PARK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING AVIONICS Prepared by Prof. S. SUDHAKAR, M.E., M.LLE., M.Ae.S.I., UNIT-1 ics Systems. Give the example. All electronic and electromechanical systems and subsystems (hardware and software) installed in an aireraft that are dependent on electronics for its operation. Example: Fly-By-Wire, Autopilot, FMS 2. What are major drivers for avionics in civil aircraft? © Minimum flight crew operation (first pilot and second pilot) © Saving of crew salaries © Reduce the training costs © Reduce the maintenance costs ‘* Weight reduction ~ it can be translated into more passengers Increased safety Air traffic control requirements 3. What are major drivers for avionics in military aircraft? ‘* Single seat fighter aircraft Elimination of the second crew Reduce the crew training cost All weather operation and weapon system Reduction in fuel consumption ‘* Improved aircraft performance and control ‘* Reduce the maintenance cost 4. Name at least five air data sensors. © Mach meter © Air speed indicator © Altimeter HEBBEY « svncny nero} reer'* Vertical speed indicators © Air temperature inc ators 5. List any three data entry control systems. © Keyboard © Touch panel * Direct Voice Input (DVD) control 6. Differentiate between survivability and vulnerability. Survivability: Capability of a system to continue to function in the presence of a non — nuclear threat. Vulnerability: A measure of the characteristics that contributes to the degradation or loss of a function in an object. 7. List the ‘illities’ in avionics system. © Capability © Reliability © Maintainability © Contificabitty © Survivability © Vulnerability 8. What are major role of avionics ‘© Tocnable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft mission safely and efficiently. © The reduction in weight is also significant and can be translated into more passengers of long range on less fuel. © Improve the aircraft performance and controls. 9, List out any four avionics sub ~ systems. ‘* Display system ~ HUD, HMD, MEDS ‘* Communication system - VOR, LORAN, SATCOM ‘* Flight control system — FBW, DFBW, FBL ‘* Navigation system — INS, GPS, DME, ADF 10. What is an autopilot? Autopilot is to control the flight of the aircraft and maintain it on a pre — determined path in space without any action being required by the pilot. The advantage of autopilot is relieves the pilot and reduces the pilot work load. HEBBEY «svc nero reer11, What is FMS? or What are the tasks carried out by FMS? FMS is a Flight Management System and reduce the pilot workload and increased aircraft performance. ‘The tasks carried out by the FMS, Flight planning Navigation management Engine control Flight envelope monitoring Minimizing fuel consumption 12. List the various layers of avionics system. © Aircraft state sensors ‘© Navigation systems © External world sensors © Task automation 13. What is the need for avionics in civil aircraft? ‘* The avionics system to enable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft mission safely and efficiently such as carrying of the passengers to their destination safely. © The reduction in weight is also significant and can be translated into more passengers. 14. List the important requirements in design of avionics systems. ‘© The importance of achieving minimum weight. © The adverse operating environment particularly in military aircraft in terms of operating temperature range, acceleration, shock, vibration, humidity range and electro — magnetic interference. © The importance of very high n ‘© Space constraints particularly 15. What is an air data system? Air data systems provide accurate information on quantities such as air density ratio, aircraft height, air speed, static air temperature and Mach number. This information is ‘essential for the pilot to fly the aircraft safely and efficiently. 16. Give the general advantage of avionics over the conventional aircraft system. ‘* The avionics system to enable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft mission safely and efficiently ‘© The reduction in weight is also significant ‘* Reduction in fuel consumption ‘* Improved aircraft performance and control HEBBEY «seen nero} reer* Reduce the maintenance cost * Reliability and Maintainability 17. What is FADEC? Fully Authority Digital Engine Control Systems. TI the flow of fuel to the engine. system automatically controls 18, What is an integrated Avionics An integrated Avionics system is a combination of smaller sub ‘combined, interconnected by avionic data buses to form a major system. So that the system can carry out its tasks effectively are referred to as integration of avionics systems. 19. List the various mission phases for military and civil Aircraft, i. Mission — Air superiority, Ground Support, Passenger Transport ii, Mission Segment ~ Taxi, Take off, Cruise, Descent iii, Segment Requirements — Roll rate, Mach hold, Navigation iv. Avionics Requirements ~ Heading, Weight, Reliability 20. What are the steps involved in design of avionics system? i, Requirement Analysis ii, Preliminary design iii, Detailed design iv. Fabrication v. Coding and Testing 21. Give few examples of Standards used in design of avionics system. ARINC * DOD-STD~2167A * DO-I78 * RTCA 22. What is the need for avionics in space systems? * Fly-by-wire system used for space vehicle's attitude and translation control ‘* Sensors used in the spacecraft for obtaining data. Autopilot redundancy system. On-board computers used in satellites for processing the data. Reduced weight Long life time mission 23. Give few examples of integrated avionics system used in weapon system. ‘© Vehicle Management System (VMS) HEBER «0% nero} reerStores Management Systems (SMS) Integrated Sensor System Automatic Flight Control System Cockpit Control Systems 24. Give few examples of integrated avionics system used in civil airlines. ‘* Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) ‘© Integrated GPS and INS © Automatic Flight Control System © Cockpit Control Systems 25. What do you mean by Engine Control and Management? ECM involves the control, efficient management and monitoring of the engine Modern jet engines have Full Authority Digital Engine Control System (FADEC). This system automatically controls the flow of fuel to the engine. ‘The task include Engine Health Monitoring systems which measure, process and record a very wide range of parameters associated with the performance and health of the engines. 26. What do you mean by House Keeping management? The term ‘housekeeping’ management has been used to cover the automation of the background tasks which are essential for the aircraft’s safe and efficient operation. Such tasks include: ‘© Fuel management ‘© Electrical power supply system management ‘© Hydraulic power supply system management © Cabin / cockpit pressurization systems Environmental control systems ‘Warning systems © Maintenance and monitoring systems UNIT-IT 27. What are digital systems? A system which processes discrete values is called digital systems. Its Values are read on displays. Example - Digital calculator, digital watches and digital computers. 28. What are digital computers? A digital computer is a combination of digital devices and circuits that can perform programmed sequences of operations with a minimum of human intervention. ys RetardDigital computers may be grouped into three categories: © Embedded computers © Personal computers and workstations © Mainframes 29. What is a volatile memory and give examples? ‘Memories that require the application of electrical power to store information are called volatile memories or memory units that lose the stored information when power is turned off are said to be volatile. Example: RAM 30. What is a non-volatile memory and give examples? Memory units that retain the stored information even when power is tumed off are said to be non-volatile. Example: ROM 31. Give the advantages of digitization. © Digital systems are easier to design. ‘© Information storage is easy. © High accuracy and precision can be achieved. ‘* These are less affected by noise. ‘© The circuit can be easily fabricated in integrated circuits, 32. What are the advantages of microcomputer? © Small size Low cost Portability User friendliness 33. Give some advantage of core memory. + Low cost ‘* Low power consumption © Durability * Low generation of heat ‘© Non-volatility 34. What is microprocessor? Microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. 35. What is Accumulator? Accumulator is a register which contains one of the operands and stores results of most arithmetic and logical operations. HERE «seen nen0y reer36. What is the purpose of accumulator in Intel 8085 microprocessor? Registers are small memories within the CPU. They are used by the microprocessor for temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions. The register A is the accumulator in Intel 8085 microprocessor. This is for temporary storage used during the execution of a program. It holds one of the operands. The other operand may be either in the memory or in one of the registers. 37. Explain the types of memories. Based on placement in a computer system: © Main or internal memory © Auxiliary or secondary or peripheral memory Based on their capability for data retention: * Volatile memory ‘* Non — volatile memory Based on the construction material: Semiconductor memories - RAM, ROM ‘* Magnetic memories ~ core memories, bubble memories 38. Explain the major components of microprocessor. | Memory Registers Instruction decoder Arithmetic logical unit Control Unit System Bus 39. Mention the operating speed of 8085 processor. 3.072 MHz. 40. What are the addressing modes of 8085? © Immediate Addressing Mode © Register Addressing Mode © Direct Addressing Mode ‘+ Indirect Addressing Mode 41. Describe Memory mapped VO. Memory mapped /O (MMIO) is mapped into the same address space as program memory and/or user memory, and is accessed in the same way. 7 Beton‘There are no specific VO instructions. It allows the computer to use the same instructions for both /O transfers and memory transfers. Some instructions are memory reference instructions and others are /O reference. They are only one set of read/write control signals, 42. Compare Memor} mapped /O and Port-mapped 10. Memory mapped /O Port-mapped IO or Isolated 10 VO devices ‘Same address bus to address memory and Different address spaces for memory and 1/0 devices ‘Access to the 1/0 devices using regular instructions Uses a special class of CPU instructions to access VO devices Most widely used VO method x86 Intel microprocessors - IN and OUT instructions 43. Describe flip flop as a storage element. A digital computer needs devices which can store information. A flip flop is a binary storage device. It can store binary bit either 0 or 1, It has two stable states: HIGH and LOW, ie 1 and 0. It has the property to remain in one state indefinitely until it is directed by an input signal to switch over to other state. It is a basic memory element. In the case of D flip flop, when CLK is high, the flip flop sets. When CLK is low, the flip flop resets. 44, What are flag resisters? © Cany * Ze © Sign © Parity © Auxillary Carry 45, What are the types of ADC? * Flash ADC or direct-conversion ADC © Sigma-delta ADC. ‘© Dual slope converter. ‘© Successive approximation ADC 46. What a combinational logic cireui Combinational logic is a type of digital logic which is implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a pure function of the present input only. Some of the combinational its are encoder, decoder, multiplexer and demultiplexer. HEEB «00% nen0y reer47. What are flash memories? Flash memory is a nonvolatile memory that erases data in units called blocks. A block stored on a flash memory chip must be erased before data can be written, or programmed, to the microchip. Flash memory retains data for an extended period of time whether a flash-equipped device is powered on or off. ‘There are two basic types of Flash memory + NAND Flash memory 48, What is aliasing? The effects from sampling data at a sampling frequency below the frequency of the noise components present in the signal so that spurious low frequency signals are introduced from the sampled noise. 49. What is sampling frequency? Sampling is a process of converting continuous time signals into discrete time signals. The time period between two successive samples are called as sampling period (Ts). Sampling Frequency (Ps) is equal to 1/Ts, 50. What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile memory? The volatile memory retains its contents after switch off the power st volatile memory losses its contents when the power is switched off. UNIT-IT 51. ie between centralized and distributed architecture. ed architecture: ‘A system design characterized by signal conditioning and computations taking place in one computer or several very tightly coupled computers in one line replaceable unit located in the avionics bay, with signals transmitted over one way data buses Distributed architecture: A system design characterized by multiple processors throughout the aircraft assigned computing tasks on a real-time basis as a function of mission phase and/or system status, and processing also is performed at the sensors and actuators. 52. Define federated architecture. A system design characterized by each major system such as thrust management or flight management, sharing input and sensor data from a common set of hardware and subsequently sharing their computed results other data buses. HERBY «seen sen0y reer53. What is brick walling or partitioning in avionics architecture? Limiting a failure to the sub-system in which it occurred and the effects of the failure are not allowed to cascade to the rest of the system, 54. What is need for defining various avionics architecture? ‘* Establishing the basic architecture is the first and the most fundamental challenge faced by the designer. ‘© The architecture must conform to the overall aircraft mission and design while ‘ensuring that the avionies system meets its performance requirements. © This communications. architecture relics on the data buses for intra and_ intersystem ‘+ The optimum architecture can only be selected after a series of exhaustive design tradeoffs that address the evaluation factors. 55. List the various types of avionics architecture. ¢ First generation architecture — Centralized architecture ‘© Second generation architecture — Federated architecture, Distributed architecture ‘© Third generation architecture ~ Pave pillar architecture ‘* Fourth generation architecture ~ Pave pace architecture 56. What is a pave pillar? Pave pillar is a USAF program to define the requirements and avionics architecture for fighter aircraft of the 1990's, 57. List the hardware elements in MIL-STD-1553B. * Bus controller Bus monitor ‘© Remote terminal 58. List the various types of words in MIL-STD-1553B. ‘© Command words © Status words © Data words 59. What are the coupling methods used in MIL-STD-1553B? ‘* Direct coupling method ‘© Transformer coupling method 60. What are the characteristies for MIL-STD-1 ‘* Data rate: 1 Mbps = SuDHAAR| AO] CETWord length: 20 bits Data bits/word: 16 bits Message length: 32 data words ‘Transmission technique: Half-duplex No. of remote terminals: 31 ‘© Encoding: Manchester II i-phase 61. What are mode codes? Mode codes are defined by the standard to provide the bus controller with data bus management and error handling recovery capability. 62. Compare the MIL-STD-1553B, ARINC 429 and ARINC 629. Function MIL-STD-1553B ARINC 429 ARINC 629 Data rate 1 Mbps 100 kbps or 12-14.5 2 Mbps kbps Coupling ‘Transformer Direct ‘Transformer or method current mode Transmission Half-duplex Simplex Half-duplex technique Word length 20 bits 32 bits 20 bits 63. Explain the status word of MIL-STD 1553B. '* Status word is always the first word in a response by a remote terminal. ‘© Bits (1 — 3) are the synchronization code that is identical to that of a command word. (4-8) are the address of the terminal transmitting the status word, * Bits (9 ~ 19) are the RT status field, All bits in the field are set to logical zero unless the named condition exists and bit (20) is the parity bit. 64, Explain the bus controller and Remote terminal of MIL-STD 1553B. Bus controller: © The bus controller is incharge of all data flow on the bus and initiates all information transfers. ‘© It isalso monitors the status of the system. ‘© Several terminals may be capable of performing as the bus controller, but only one bus controller may be active at a time. note terminal: ‘© Remote terminals are defined within the standard as “All terminals not operating as the bus controller or as a bus monitor”, Therefore, if it is not a controller, monitor or the main bus, it must be a remote terminal. SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCET‘* The remote terminal comprises the electronics necessary to transfer data between the data bus and the sub-system. ‘* Remote terminals consist of a transceiver, an encoder / decoder, protocol controller, buffer or memory and a sub-system interface. 65. What is the need for Manchester II biphase encoding? In MIL-STD 1553 data bus, all words are constructed using Manchester coding. A logical 1 begins +ve and transitions to -ve at mid-bit and a logical 0 begins —ve and transitions to ++ve at mid-bit, Manchester coding is chosen since it is compatible with transformer coupling and is self clocking. 66. Differentiate between Civil and military communication standards. Civil standards: * ARINC 429 * ARINC 629 MIL-STD-1553B. MIL-STD-1773 STANAG 3910 HSDB 67. Differentiate between MIL and ARINC standard in terms of RT? MIL-STD-1553B: All the remote terminals can able to transmit and receive the data, Maximum no of remote terminals is 31 ARINC: All the remote terminals can only receive the data. Maximum no of remote terminals is 20. 68. What is the need for two different speeds in ARINC 429 data bus? Two different data rates are used in ARINC-429. They are 12-14.5 kbps is used for general-purpose, low criticality applications. High speed bus 100 kbps is used for transmitting large quantities of data or flight critical information. 69. What are the functions of Terminal controller in ARINC-629? Terminal controller provides Protocol Function and Data Validation. It acts as Subsystem/SIM Interface. It converts subsystem data to Manchester for SIM and decode Manchester data from SIM for subsystem. It also provides message and word syne pulses, It provides inter-word string gaps. SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCET70. How is ARINC 629 different from MIL-STD-1553? ARINC 629 uses word formats that are very similar to those in MIL-STD-1553, but it does not have a bus controller. Instead, ARINC 629 gives each terminal autonomous access to the bus based upon meeting three timing conditions stored in a Transmit Personality programmable read-only memory, or PROM (XPP) in the host terminal. One of these timing conditions is unique to the terminal. Another difference from MIL-STD- 1553 is the use of a Receive Personality PROM (RPP) to identify the labels of messages to be recorded from the bus. 71, What is the function of bus monitor in MIL-STD-1553 data bus? ‘A bus monitor receives and stores selected bus traffic. It will not respond to any traffic received, unless the traffic is specifically addressed to it. They are generally used to receive and extract data for off-line purposes such as flight test, maintenance or mission anal 72. What is Time Division Multiplexing? MIL-STD-1553B defines the term Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) as “the transmission of information from several signal sources through one communications system with different signal samples staggered in time to form a composite pulse train” 73. What is DATAC? Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication (DATAC). A cartier sense, multiple access, collision avoidance two-way data bus concept with an operating frequency and word structure identical to MIL-STD-1553B data buses but without a bus controller. Now it is called ARINC 629. IT-IV 74, Define Glass cockpit A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System). On a glass cockpit aircraft, traditional flight instruments are replaced by an EFIS_ through LCD screens displaying flight information in most convenient form, each screen integrating several instruments. 75. What are the uses of night vision goggles? Night Viewing Goggles (NVG) used in the HMD. This provides a complementary night vision capability enabling the aircraft to operate at night (or) in conditions of poor visibility SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCET76, What is combiner? The optical element of the HUD through which the pilot views the outside world and which combines the collimated display image with the outside world scene is called combiner. 77. What are the parameters displayed in helmet mounted display? Altitude, Aircraft Pitch, Aircraft Heading, Airspeed, Aircraft Roll, Mach, Angle of Attack, Horizon, Target Range. 78, Why monochrome CRT in fighter aircraft? ‘© Ruggedness * High brightness © It is achieved through an optimum match of the CRT phosphor and an optical band pass filter covering the CRT face. ‘* Ranging from 500 to 3000 foot candles. © Operates at about 23 KV accelerating voltage. * To achieve the resolution of 200 lines per inch, it uses laminar flow or dispenser candles ‘© High contrast display 79. Define plasma panel. Plasma displays are gas discharge displays which can be matrix addressed. High brightness products such as tactical terminals exist with displays of 8 inch square and resolution of 64 pixels per inch. 80. Differentiate LED & LCD. Light Emitting Diode: ‘* LED display is light emitting diode display, advancement to LCD for brighter display and good side viewing + An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as a video display. Liquid Crystal Display: © LCDis liquid crystal display. © A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. ‘© Liquid erystals do not emit light directly. 81. Explain CRT and its usage in aircraft displays. Cathode Ray Tubes are the comer stones of displays in modern aircrafts. The versatility and other performance advantages of CRTs when compared to the traditional SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCETclectromechanical indicators have resulted in flexible, CRT ~ based displays becoming the centerpiece of every contemporary cockpit and a strong selling point for the aircraft Reasons for using CRTs as display devices in aircraft are versatile display devices, excellent reliability, and Active display. 82. Name a few types of CRT. ‘* Monochrome CRTs ‘* Color CRTs © Shadow mask CRTs © Beam penetron CRTs © Beam indexing CRTs 83. What is meant by DVI? Direct Voice Input control is a system which enables the pilot to enter data and control the operation of the aircraft avionic systems by means of speech. The spoken commands and data are recognized by a speech recognition method. The recognized commands are then transmitted to the aircraft sub-systems by means of the avionics data buses. 84, What are MED and its significance in Aircraft? A multi-function display is a small screen (CRT or LCD) in an aireraft by multi buttons. that can be used to display information to the pilot in numerous configurable ways. ‘The MEDs allow the pilot to display their navigation route, moving map, and weather radar and airport information all on the same screen. 85. What is the advantage of HMD over HUD? ‘* HMD allows the pilot to see the any direction view of the outside world. High accuracy tracking with auto-boresighting Active noise reduction (ANR) Digital night vision sensor (NVG) Lightweight 86. What is HOTAS? HOTAS is a shorthand term which refers to the pattern of controls in the fighter aircraft cockpit. Having all switches on the stick and throttle allows the pilot to keep his “hands on throttle-and-stick”, thus allowing him to remain focused on more important duties than looking for controls in the cockpit HERESY 5 seen nero} reer87. What is a HUD and how does it work? HUD is a heads-up display system whereby critical flight data is displayed on a glass sereen in front of the pilots so they do not have to look down into the cockpit at critical times. 88. What is FLIR? Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) is a sensor technology that creates shades-of-grey imagery of objects from slight differences in black-body thermal emissions. 89. What are the advantages and disadvantage of Plasma Panel? Advantages: ‘© Excellent brightness © High resolution © A wide viewing angle © Better motion tracking Disadvantage: ‘* Susceptible to burn-in of static images ‘* Requires more power thus more heat produced than LCDs ‘* Shorter display life span ‘* Poor reproduction of black ‘© Does not perform as well at higher altitudes 90. Give the advantages and disadvantages of EL systems. Advantages ‘© Less power consumption © Long life ‘* Efficiency - 80% of energy is converted to light © Lightweight ‘* Flexibility - Can be applied to a flat or curved surface © Strength - Almost unbreakable ‘© Low operating temperature © No Glare Disadvantages © Color availability ‘* Higher operating voltages (60-600 volts) HERREDY seen sero} reer91. What are the advantages and disadvantage of LCD? Advantages: ‘© Energy efficient, low-power © Excellent contrast © Immune to screen image burn-in Lightweight and compact Low flicker rates Screens are available in a vast range of sizes Sharp resolution and imagery Superior resolution Disadvantages ‘© The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed ‘© Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level ‘* Slow response times 92. What are the advantages of LED? ‘* Less power consumption ‘© Long operational life reliability Minimum heat emission Environment friendly Very simple electronic circuits. Life span around 100,000 hours Screen size up to 90 inches 93. What are the types of LCD? © Passive-LCD © Backlighted-LCD 94. Name the key elements of a touch screen. ‘© Polyester top sheet © Adhesive spacer © Glass layer © Adhesive layer 95. Write a short note on LED displays. An LED display, or light emitting diode display, is a flat panel display that uses light emitting diodes as the video display. An LED display panel can be either a small display or part of a larger display. LED diodes are used in order to make up an LED display. A light emitting diode is made up of a semiconductor chip which is surrounded by a HEBRED] ssvo snc sero} reertransparent plastic case. The plastic case allows the light to pass through it. The emission of different colors including ultraviolet and infrared light depends on the semiconductor material which is used in the diode. 96. What are the major factors to be considered for designing a HMD? © Weight * Size © Power + Resolution © Aspect ratio * Color UNIT-V 97. Justify the need for certification. Certification is a critical element in the safety-conscious culture on which civil aviation is based. The legal purpose of avionics certification is to document a regulatory judgment that a device meets all applicable regulatory requirements and can be manufactured properly. 98, What is electronic warfare? EW is defined as a military action involving the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent, hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and action which relative friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. 99. What is meant by jammers in electronic warfare? It is the deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the object of impairing the deployment of electronic devices, equipment or systems being used by a hostile force. 100. Define Reliability and maintainability MIL-STD-721C defines as: The duration or probability of failure-free performance under stated condition. The probability that an item can perform its intended function for a specified interval under stated conditions. ability is defined as the measure of the ability of an item to be retained in or restored to specified condition when maintenance is performed by personnel having SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCETspecified skill levels, using prescribed procedures and resources, a each prescribed level of maintenance and repair. 101. What is meant by pilotage? Pilotage in this sense is, of course, possible only under conditions of good visibility. In this method, the navigator fixes his position on a map by observing known visible landmarks. 102. What are the advantages of GPS? * High accuracy over the long distance flight time. © Easy to access. © Widely available (world-wide coverage). ‘* Measurements are updated every 2 seconds. ‘© Superior navigation capability. 103. Explain about P and C/A codes. ‘* P-codes [Precision}- Reserved for US military purpose '* CVA codes [Coarse / Acquisition] - Available to public users 104, Name any two Radio navigation methods. ‘Range and bearing (R/O) radio navigation aids ¥ VOR ~— VHF Omni-directional Range ¥ DME - Distance Measuring Equipment ¥_TACAN ~ Tactical Air Navigation system ‘* Hyperbolic radio navigation systems vy LORANC v OMEGA ‘© Satellite navigation systems ¥ GPS ¥ GLONASS v¥ GALILEO v_ IRNSS ‘© Terrain Reference Navigation systems (TRN) 105. What is DR Navigation? DR navigation systems derive the vehicle's present position by estimating the distance travelled from a known position from knowledge of the speed and direction of motion of the vehicle. SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCETThe term ‘dead-reckoning’ abbreviated ‘DR’ stands for ‘deduced calculation’. This is the most common and widely used method of navigation. The major advantages of DR navigation systems are self-contained and independent of external systems. 106. What are the advantages of INS? © High accuracy © Self-contained ‘* Autonomous ~ doesn’t depend on other system + Passive ~ doesn’t radiate. © Unjammable ‘© Doesn't require reference to the ground or outside world, 107. What are different types of INS? ‘* Stable platform or gimbal INS © Strap down INS 108. What is navigation system? Navigation is the art of directing the movements of a craft from one point to another along a desired path, has an origin going back to pre-historic times. Navigation system is the determination of the position of the craft and the direction in which it has to go reach the desired destination. 109, What are the different types of navigation methods in Aircraft? ‘© Navigation by pilotage © Celestial navigation © Navigation by dead reckoning ‘© Radio navigation (position-fixing navigation) © Satellite navigation 110. What is INS? Inertial navigation is a system of dead-reckoning navigation in which the instruments in the craft determine its acceleration and by successive integration, obtain its velocity and displacement. 111. What is GPS? GPS is a radio navigation system which derives the user’s position from the radio signals transmitted from a number of orbiting satellites. HERE) «seen sero reer112. Compare INS and GPS. INS GPS High accuracy over short distance High accuracy over long distance Measurements are updated every 10 Measurements are updated every 2 seconds seconds Dead Reckoning systems Satellite Radio systems Restricted Access Unrestricted Access 113. What is flight control system? A system that includes all aireraft sub-systems and components used by the pilot or other control sources to control one or more of the following: © Aircraft flight path © Attitude © Airspeed © Acrodynamie configuration © Ride © Structural modes 114, What is FBW? Fly-By-Wire is a flight control system wherein vehicle control input is completely transmitted as electrical signals and acrodynamic control surfaces are operated through computers which are supplied with the pilots command signals and the aircraft state from appropriate motion sensors. 115. What is FBL? FBL (Fly-By-Light). It's a concept of utilizing optic fiber cables for the transmission of mechanical movements from pilot’s joystick to the mechanical actuators near by the control surface in the form of monochromatic light signals using suitable transducers. It eliminates the amplification units, filter circuits, modulator units ete., which are at high redundant levels in the FBW. FBL is more reliable and the signals passing through the fiber optic cable never degrade and hence it contributes further low weight in the aircraft. 116. What is the advantage of FBW over conventional FCS? © Carefree manoeuvring. Reduction in pilot workload. Reduced weight Increased safety. Reduction in crew training cost. HEREBY «svc aero} reerEasy configuration changes. Optimized handling qualities over full flight envelope. Improved lifi/drag ratios and increased turning capability. Reduced drag 117. Explain strap-down navigation. In strap down system the accelerometers are mounted on the vehicle platform and are therefore, fixed to the vehicle coordinate system. Then the accelerometers measured in a computer along with the vehicle altitude data derived from a system of gyros to obtain the velocity and displacement in any desired coordinate system, vehicle coordinates. These are then processed 118. Define ECM & ECCM. Electronic Counter Measures (ECM): ECM is defined as actions taken to prevent or reduce the enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM): ECCM is defined as actions taken to ensure friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. against EW. 119. Explain RADAR. Radar [RAdio Detection And Ranging] is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of reflecting objects such as aircraft, ships, space craft, people and natural environments. 120. Explain “illities” of Avionics system. The following illities are involved in the design of avionics systems. ‘* Capabilities © Reliabilities Maintainabilities Centificabi Survivabilities Vulnerabilities Testabilities Accessibilities © Affordabilities ‘* Adaptabilities ties. 21. Explain Gimbaled INS. HERESY «snc nero reerIn stable platform systems the inertial sensors are mounted on a platform which is isolated from any extemal rotational motion. In other words, the platform is held in alignment with the global frame. This is achieved by mounting the platform using gimbals which allow the platform freedom in all three axes. 122. What is digital-fly-by-wire control? FBW flight control systems are implemented using digital technology, the vehicle control input signals are transmitted as digital data using avionics data buses networks. The signals are processed by digital microprocessors in the flight control computers which carry out the following task: ‘* Voting, monitoring and consolidation. © Control law implementation. ‘* Reconfiguration in the event of a failure. © Built-in-test and monitoring. 123. Draw the block diagram of glide slope system 124. How is Radar classified? © Primary Radar co Pulsed Radar * Doppler Radar + Moving Target Indicator (MTD) Radar Continuous Wave (CW) Radar * Modulated Radar = Unmodulated Radar © Secondary Radar 125. What are the types of communication systems used in aircraft? ‘* High-frequency (HF) communications (2 to 30 MHz) © Very high-frequency (VHF) communications (100 to 200 MHz) ‘© Ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) communications (200 to 400 MHz) ‘© Satellite communications (SATCOM) (1-6 GHz) ys Fetes126. Describe the various dead reckoning navigation systems used in aircraft ‘© Inertial Navigation System (INS) - most accurate and widely used systems '* Doppler / Heading reference system - widely used in helicopters © Air data / Heading reference system - lower accuracy ‘© Doppler/Inertial navigation system — combination 127. What are inertial sensor systems? ‘© Inertial sensor system comprise set of gyros and accelerometers which measure the aircraft angular motion and linear motion about the aircraft axis. ‘* These sensor systems to be an Inertial Navigation System (INS) which provide accurate velocity data and position data. 128. Explain Weather radar. Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar (WSR) and Doppler weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, and estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc.). Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of data can be analyzed to determine the structure of storms and their potential to cause severe weather. 129. What is celestial navigation? Celestial navigation is accomplished by measuring the angular position of celestial bodies. Almanacs giving the position of celestial bodies at various times are readily available. The navigator measures the elevation of the celestial body with a sextant and notes the precise time at which the measurement is made with a chronometer. These two ‘measurements are enough to find the position of the craft on the face of the globe 130. What are the advantages of DFBW over analogue systems? ‘© Hardware economy © Flexibility ‘© Built in test capabilities ‘© Reconfiguration in the event of failures * Digital avionics data buses 131, Why digital FBW? frame design freedom. Enhanced survivability and maneuverability. Superior aiming, tracking and weapon delivery Reduced pilot workload and turnaround time. Advanced control modes. Reduced aireraft size and weight. SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCET© Carefree manoeuvring. ‘© Increased safety and aircraft performance. 132, What is Schuler tuning? The feedback of the inertially derived vehicle rates of rotation about the local level axes of an INS so that the system tracks the local ve spherical surface of the Earth. ‘al as the vehicle moves over the 133. Classify Electronic warfare. * Electronic Warfare Support Measures (ESM) © Signal intelligence (SIGINT) © Electronic intelligence (ELINT) © Communication intelligence (COMINT) © Radiation intelligence (RINT) ‘* Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) © Jamming © Deception = Manipulative = Imitative ‘© Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) © Anti-ECM © Anti-ESM 134. List the various mission of ECM systems. © Stand-off ECM * Escort ECM. ‘+ Self-screening / Self-protection ECM ‘© Mutual support ECM 135. Define Stand-off ECM & Escort ECM ‘Stand-off ECM: Missions are those which are conducted outside the lethal zones of hostile weapons control systems to provide ECM support for friendly forces to hostile forces. Escort ECM: It is conducted by ECM elements assigned to accompany and support the combat elements. 136. Define Self-protection ECM & Mutual support ECM. Self-protection or self-screening ECM: [2s FetaIt is conducted by individual combat elements to deny acquisition, tracking, or fire control data to hostile weapon systems. Mutual support EC! It involves the coordinated conduct of ECM by combat elements against hostile acquisition and weapon control radars. 137. Describe Electronic Support Measures. ESM is involving actions taken to search for intercept locate and immediately radiated clectromagne nergy for the purposes of immediate threats recognition and the tactical employment of forces. The key functions of ESM are Intercepting Identifying Analyzing ing source of hostile radi 138. List the certification authorities for civil aircraft. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), USA. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE). Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA), Europe. 139, What are the types of certification required for avionics equipment? ‘Technical Standard Order (TSO) Supplemented Type Certificate (STC) ‘Type Certificate (TC) Amended Type Certificate (ATC) Service Bulletin (SB) 140. What is Doppler navigation? Doppler navigation is a self-contained dead reckoning system which gives a continuous indication of position by integrating the speed and the crab angle of the aircraft as derived from measurement of the Doppler effect of echoes from directed beams of radiant energy transmitted from the craft SSUDHAKAR AERO] PCET