Bio Magnetism
Bio Magnetism
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INTRODUCTION
Biomagnetism is a combination of two sciences; Physics and
Biology.
energy fields are used to affect the living system- the human body or what is
called the Body electric. There are some basic physical laws that come into
play with the body electric. The body electric is the energy flow found in the
human body. This energy flow is the collective result of minute electrical
currents and cellular charge values that runs the body and all its function.
Biomagnetism can change and elevate the electrical currents and charges
thereby increasing the efficient of the bodys functional metabolism.
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Magnetic therapy has been used for over 5000 years to treat many
common health issues and some that are not so common
The negative and positive pole techniques on the body are critical for
successful Biomagnetic treatment. When used properly, Biomagnets are safe
have no known side effects. Biomagnets help to regulate the bodys natural
electrical current. They are safe, non invasive therapy that will help your body
to do what the body wants to do naturally- relative pain and heal itself.
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BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY
Researchers through the years have identified that the healthy cell tissue
quantitatively gives off a distinct high- negative, micro voltage charge
(potential). When trauma, stress or malfunction occurs, the cell changes from
its healthy strong negative potential, or in extreme cases changes to a
positively charged state. When this occurs the nerve relay system immediately
transmits the relay to the brain, which floods the problem area with healing
negative charges to correct the chaotically charged cellular orientations.
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PRINCIPLE
A physician named Mesmer claimed that an invisible fluid permeates
(passes through the pores of) all objects in the universe including human body.
He also claimed that our body contains poles like a magnet which when
improperly aligned; prevent the flow of the fluid and the illness
Figure 1.1
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Figure 1.2
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BIOMAGNETIC FIELDS
Depolarization and Repolarization of cells results in currents with in the
human body. And these currents give rise to Biomagnetic field. Figure2 shows
the magnetic fields produced by a current dipole.
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Figure 3
Figure 4
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INSTRUMENTATION
The most sensitive instrument for measuring magnetic fields is
based on the superconductivity quantum interference device SQUID. A
SQUID is a mechanism used to measure extremely weak signals, such as
subtle changes in the human bodys electromagnetic energy field. Using a
device called a Josephsons junction, a SQUID can detect a change of energy as
much as 100 billion times weaker than the electromagnetic energy.
superconductivity.
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WORKING
What is SQUID magnetometer?
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device can detect
magnetic fields generated by electrical activity in smooth muscle. The SQUID
MAGNETOMETER, a popular and extremely useful device, uses the
interaction between magnetic flux and josephson junction.
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Vaccum space
Thermal shield
Liquid helium
SQUID
Gradiometer
pickup coils
AC or DC
magnet
Tall area
Figure 5
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TYPES OF SQUIDS
Based on the applied bias there are two types
1. AC or RF
2. DC SQUIDS
DC SQUIDS are easier to analyze and understand, but until the past
decade, AC SQUIDS were more popular as they were easier to construct and
use.
DC SQUIDS
The main part of a dc SQUID is the dual junction superconducting loop
as shown in figure6
Figure 6
I0-critical supercurrent carried by the loop
I1&I2-junction current
1&2 -phase difference across the junction
The SQUID loop has an inductance, L, which means that any change in
the magnetic flux through the loop will result in a current being induced to
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produce opposing flux. The induced current is the shielding current, is, and
circulates around the loop. A dc SQUID is designed such that when a dc
current is sent to one end of the device, the current divides into two parts to
take different routes to the other end. At this end, interference takes place
between the two waves. When a magnetic field is applied to the region
separating the paths, it accelerates the flow of electrons in one path and retards
the electrons in other path. Because of this the interference conditions are
changed. This can be detected by incorporating a wave link in each of the
paths. This effect is very sensitive to the presence of magnetic field and it is
for this reason that SQUIDS are useful as good magnetic sensors.
The figure7 shows the arrangement of dc SQUID system
Figure 7
Since the signal out of a SQUID is compared with the magnitude of
normal electronic signals, amplification is necessary. The dc SQUID is
supplied with a constant current. The flux through the loop is modulated by a
100 KHz flux from the feedback coil. The greater magnitude would mask any
signal that one would wish to detect. Lock in amplifier amplifies the difference
between the SQUID loops signal and the 100 KHz signal and this is fed back
to the feedback coil, the feedback coil adjusts until the feedback flux cancels
the input flux. The SQUID loop has a small inductance, so flux is usually
collected using a large input coil, and mutually induced into the SQUID loop
via another coil.
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APPLICATIONS OF SQUIDS
SQUIDS have been used for a variety of testing purposes that demand
extreme sensitivity; including engineering, medical and geological equipment.
A SQUID is capable of detecting a change in magnetic field without any extra
equipment.
SQUIDS IN BIOMAGNETISM
The measurements of biologically produced magnetic fields were
unknown before the invention of SQUIDS. There are many magnetic fields
which have been measured, ranging from the susceptibility of tissue to applied
magnetic fields to ionic healing currents and those associated with neural or
muscle activity
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BRAIN IMAGING
By far the largest area of study within Biomagnetism is brain imaging.
Most existing non invasive brain imaging methods such as Computerized
Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron
Emission Tomography (PET), measure the distribution of some kind of matter
and are therefore primarily a measure of structure.
MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)
It utilizes SQUIDS to measure the magnetic fields produced in the brain
by ionic current flow arising from neural activity. Brain generates rhythmical
potentials which originate in the individual neurons of the brain. The potentials
get summated as millions of cells developing synchronously and appear as a
surface waveform. Current MEG techniques have spatial resolutions of 1-5mm
but the time resolution\ions is between 1-5ms allowing real time imaging. This
real time imaging allows research into epileptic seizures and other
psychological disorders.figure8 shows the comparison of the spatial and time
resolution of MEG, MRI and PET imaging.
Figure 8
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OTHER APPLICATIONS
MAGNETOCARDIOGRAPH (MCG)
SQUIDS are used in popularly for heart monitoring. The figure9 shows
the MCG measurement system.
Figure 9.1
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Quick measurement
Non- invasiveness
Functional diagnostic information(MRI,CT,PET)
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Figure 10
CONSTRUCTION
MSR is constructed of several high grade materials such as aluminium,
Mu metal and copper. It has demountable construction.
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SHEILDING MATERIALS
Magnetic shielding: Mu metal (high permeability alloy)
Eddy current and RF shielding: aluminium (high conductivity)
WALL: Acoustic damping
FLOORS: Vibration damping & antistatic
WEIGHT: Approximately 3400kg
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Figure 11
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APPLICATIONS
Particles in lungs
Brain studies
Heart functions
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PARTICLES IN LUNGS
Another application of Biomagnetism is the measure of the
magnetic field from magnetic particles in the lungs. Well-known examples of
such particles are asbestos fibers, coal dust and metal aerosols.
BRAIN STUDIES
Brain research is the most rapidly growing application of
biomagnetism. Neuro magnetic measurements can localize active regions of
the brain whether other approaches have failed. Local paroxysmal discharges
lead to the generation of magnetic field in the skull.
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HEART FUNCTION
Mapping of the magnetic field outside the chest of the subject
describes the spatial and temporal behavior of MCG. These maps were first
measured by Cohen and Chandler in1969. This measurement instrument was
induction coil magnetometer.
Based on the double relaxation oscillator SQUIDS (DROS) a 3axis vector magnetometer system has been constructed for magneto
cardiogram and mapping of MCG.
FUTURE SCOPE
A new program to image cancer and tumors in vivo with SQUID
sensor arrays and super paramagnetic nano particles is currently under
development.
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CONCLUSION
Biomagnetism is a boon for medicine. Biomagnetism fields result
from currents or magnetization of biological tissues. Biomagnetism helps in
brain study, measurement of iron concentration in liver, measurement of
magnetic particles in lungs and study of heart functions.
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