 909, 918
\@@VECTORGLOBALCOPY 920, 929
\@@VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT .
. . . . . . . . . . 1219, 1234
\@@VECTORPRODUCT . . 962, 976
\@@VECTORSUB . . . . . 993, 1002
\@ADJMATRIX . 1309, 1322, 1405
\@BASICARCTAN . . . . . 807, 810
\@BASICEXP . . . 593, 601, 608
\@BASICLOG . . . . . . . 694, 700
\@BASICSINE . . . 386, 395, 517
\@BASICTAN . . . 432, 437, 545
\@CONVERTDEG . . . . . . . . . .
. 563, 565, 567, 569, 571
\@DEGREES . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 564, 566, 568, 570572
\@DEGREESCOS . . . . . . 500, 526
\@DEGREESCOT . . . . . . 502, 550
\@DEGREESSIN . . 499, 503, 564
\@DEGREESTAN . . . . . . 501, 530
\@DIVIDE . . 162, 172, 177, 231
\@EXP . . . . . . . . 573, 582, 584

\@FRACTIONALPART . . 264, 270

\@INCSYS 1342, 1366, 1369, 1392
\@INTEGERDIVIDE . . . 178, 181
\@INTEGERPART . . . . . 249, 259
\@LOG . . . . . 677, 678, 697, 698
\@MATRIXSIZE . . . . 1102, 1103
\@NUMBERSOL . . . . . 1101, 1279
\@OUTPUTMATRIX . . . 1129,
1159, 1175, 1191,
1203, 1251, 1267, 1341
\@OUTPUTSOL 132, 176, 204,
214, 227, 243, 246,
260, 271, 282, 310,
331, 371, 394, 412,
416, 436, 461, 474,
525, 529, 549, 562,
583, 607, 628, 641,
654, 665, 676, 695,
699, 716, 772, 794,
809, 838, 843, 851,
863, 882, 905, 960,
977, 1032, 1054, 1286
\@OUTPUTSOLS . . . . . . 133, 240
\@OUTPUTVECTOR . . . . 931,
1037, 1218, 1235, 1419
\@POWER . . . . . . 214, 215, 220
\@ROUND . . . . . . . . . . 291, 292
\@SCLRDIVVECT . . . . 1310,
1312, 1314, 1319, 1409
\@SOLPART . . . . . . . 1345,
1375, 1379, 1383, 1387
\@TDINCSYS . . . . . 1349, 1403
\@TDMATRIXCOPY . . . . . . . .
. 1055, 1109, 1121, 1151
\@TDMATRIXGLOBALSOL . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1075, 1122
\@TDMATRIXNOSOL . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1085, 1098, 1304
\@TDMATRIXSOL . . . . 1065,
1100, 1110, 1152,
1168, 1184, 1244, 1260
\@TRUNCATE . . . . . . . 272, 273
\@VECTORSIZE . . . . . . 906, 907

\ABSVALUE
156,
338,
631,

A
. . . 7, 142,
230, 313,
397, 439,
644, 657,

83

155,
314,
586,
668,

753, 768, 1005, 1008,

1336, 13581360, 1401
\ADD . . . . 6, 148, 152, 174,
226, 235, 239, 306,
363, 382, 415, 428,
480, 491, 512, 528,
541, 612, 615, 618,
621, 624, 628, 639,
687, 709, 745, 816,
819, 822, 825, 828,
831, 834, 836, 847,
849, 861, 875, 892,
946, 951, 953, 980,
981, 984986, 1276,
1278, 1562, 1611,
1628, 1629, 1631,
1647, 1649, 1652,
1653, 1655, 1737,
1742, 1747, 1775,
1776, 1798, 1864, 1865
\ARCCOS . . 14, 773, 1053, 1729
\ARCCOSfunction . . . . . 1728
\ARCCOT . . . . . . 14, 839, 1740
\ARCCOTfunction . . . . . 1739
\ARCOSH . . . . . . 14, 852, 1751
\ARCOSHfunction . . . . . 1750
\ARCOTH . . . . . . 14, 883, 1762
\ARCOTHfunction . . . . . 1761
\ARCSIN . . . 14, 717, 792, 1723
\ARCSINfunction . . . . . 1722
\ARCTAN . . . 14, 795, 841, 1735
\ARCTANfunction . . . . . 1734
\ARSINH . . . . . . 14, 844, 1745
\ARSINHfunction . . . . . 1744
\ARTANH . . . . . . 14, 864, 1757
\ARTANHfunction . . . . . 1756
C
\ccls@COMDf . 1820, 1821, 1823
\ccls@COMDg . . . . . 1819, 1821
\ccls@COMf . . . . . 1820, 1822
\ccls@COMg . . . . . 1819, 1820
\ccls@cost . 1555, 1556, 1559
\ccls@cpoly . . . . . . 1634,
1637, 1640, 1643, 1644
\ccls@deffunction
1506,
1514, 1517, 1522, 1523
\ccls@defpolarfunction .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1533,
1541, 1544, 1549, 1550

\ccls@defvectorfunction
. . . . . . . . . . . 1570,
1578, 1581, 1586, 1587
\ccls@ErrorFuncDef 1445, 1508
\ccls@ErrorFuncUnDef . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1452, 1512
\ccls@ErrorPFuncDef . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1462, 1535
\ccls@ErrorPFuncUnDef . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1470, 1539
\ccls@ErrorVFuncDef . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1483, 1572
\ccls@ErrorVFuncUnDef . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1491, 1576
\ccls@InfoFuncEns 1458, 1519
\ccls@InfoPFuncEns 1479, 1546
\ccls@InfoVFuncEns 1500, 1583
\ccls@LINafbg . . . 1864, 1866
\ccls@LINDafbg . . 1865, 1867
\ccls@LINDf . 1858, 1862, 1865
\ccls@LINDg . 1859, 1863, 1865
\ccls@LINf . 1858, 1860, 1864
\ccls@LINg . 1859, 1861, 1864
\ccls@lpoly . . . . . . 1599,
1602, 1605, 1608, 1609
\ccls@nminusone . 1848, 1849
\ccls@polarx . . . . 1870, 1872
\ccls@polary . . . . 1871, 1872
\ccls@POWDf . . . . . 1846, 1851
\ccls@POWDfn 18491851, 1853
\ccls@POWf . 1846, 1847, 1849
\ccls@POWfn . . . . . 1847, 1852
\ccls@PRODf . . . . . 1793, 1797
\ccls@PRODfg 1797, 1798, 1800
\ccls@PRODg . . . . . 1794, 1796
\ccls@PROf . 1793, 1795, 1796
\ccls@PROfDg . . . . 1796, 1798
\ccls@PROfg . . . . . 1795, 1799
\ccls@PROg . 1794, 1795, 1797
\ccls@qpoly . . . . . . 1615,
1618, 1621, 1624, 1625
\ccls@qsquaretempg 1811, 1812
\ccls@QUODf . . . . . 1805, 1809
\ccls@QUODfg . . . . . . . . . .
. 1809, 1810, 1812, 1814
\ccls@QUODg . . . . . 1806, 1808
\ccls@QUOf . 1805, 1807, 1808
\ccls@QUOfDg . . . . 1808, 1810
\ccls@QUOfg . . . . . 1807, 1813

\ccls@QUOg . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1806, 1807, 1809, 1811
\ccls@QUOnum . . . . 1810, 1812
\ccls@SCFaf . . . . . 1829, 1831
\ccls@SCFDaf . . . . 1830, 1832
\ccls@SCFDf . . . . . 1828, 1830
\ccls@SCFf . . . . . 1828, 1829
\ccls@SCVat . . . . . 1837, 1838
\ccls@SCVDf . 1838, 1839, 1841
\ccls@SCVf . . . . . 1838, 1840
\ccls@sint . 1557, 1558, 1561
\ccls@SUBDf . . . . . 1783, 1786
\ccls@SUBDfg . . . . 1786, 1788
\ccls@SUBDg . . . . . 1784, 1786
\ccls@SUBf . . . . . 1783, 1785
\ccls@SUBfg . . . . . 1785, 1787
\ccls@SUBg . . . . . 1784, 1785
\ccls@SUMDf . . . . . 1773, 1776
\ccls@SUMDfg . . . . 1776, 1778
\ccls@SUMDg . . . . . 1774, 1776
\ccls@SUMf . . . . . 1773, 1775
\ccls@SUMfg . . . . . 1775, 1777
\ccls@SUMg . . . . . 1774, 1775
\ccls@temp . . . . . 1648, 1649
\cctr@@det . . . . . . 1288,
1303, 1336, 1401, 1402
\cctr@@deta . . . . . 1358, 1361
\cctr@@detb . . . . . 1359, 1365
\cctr@@detc . . . . . 1360, 1368
\cctr@absval . . . . . . 586,
587, 631, 632, 644,
645, 657, 658, 668, 669
\cctr@ae . . 685, 686, 690, 691
\cctr@det . . . 12741278,
1298, 1299, 1310,
1312, 1314, 1335,
1336, 1400, 1401, 1409
\cctr@deta . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1355, 1358, 13621364
\cctr@detb . 1356, 1359, 1362
\cctr@detc . 1357, 1360, 1363
\cctr@epsilon 6, 360, 576,
680, 705, 758, 1288,
1303, 1361, 1365,
1368, 1373, 1377,
1381, 1385, 1390, 1402
\cctr@expminusx . . . . . . .
. . . . 638, 639, 651, 652
\cctr@expt 595, 596, 603, 604
\cctr@expx 636, 639, 649, 652

84

\cctr@expy 596, 597, 604, 605

\cctr@lengtha . . . . . . . . .
. . . 4, 145148, 150,
151, 182, 188, 189,
191, 193, 194, 199, 201
\cctr@lengthb . . . . . . . . .
5, 149, 150, 183, 184,
188, 192, 193, 200,
202, 359, 360, 367,
369, 704, 705, 712,
714, 756, 758, 769, 771
\cctr@log . . . . . . . . 580582
\cctr@loga . . . . . . . 697, 699
\cctr@logmaxnum . 8, 102,
587, 632, 645, 658, 669
\cctr@logx . . . . . . . 698, 699
\cctr@minust 637, 638, 650, 651
\cctr@ndec . . . 164, 165, 174
\cctr@outa
132, 133, 135,
932, 933, 936, 937,
1130, 1131, 1135, 1139
\cctr@outb . . . . 134, 135,
932, 933, 936, 937,
1130, 1131, 1135, 1139
\cctr@outc . . . . 936, 937,
1130, 1131, 1135, 1139
\cctr@outd . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1130, 1131, 1136, 1140
\cctr@oute . . . . . 1136, 1140
\cctr@outf . . . . . 1136, 1140
\cctr@outg . . . . . 1137, 1141
\cctr@outh . . . . . 1137, 1141
\cctr@outi . . . . . 1137, 1141
\cctr@Q . . . . . . 163, 173, 175
\cctr@sign . . . 157160, 175
\cctr@size
916, 917, 927,
928, 939, 940, 957,
958, 974, 975, 989,
990, 1000, 1001, 1011,
1012, 1025, 1026,
1113, 1114, 1125,
1126, 1143, 1144,
1156, 1157, 1172,
1173, 1188, 1189,
1200, 1201, 1215,
1216, 1232, 1233,
1248, 1249, 1264,
1265, 1283, 1284,
1337, 1338, 1414, 1415

\cctr@sol . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1101, 1274, 1276, 1278
\cctr@solAA . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 1056, 1066, 1076,
1097, 1165, 1181,
1241, 1257, 1304,
1310, 1311, 1323, 1406
\cctr@solAB . . 1057, 1067,
1077, 1165, 1181,
1241, 1257, 1304,
1310, 1311, 1326, 1406
\cctr@solAC . . 1058, 1068,
1078, 1165, 1181,
1241, 1257, 1304,
1310, 1311, 1329, 1406
\cctr@solBA . . 1059, 1069,
1079, 1166, 1182,
1242, 1258, 1305,
1312, 1313, 1324, 1407
\cctr@solBB . . 1060, 1070,
1080, 1166, 1182,
1242, 1258, 1305,
1312, 1313, 1327, 1407
\cctr@solBC . . 1061, 1071,
1081, 1166, 1182,
1242, 1258, 1305,
1312, 1313, 1330, 1407
\cctr@solCA . . 1062, 1072,
1082, 1167, 1183,
1243, 1259, 1306,
1314, 1315, 1325, 1408
\cctr@solCB . . 1063, 1073,
1083, 1167, 1183,
1243, 1259, 1306,
1314, 1315, 1328, 1408
\cctr@solCC . . 1064, 1074,
1084, 1167, 1183,
1243, 1259, 1306,
1314, 1315, 1331, 1408
\cctr@tanhden . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 663, 664, 673, 675
\cctr@tanhnum . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 662, 664, 674, 675
\cctr@temp 243, 246, 252
254, 296, 297, 1031, 1032
\cctr@tempA . . . . . . . 267, 268
\cctr@tempa . . . . . . . 201,
203, 222, 224, 226,
276, 277, 313, 315,
316, 318, 326330,

397, 398, 400, 402,

403, 405, 408, 439,
440, 442, 446, 447,
449, 450, 452, 453,
455, 456, 458, 459,
610, 611, 613, 616,
619, 622, 814, 815,
817, 820, 823, 826,
829, 832, 835, 846
848, 858860, 874
876, 891893, 902,
903, 945, 946, 950
953, 10351037, 1040,
1043, 1051, 1225
1228, 1270, 1271,
1371, 1373, 1389, 1390
\cctr@tempB 877, 879, 894, 896
\cctr@tempb . . . . . . . . . . .
. 202, 203, 218, 220,
301, 302, 305, 306,
314317, 319, 323,
328, 329, 382, 383,
389, 390, 392, 393,
428, 429, 434, 435,
512, 513, 516, 517,
520, 521, 523, 524,
541, 544, 545, 547,
548, 798, 799, 803,
804, 848850, 860
862, 875, 877, 892,
894, 1041, 1047, 1052,
12251228, 1371, 1377
\cctr@tempC 878, 879, 895, 896
\cctr@tempc . . . . . . . . . . .
. 219, 220, 300, 302,
303, 315, 317, 328,
330, 415, 416, 528,
529, 876, 878, 893,
895, 1042, 10511053,
12251228, 1372, 1381
\cctr@tempD . . . . . . . . . . .
. 155, 162, 167, 169, 172
\cctr@tempd 156, 162, 170,
172, 230, 239, 1372, 1385
\cctr@tempdif . . . . . 711, 712
\cctr@tempe 299, 300, 306, 308
\cctr@tempexp . . . . . 209, 210
\cctr@tempoldw . . . . 706, 711
\cctr@tempoldy . . . . 760, 770
\cctr@tempq 162, 163, 172, 173

85

\cctr@tempr . . . . . . . . . . .
. 162, 166, 167, 169, 172
\cctr@tempw . . . . 361363,
366, 367, 703, 706,
707, 709711, 716,
759, 761, 763, 765, 767
\cctr@tempx 737739, 745747
\cctr@tempxw . . . . . . 707709
\cctr@tempxx 739, 740, 747, 748
\cctr@tempy 753, 754, 757,
760, 763, 764, 767770
\cctr@tempz . . . . . . . 362
365, 761, 762, 764766
\cctr@Warnbigarccos . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 36, 786, 790
\cctr@Warnbigarcsin . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 30, 730, 734
\cctr@Warnbigartanh . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 48, 868, 872
\cctr@Warncrossprod 119, 965
\cctr@Warndivzero . . 9, 186
\cctr@WarnIncLinSys 71, 1342
\cctr@WarnIncTDLinSys . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 74, 1349
\cctr@WarnIndLinSys 78, 1345
\cctr@Warninfcotan . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 92, 470, 558
\cctr@Warninfexp . . . 98,
588, 633, 646, 659, 670
\cctr@Warninfexpb . 106, 577
\cctr@Warninflog . . 113, 681
\cctr@Warninftan . . . . . .
. . 86, 420, 424, 533, 537
\cctr@Warnnoangle . . . . .
. . . . . . 125, 1045, 1049
\cctr@Warnnogcd . . . . 14, 320
\cctr@Warnnointexp . . 24, 211
\cctr@Warnnoposrad . . 18, 356
\cctr@Warnsingmatrix 61, 1293
\cctr@WarnsingTDmatrix .
. . . . . . . . . . . 66, 1307
\cctr@Warnsmallarcosh 42, 856
\cctr@Warnsmallarcoth 54, 888
\cctr@WarnZeroLinSys 82, 1394
\COMPOSITIONfunction 25, 1816
\CONSTANTfunction . 24, 1766
\COPY 5, 130, 132, 135, 138,
141, 144, 157160,
163, 164, 169, 173,
189, 222, 223, 247,

248, 256, 262, 263,

285289, 297, 317,
323, 327, 329, 330,
334, 342, 352, 358,
361, 365, 375, 377,
379, 398, 400, 440,
443, 466, 478, 487,
489, 498, 505, 507,
509, 554, 706, 716,
720, 723, 726, 752,
757, 759, 760, 766,
776, 779, 782, 812,
874, 891, 904, 907,
908, 910, 913, 1056
1064,
10661074,
1101, 1103, 1104,
1106, 1148, 1294,
1295, 1347, 1395,
1612, 1658, 1659,
1661, 1662, 1664,
1665, 1682, 1720, 1721
\COS . . . 11, 413, 464, 763,
1555, 1684, 1689, 1692
\COSfunction . 23, 1683, 1870
\COSH . . . . . . 13, 629, 663,
674, 1701, 1705, 1708
\COSHfunction . . . . . 23, 1700
\COT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 462
\COTAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1696
\COTANH . . . . . . . . . . . . 1712
\COTfunction . . . . . . 23, 1695
\COTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 666
\COTHfunction . . . . . 23, 1711
\CROSSPRODUCT . . . . . 17, 978
\CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 206
\CUBEfunction . . . . . 23, 1673
D
\DEGREESCOS 12, 500, 552, 566
\DEGREESCOT . . . . 12, 502, 570
\DEGREESSIN . . . . . . . . 12,
499, 513, 521, 524, 529
\DEGREESTAN . . . . . . . . 12,
501, 541, 548, 556, 568
\DEGtoRAD . 13, 475, 516, 544
\DETERMINANT . . . 21, 968
970, 1268, 13231331,
1335, 13551357, 1400
\DIVIDE . . . . . 6, 153, 203,
218, 305, 336, 345,

346, 362, 364, 403,

406, 409, 445, 446,
448, 449, 451, 452,
454, 455, 457, 458,
460, 473, 475, 561,
571, 595, 603, 611,
613, 614, 616, 617,
619, 620, 622, 623,
626, 640, 653, 664,
675, 685, 699, 708,
738, 746, 764, 798,
803, 817, 820, 823,
826, 829, 832, 835,
837, 880, 897, 1036,
1051, 1052, 1298,
1320, 1346, 1362,
1363, 1422, 1424
1427, 1429, 1667,
1679, 1694, 1699,
1710, 1715, 1718,
1727, 1733, 1738,
1743, 1749, 1755,
1760, 1765, 1807, 1812
\DOTPRODUCT . . . . . . . 17, 961
\Dr . . . . . . . . . . . 1559, 1561
\Dx . . 1559, 1560, 1564, 1593
\Dy . . . 1529, 1561, 1562,
1566, 1595, 1612,
1627, 1628, 1646,
1649, 1651, 1653,
1659, 1662, 1665,
1668, 1669, 1672,
16741676,
1679,
1682, 1685, 1686,
1689,
16921694,
16971699,
1702,
1705,
17081710,
17131715,
1718,
1721, 1726, 1727,
1732, 1733, 1738,
1743, 1748, 1749,
1754, 1755, 1760, 1765
E
\ensurecpoly . . . . . . 27, 1638
\ensurefunction 29, 1461,
1516, 1604, 1620, 1639
\ensurelpoly . . . . . . 27, 1603
\ensurepolarfunction . . .
. . . . . . . 30, 1482, 1543

86

\ensureqpoly . . . . . . 27, 1619

\ensurevectorfunction . .
. . . . . . . 29, 1503, 1580
\EXP . . . . . . . 11, 573, 636,
638, 649, 651, 707, 1681
\EXPfunction . . . . . . 23, 1680
F
\FLOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 261
\forcecpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1641
\forcefunction . . . . . 29,
1521, 1607, 1623, 1642
\forcelpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1606
\forcepolarfunction 30, 1548
\forceqpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1622
\forcevectorfunction 29, 1585
\FRACTIONALPART . . . . 8, 262
\FRACTIONSIMPLIFY . 10, 340
G
\GCD . . . . . . 10, 311, 333, 344
\GLOBALCOPY . . . . . . . . . . .
. 131, 132134, 921,
924, 10761084, 1118
H
\HEAVISIDEfunction . 23, 1719
I
\IDENTITYfunction . 23, 1663
\ifcase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
\INTEGERDIVISION . . . . . .
. . . . . . 9, 228, 243, 246
\INTEGERPART . . . . . . . . 7,
209, 247, 261, 267, 276
\INTEGERQUOTIENT . . . 9, 244
\INVERSEMATRIX . . . . 21, 1287
L
\LCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 332
\LENGTHADD . . . . 15, 191, 196
\LENGTHDIVIDE . . . . . 15, 197
\LENGTHSUBTRACT . . . 15, 195
\LINEARCOMBINATIONfunction
. . . . . . . . . . . 26, 1855
\LOG . . . . . . . . . . 11, 580,
677, 691, 850, 862,
877, 878, 894, 895, 1717
\LOGfunction . . . . . . 23, 1716
M
\MATRIXABSVALUE 22, 1192, 1371

\MATRIXADD . . . . . . . 19, 1160

\MATRIXCOPY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 18, 1105, 1131, 1138
\MATRIXGLOBALCOPY . . . . .
. . . . . 1117, 1130, 1134
\MATRIXPRODUCT . . . . 20, 1252
\MATRIXSIZE . . . . . . 1102,
1113, 1125, 1143,
1156, 1172, 1188,
1200, 1215, 1248,
1264, 1283, 1337, 1414
\MATRIXSUB . . . . . . . 19, 1176
\MATRIXVECTORPRODUCT 20,
1204, 1253, 1254, 1406
\MAX . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 136, 315
\MIN . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 139, 316
\MODULO . . . . . . . . 9, 241, 328
\MULTIPLY . . . 6, 144, 145,
167, 170, 175, 179,
205, 206, 219, 225,
252, 296, 302, 337,
347, 405, 408, 411,
476, 572, 581, 627,
637, 650, 690, 741,
749, 815, 818, 821,
824, 827, 830, 833,
902, 944, 945, 949,
950, 952, 1016, 1017,
10201022,
1269,
1270, 1274, 1275,
1277, 1296, 1297,
1421, 1423, 1556,
1558, 1559, 1561,
1610, 1626, 1627,
1630, 1645, 1646,
1648, 1650, 1651,
1654, 1669, 1672,
1675, 1676, 1686,
17951797,
1808,
1809, 1821, 1829,
1830, 1837, 1839,
1850, 1851, 18601863
N
\NeedsTeXFormat . .
\newcpoly . . . . . . .
\newfunction . . . . .
1457, 1504,
1614, 1633,
1660, 1663,

. . 2, 1442
. 27, 1632
. . 29,
1598,
1657,
1666,

1670, 1673, 1677,

1680, 1683, 1687,
1690, 1695, 1700,
1703, 1706, 1711,
1716, 1719, 1722,
1728, 1734, 1739,
1744, 1750, 1756, 1761
\newlpoly . . . . . . . . 26, 1597
\newpolarfunction . . . . .
. . . . . . . 30, 1477, 1531
\newqpoly . . . . . . . . 27, 1613
\newvectorfunction . . . . .
. . . . . . . 29, 1498, 1568
\numberCOSXLV . . . . . 5, 1438
\numberCOSXXX . . . . . 5, 1439
\numberE . . . . . . . 5, 685,
690, 1428, 1429, 1430
\numberETWO . . . . 5, 684, 1430
\numberFIFTHPI . . . . 5, 1426
\numberGOLD . . . . . . . 5, 1433
\numberHALFPI 5, 375, 377,
381, 385, 415, 419,
423, 427, 431, 723,
726, 742, 750, 776,
793, 800, 805, 842, 1422
\numberINVE . . . 5, 1429, 1431
\numberINVETWO . . . . 5, 1431
\numberINVGOLD . . . . 5, 1434
\numberLOGTEN . . . . . 5, 1432
\numberPI . . . 5, 389, 428,
434, 479, 483, 487,
782, 1420, 14211427
\numberQUARTERPI . . 5, 1425
\numberSIXTHPI . . . . 5, 1427
\numberSQRTFIVE . . . 5, 1437
\numberSQRTTHREE . . 5, 1436
\numberSQRTTWO . . . . 5, 1435
\numberTHIRDPI . . . . 5, 1424
\numberTHREEHALFPI . . . . .
. . . . . 5, 379, 388, 1423
\numberTWOPI . . . . . . . . 5,
382, 392, 480, 484, 1421
O
\ONEfunction . . . . . . 23, 1657
\or . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286289
P
\PackageError 1446, 1453,
1463, 1471, 1484, 1492
\PackageInfo 1459, 1480, 1501

87

\PackageWarning . . . . . . .
. . . . 10, 15, 19, 25,
31, 37, 43, 49, 55, 62,
67, 71, 74, 78, 82, 87,
93, 99, 107, 114, 120, 126
\PARAMETRICfunction . . . .
. . . 27, 1872, 1873, 1877
\POLARfunction . . . . 28, 1869
\POWER 7, 207, 301, 1847, 1849
\POWERfunction . . . . 25, 1843
\PRODUCTfunction . . . . . .
. . . 25, 1790, 1870, 1871
\ProvidesPackage . . . 3, 1443
Q
\QUOTIENTfunction

. 25, 1802

R
\r . . . . . . . . . . . . 1556, 1558
\RADtoDEG . . . . . . . . 13, 476
\RECIPROCALfunction 23, 1666
\REDUCEDEGREESANGLE 13, 488
\REDUCERADIANSANGLE 13, 477
\renewcpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1635
\renewfunction
29, 1451,
1510, 1601, 1617, 1636
\renewlpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1600
\renewpolarfunction . . . .
. . . . . . . 30, 1468, 1537
\renewqpoly . . . . . . . 27, 1616
\renewvectorfunction . . .
. . . . . . . 29, 1489, 1574
\ROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 291
S
\SCALARMATRIXPRODUCT . . .
. . . . . . . 20, 1236, 1299
\SCALARPRODUCT . . . . . 17,
943,
961,
1031,
1042, 1205, 1206,
12091211, 1220, 1221
\SCALARVECTORPRODUCT . . .
. . . . 16, 1015, 1037,
1224, 1225, 1227,
1237, 1238, 12411243
\SCALEfunction . . . . 25, 1825
\SCALEVARIABLEfunction .
. . . . . . . . . . . 25, 1834
\setlength . . . . . . . . . . 194
\SIN . . . 11, 373, 416, 761,
1557, 1685, 1688, 1697

\SINfunction . 23, 1687, 1871

\SINH . . . . . . 13, 642, 662,
673, 1702, 1704, 1713
\SINHfunction . . . . . 23, 1703
\SOLVELINEARSYSTEM . 22, 1342
\SQRT . . . . . . 10, 372, 739,
747, 848, 860, 1678,
1726, 1732, 1748, 1754
\SQRTfunction . . . . . 23, 1677
\SQUARE . . . . . 7, 205, 402,
597, 605, 610, 814,
846, 858, 1430, 1431,
1668, 1671, 1674,
1693, 1698, 1709,
1714, 1724, 1730,
1736, 1741, 1746,
1752, 1758, 1763, 1811
\SQUAREfunction . . . 23, 1670
\SQUAREROOT 10, 349, 372, 1032
\SUBTRACT . . . . . . 6, 152,
180, 237, 255, 268,
300, 366, 389, 392,
404, 407, 410, 434,
447, 450, 453, 456,
459, 484, 495, 520,
523, 547, 625, 652,
692, 703, 710, 711,
737, 742, 750, 762,
765, 767, 793, 800,
805, 842, 859, 876,
879, 893, 896, 1271,
1560, 1725, 1731,
1753, 1759, 1764,
1785, 1786, 1810, 1848
\SUBTRACTfunction . 25, 1780
\SUMfunction . . . . . . 25, 1770
\t . . . .

T
1526, 1553, 1555,

1557, 1590, 1610,

1626, 1630, 1645,
1650, 1651, 1654,
1664, 1667, 1671,
1672, 1674, 1675,
1678, 1681, 1684,
1685, 1688, 1689,
1691, 1692, 1696,
1697, 1701, 1702,
1704, 1705, 1707,
1708, 1712, 1713,
1717, 1718, 1720,
1723, 1724, 1729,
1730, 1735, 1736,
1740, 1741, 1745,
1746, 1751, 1752,
1757, 1758, 1762, 1763
\TAN . . . . . . 11, 417, 468, 1691
\TANfunction . . . . . . 23, 1690
\TANH . . . . . . . . 13, 655, 1707
\TANHfunction . . . . . 23, 1706
\textit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
\TRANSPOSEMATRIX . . 19, 1147
\TRUNCATE . . . . . . . . . 8, 272
\TWOVECTORSANGLE . . 18, 1038
U
\UNITVECTOR . . . . . . . 17, 1033
V
\VECTORABSVALUE . . . . . . .
. . . 18, 1004, 1193, 1196
\VECTORADD . . . . 16, 979,
994, 997, 1161, 1162,
11651167, 1226, 1228
\VECTORCOPY 16, 909, 933, 937
\VECTORfunction . . . 28, 1877
\VECTORGLOBALCOPY . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 920, 932, 936

88

\VECTORMATRIXPRODUCT . . .
. . . . . 1219, 12571259
\VECTORNORM . . . 17, 1029,
1035, 1040, 1041, 1389
\VECTORPRODUCT . 17, 962, 978
\VECTORSIZE 906, 916, 927,
939, 957, 974, 989,
1000, 1011, 1025, 1232
\VECTORSUB . . . . 16, 993,
1177, 1178, 11811183

\x . . .

X
1556, 1562, 1563, 1592

Y
\y . . . . 1528, 1558, 1560,
1565, 1594, 1610,
1611, 1626, 1627,
16291631,
1645
1647, 1650, 1652,
1654, 1655, 1658,
1661, 1664, 1667,
1668, 1671, 1675,
1678, 1679, 1681,
1682, 1684, 1688,
1691, 1696, 1701,
1704, 1707, 1712,
1717, 1720, 1723,
1729, 1735, 1740,
1745, 1751, 1757, 1762
\yy . . . 17241726, 1730
1732,
17361738,
17411743,
1746
1748,
17521754,
17581760,
17631765
Z
\ZEROfunction . . . . . 23, 1660