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Power System Protective Relaying

Introduction
The purpose of network protection
equipment is to

minimize the effects of faults, which can
never be entirely avoided, on an electrical
power system.

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Power Systems-Fault Free

Not Possible

Many Reasons

Power system Protection Engineering is

an important component of the electrical
plant system and of decisive significance
for the reliable and safe operation of a
power system.

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The cause of electric power system faults

is insulation breakdown
This breakdown can be due to a variety of
different factors:
Lightning.
wires blowing together in the wind.
animals or plants coming in contact with
the wires.
salt spray or pollution on insulators.

Tree limbs falling on the line

Insulation deterioration

Vandalism

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Nature Cause

Introduction

Equipment Failure

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Substation Failure

The Aftermath

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Results of Transformer Fire

Generator Fault

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Expensive Consequences for

Protection Failure

Introduction

Human Error

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Introduction

Relay:an electric device that is

designed to respond to input
conditions in a prescribed manner
and , after specified conditions are
met, to cause contact operation or
similar abrupt change in associated
electric control circuits. (IEEE)

Introduction

Protective Relay:A relay whose

function is to detect defective lines
or apparatus or other power system
conditions of an abnormal or
dangerous nature and to initiate
appropriate control circuit action.
(IEEE)

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What is Relaying

Detects abnormal conditions

Initiate Corrective actions

Has fast response

Disrupts only essential and minimum
area

Requirements

Define the undesirable conditions

Remove only the faulted equipment
and to maintain the un-faulted
portion of the system.

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Power System Protection

Science, skill and art of applying and
setting relays &fuses to
maximum
sensitivity to detect disturbances and to
avoid the operation on all permissible
tolerable conditions

Define and understand Power System

faults

Measure
and
Monitor
system
parameters V, I, f through transducers(
Current, potential transformers)

Detection schemes Relays

Action Equipment Circuit Breakers

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Effects of faults on power system

Flow of excessive current

Abnormal voltages

Voltage elevation of system neutral

Induce over voltages on neighbouring
equipments .

Hazards to human, equipment and
animals.

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Need for fault analysis

Design of protection system requires the

knowledge of fault current.
The information obtained from the
fault studies are used:
to select the sizes of circuit breaker,
fuse and characteristic, setting of relays.

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Types of fault
Symmetrical fault :

Usually three phase to ground fault
Unsymmetrical (Asymmetrical) fault

The fault is unbalanced in nature

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Sources of Asymmetrical fault are

One phase open circuit

Unbalanced in load mainly the arc loads

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One phase open circuit

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SLG fault

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Sources of Asymmetrical fault are:

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Typical Protective Relays

Portable Protective Relay Test

Equipment

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Relays
A relay is a low-powered device used
to activate a high-powered device.

Relays are used to trigger circuit
breakers and other switches in
substations and transmission and
distribution systems.

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Relay Characteristics
Reliability

Probability to function properly.

The
ability
to
operate
for
disturbances
within
zone
(dependability)

The ability to refrain from operation
for external abnormalities( security)

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Sensitivity

Ability to detect abnormal quantities

Selectivity

Ability
to obtain the desired
operation to avoid unnecessary
tripping
Speed

Ability to initiate operation in the
shortest time possible

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Economy

The ability to function at minimum
cost
Simplicity

Ability to function and to operate
with
minimum
equipment
and
circuitry

Substation control panel relays

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Relay and control panel

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High Voltage Fuses

High voltage fuses are used to
protect the electrical system in a
substation from power transformer
faults.

They are switched for maintenance
and safety.

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High voltage fuses in a switch box

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External switch for high voltage fuses

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Typical Power Circuit Breakers

Air circuit breaker

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Vacuum circuit breaker, inside

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Vacuum circuit breaker, outside

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Oil circuit breakers in a 41 kV circuit

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Oil circuit breakers in a distribution

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SF6 gas power circuit breaker

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SF6 gas power circuit breaker

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Typical Power Circuit Breakers

Sample Device Numbers

Master element: 1
Time-delay starting or closing relay: 2
Distance relay: 21
Directional power relay: 32
Instantaneous overcurrent relay: 50
AC time overcurrent relay: 51
AC directional overcurrent relay: 67
Frequency relay: 81
Differential protective relay: 87

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IEEE Device Numbers & Functions

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Device Description Legend

49
Thermal
50/51
Instantaneous & Time Overcurrent
51
Time Overcurrent
51N-1
Ground Time Overcurrent
51N-2
Neutral Time Overcurrent
51N-3
Ground Time Overcurrent
63
Sudden Pressure
67
Directional Overcurrent
67N
Directional Ground Overcurrent
86
Lockout Auxiliary
87T
Phase Differential, 3 Phase
87N
Ground Differential
OP
Operating Coil
Pol
Polarizing Coil
N.C.
Normally Closed
Transformer Bushing
CS
Circuit Switcher
Rg
Grounding Resistor
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Typical Relay and Circuit

Breaker Connections

Typical single line AC connection

Typical Relay and Circuit

Breaker Connections

Typical three-phase AC connection

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Basic Objectives of System

Protection
Reliability

Selectivity

Speed of Operation

Simplicity

Economics

Factors Affecting the Protection

System
Economics

Personality

Location of Disconnecting and Input
Devices

Available Fault Indicators

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Philosophy of Protection
Both an art and a science

Well-designed system will use:

Overlapping primary zones of protection

Some form of backup protection

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Qualities Required of Protection

Selectivity (Discrimination): Effectiveness
in isolating only the faulty part of the
system.

Stability: The property of remaining
inoperative with fault occurring out side
the protected zone (called external
faults).

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Speed of operation:

The time between the incidence of a fault
and the trip command being issued to the
circuit breaker by the protection.

The speed of operation must be as fast as
possible.

In modern power systems the relay
operates in one or fraction of a period of
the power system frequency.

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Sensitivity:

The level of magnitude of

the fault current at which the
operation of protective device
occurs.

Reliability: The ability of a protective
system to fulfill its purpose
throughout its operation life.

It should not mal-operate at any
time.
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Economic of consideration:
In distribution system it is very
important and it overrides the technical
consideration provided basic safety
requirements are met.

In transmission systems the technical
aspects are more important.

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Transf
Zone

Gen Zone

Bus 1
Zone

Line 1 Zone

Bus 2 Zone

Zones of protection

Line 3
Zone

Line 2
Zone

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Overlapping zones
Zone A CB
Zone B
CT B
CT A
Trip all zone A

Trip all zone B

Zones A and B overlap at circuit breaker CB

Faults in overlap trip both zones
No gaps in protection

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Classification of Relays

Protective Relays
Regulating Relays
Reclosing, Synchronism Check, and
Synchronizing Relays
Monitoring Relays
Auxiliary Relays
Others

Protective Relay Performance

Since many relays near the trouble area
may begin to operate for any given fault, it
is difficult to completely evaluate an
individual relays performance.

Performance can be categorized as
follows:

Correct: (a) As planned or (b) Not as planned

or expected.
Incorrect: (a) Fail to trip or (b) False tripping
No conclusion

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Principles of Relay Application

The power system is divided into protection

zones defined by the equipment and available
circuit breakers. Six possible protection zones
are listed below:

Generators and generator-transformer units

Transformers
Buses
Lines (Transmission, subtransmission, and distribution)
Utilization equipment
Capacitor or reactor banks

Principles of Relay Application

Typical relay primary protection zones

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Principles of Relay Application

Overlapping protection zones

Information for Application

One line diagram and system configuration

Impedance and connection of the power
equipment, system frequency, system
voltage, and system phase sequence
Existing protection and problems
Operating procedure and Practices
Importance of the system equipment being
protected

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Information for Application

System fault study

Maximum loads and system swing limits

Current and voltage transformer locations,
connections, and ratios

Future expansion

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